scholarly journals Political Economy of Renewable Energy and Regional Development: Understanding Social and Economic Problems of Biodiesel Development in Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-118
Author(s):  
Nuva Nuva ◽  
Akhmad Fauzi ◽  
Arya Hadi Dharmawan ◽  
Eka Intan Kumala Putri
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Political Aspect ◽  
Us Government ◽  
Competitive Prices

The transition of fossil fuel to non-fossil fuels (biodiesel fuel for diesel blending) has continued to evolve. The largest source of biodiesel’ raw materials in Indonesia derives from oil palm. Biodiesel development is also believed to generate benefit for society as well as for regional and national, including job creation, infrastructure improvement, revenue generation for governments and reduce national dependence on fossil fuels, and minimize adverse environmental fossil fuel impacts. However, despite its targets and strengthened by various comprehensive policies, the development of biodiesel in Indonesia also faces significant barriers. Descriptive analysis used in this study to understand the political economy of biodiesel engagement. The limited domestic market, mainly related to the issue of non-competitive prices with diesel, relatively low of oil prices, and high prices of fresh fruit bunches (FFB) are the constraints in the production of biodiesel for domestic uptake. The national political aspect related to the use of biodiesel by government parties, including non-PSOs, becomes an important issue in ensuring the sustainability of biodiesel. In addition, the issue of sustainability in the upstream (oil palm plantation) and dumping issues expressed by the EU and the US Government are also the main problems in Indonesian biodiesel export.

scholarly journals ALTERNATIVES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF LEVULINIC ACID OBTAINED FROM BIOMASS

Química Nova ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Santos ◽  
Gabrielle Fraga ◽  
Danilo Pontes ◽  
Leila Campos ◽  
Luiz Pontes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Levulinic Acid ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
World Market ◽  
Renewable Raw Materials ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
Competitive Prices ◽  
Reducing Costs ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Levulinic acid is a reactive polar organic compound deemed as a building block for several products with relevant applications, replacing traditional substances in the petrochemical industry. Considered a platform molecule, levulinic acid is industrially produced from the acid hydrolysis of biomass – mainly plant-based – using hydrochloric or sulfuric acid in homogenous catalysis. However, considering the World Market for levulinic acid is expected to reach US$ 71.9 million in 2027, growing annually at 14.1%, and its applications in agriculture, pharmaceuticals, plasticizers, cosmetics, and food additives, the development of alternative production processes is sought. Hence, a survey was performed on publications considering the alternatives for biomass-based levulinic acid production processes: I) alternative homogenous catalysts to avoid using noble materials in the reactor; II) heterogeneous catalysis to facilitate and reduce the catalyst’s separation and recovery costs; III) ionic liquids, exploiting their high solvency, stability, and catalytic capacity. Additionally, biomass alternatives for obtaining levulinic acid are presented, showing that other agricultural residues and animal biomass options are being considered, targeting process flexibilization while reducing costs and producing derivatives at more competitive prices. Thus, it can be stated that levulinic acid is an important platform molecule for biorefineries’ economics, replacing fossil fuels with renewable raw materials.

scholarly journals Macauba: a promising tropical palm for the production of vegetable oil

OCL ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. D108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Augusto Colombo ◽  
Luiz Henrique Chorfi Berton ◽  
Brenda Gabriela Diaz ◽  
Roseli Aparecida Ferrari
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Oilseed Crop ◽  
Tropical Zone ◽  
Protein Meal ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
American Palm

The growing global demand for vegetable oils for food and for replacing fossil fuels leads to increased oilseeds production. Almost 122 of the current 187 million tons of vegetable oils produced in the world correspond to palm and soybean oils. The oil palm is cultivated in the tropical zone, in areas formerly occupied by forests, and soybean oil is a by-product of protein meal production. The diversification of raw materials for the vegetable oil market is thus strategic for both food and non-food sectors. Sources for vegetable oil should be economically competitive and provide sustainability indexes higher than that provided by oil palm and soybean. In this context, we describe the potential of Acrocomia aculeata, popularly known as macauba. Macauba is an American palm from the tropical zones which presents oil productivity and quality similar to that of the oil palm. It grows spontaneously in a wide range of environments and it is not very water demanding. Macauba palm has a high potential for oil production and for diversification of co-products with some potential of value aggregation. Such a perennial and sustainable species will probably fulfill the requirements to become an important new commercial oilseed crop.

scholarly journals Simulation Analysis of the Pyrolysis Process for the Production of Syngas from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch and Fiber

2021 ◽  
Vol 927 (1) ◽  
pp. 012033
Author(s):  
Taufiq Bin Nur ◽  
Justin Kongnardi
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Simulation Analysis ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Biomass Conversion ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Condensation Process ◽  
Pyrolysis Process

Abstract There have been many efforts to reduce the use of fossil fuels and reduce carbon dioxide emissions by using renewable energy (solar energy, wind energy, water energy, and energy obtained from biomass) as a substitute for fossil fuels. As one of the largest CPO producers globally, Indonesia produces 4 kilograms of dry biomass for every 1 kilogram of oil palm produced. The biomass conversion process into synthetic gas (syngas) can be carried out using the pyrolysis process. The syngas can be used as an alternative fuel for an internal combustion engine. This study aims to simulate the pyrolysis process to obtain syngas’ characteristics made from oil palm empty bunches (EFBs) and palm fiber. Around 4 kg EFB and 2 kg of fiber are used as pyrolysis raw materials. The Aspen Plus simulation was used to design and analyzed the pyrolysis flow processes. The results showed that the hot syngas produced at a working temperature of 450°C to 650°C was 1.475 kg/hr to 1.587 kg/hr. The cold syngas produced is 0.969 kg/hr to 1.407 kg/hr. The heating value of hot syngas is 10,348 kJ/kg to 14,213.55 kJ/kg, and cold syngas is 15,751.51 kJ/kg to 16,022.7 kJ/kg. Change in syngas composition between hot and cold syngas is due to the condensation process. The minimum condenser area required to produce cold syngas for 6 kg and 500 kg biomass pyrolysis raw material are 25.5 m2 and 632.2 m2, respectively.

scholarly journals Pyrolysis Process of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) Conversion into Biodiesel

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 01-10
Author(s):  
Bambang Irawan ◽  
Rusdianasari ◽  
Abu Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Fatty Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Acid Methyl ◽  
Biodiesel Quality

Biodiesel is a biomass fuel that can replace petroleum diesel fuel. One of the advantages of biodiesel fuel as renewable energy source that it is more environmentally friendly than fossil fuels because biodiesel significantly reduces greenhouse gas emissions compared to fossil fuels. FAME (fatty acid methyl ester) is a derivative product of CPO (crude palm oil) that has been treated both physically and chemically. The main advantage of FAME lies in the low content of impurities, especially sulphure and metal content. FAME comes from vegetable oil raw materials, which contain high enough fatty acids, around 61-62%, and nowadays, it is used as a mixture with petroleum diesel. The characteristics of biodiesel obtained from the conversion of FAME into biodiesel by pyrolysis at a temperature range of 160 – 200 oC indicate that the biodiesel produced is density 0.8475 kg/m3, viscosity 3.053 cSt, calculated cetane index (CCI) 48.5, flash point 59oC, moisture content 223 ppm, and sulphure content of 0.07% m/m. The results obtained are below the maximum limit of the specified biodiesel quality requirements.

Performance and Emission Studies of Biodiesel Fuelled Diesel Engines: A Review

2015 ◽  
Vol 787 ◽  
pp. 797-802 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Tamilselvan ◽  
K. Vignesh ◽  
N. Nallusamy
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Engine Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Oil Consumption ◽  
Performance And Emission ◽  
Alternate Fuel ◽  
Exhaust Gas Emission ◽  
Biodiesel Fuels

As the decreasing availability of the fossil fuel is rising day by day, the search of alternate fuel that can be used as a substitute to the conventional fuels is rising rapidly. Especially, the exhaust gas emission by using fossil fuel insists on exploring the available sources of biofuel to provide an eco-friendly environment compared to that of fossil fuels. India depends mainly on imported fuels due to lack of fossil fuel reserves and it has a great impact on the economy. Biodiesel is one of the best available resources that has come to the forefront recently. Recent studies and research have made it possible to extract biodiesel at economical costs and quantities. The blend of biodiesel with fossil diesel has many benefits like reduction in emissions, lower engine wear, reduction in engine oil consumption and comparable thermal efficiency with diesel. It is also found that low fuel consumption and increase in thermal efficiency of engines for biodiesel fuels having higher calorific values than diesel. This paper reviews the performance and emission characteristics of various biodiesel fuels used in CI engine as alternate fuel. This study is based on the reports of biodiesel fuel published by different researchers.

scholarly journals Development of Biofuels for a Green Future

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 115-120
Author(s):  
Van Huong Dong ◽  
Danh Chan Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Nuclear Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Development Trend ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Remote Areas ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
The World ◽  
Competitive Prices

In the context of fossil fuel sources are gradually depleted, production and use of biofuels has become a popular trend in the world. In Vietnam, the development of biofuel production and use has been implemented since 2018. However, in order for this fuel to be widely used to contribute to environmental protection, there are still many obstacles.Among the alternative energy sources currently in use (wind, solar and nuclear energy), bioenergy is an inevitable development trend, especially in agricultural countries and imported. fuel, due to its benefits: production technology is not too complicated, utilizing local raw materials, increasing agricultural economic efficiency, without changing engine structure as well as lower facilities Existing floors and competitive prices compared to gasoline.Increasing the use of biofuels is not only about protecting the environment but also contributing to the positive transformation of the lives of people in remote areas of the country.

Energy After COVID

2020 ◽  
Vol 119 (820) ◽  
pp. 317-322
Author(s):  
Michael T. Klare
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
White Collar ◽  
Peak Oil ◽  
Business Travel ◽  
Reduce Energy Consumption ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Energy Companies

By transforming patterns of travel and work around the world, the COVID-19 pandemic is accelerating the transition to renewable energy and the decline of fossil fuels. Lockdowns brought car commuting and plane travel to a near halt, and the mass experiment in which white-collar employees have been working from home may permanently reduce energy consumption for business travel. Renewable energy and electric vehicles were already gaining market share before the pandemic. Under pressure from investors, major energy companies have started writing off fossil fuel reserves as stranded assets that are no longer worth the cost of extracting. These shifts may indicate that “peak oil demand” has arrived earlier than expected.

FOSSIL FUEL ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION: A STRATEGY USING RADIOCARBON, N-ALKANES, AND ALGAE

Radiocarbon ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Túlio César Aguiar Silva ◽  
Carla Carvalho ◽  
Bruno Libardoni ◽  
Kita Macario ◽  
Felippe Braga de Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Environmental Contamination ◽  
Aquatic Ecosystems ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Maximum Intensity ◽  
Effective Technique ◽  
The World ◽  
Work Samples

ABSTRACT Fossil fuels are of utmost importance to the world we live in today. However, their use can cause major impacts on the environment, especially on water resources. In this regard, algae have been intensively used as a strategy for remediation and monitoring of environmental pollution due to its efficient absorption of contaminants. In this work, samples of seaweed collected in Niterói/RJ—contaminated with kerosene and diesel—were analyzed by radiocarbon (14C) accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) and by n-alkane quantification with gas chromatography to evaluate bioaccumulation in function of the dosage of contaminants. The biogenic content measured by radiocarbon analysis resulted in 95.6% for algae contaminated with 10 mL of kerosene and 67.6% for algae contaminated with 10 mL of diesel. The maximum intensity of n-C17 n-alkane in algae with 5 mL, 10 mL, and 15 mL of diesel was 768.2, 1878.1, and 5699.2 ng.g-1, respectively. While the maximum concentration of n-C27 in algae with 5 mL, 10 mL and 15 mL of kerosene was 3.3, 35.9, and 150.3 ng.g-1. We concluded that, for both contaminants, their incorporation into algae increases as the contamination dosage increases, making this methodology an effective technique for monitoring and remediation of urban aquatic ecosystems.

scholarly journals Biogas from Anaerobic Digestion as an Energy Vector: Current Upgrading Development

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 2742
Author(s):  
Raquel Iglesias ◽  
Raúl Muñoz ◽  
María Polanco ◽  
Israel Díaz ◽  
Ana Susmozas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Vector Current ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
Legislative Framework ◽  
Materials Used

The present work reviews the role of biogas as advanced biofuel in the renewable energy system, summarizing the main raw materials used for biogas production and the most common technologies for biogas upgrading and delving into emerging biological methanation processes. In addition, it provides a description of current European legislative framework and the potential biomethane business models as well as the main biogas production issues to be addressed to fully deploy these upgrading technologies. Biomethane could be competitive due to negative or zero waste feedstock prices, and competitive to fossil fuels in the transport sector and power generation if upgrading technologies become cheaper and environmentally sustainable.

scholarly journals Analisis Kepuasan Pelanggan dalam Membeli Buah-buahan Segar di Moena Fresh Bali

2018 ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
PUTU OKA WARDIKA ◽  
RATNA KOMALA DEWI ◽  
NI WAYAN PUTU ARTINI
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Customer Satisfaction ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Satisfaction Index ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Competitive Prices ◽  
Data Analysis Methods

Analysis Customer Satisfaction in Buying Fresh Fruits in Moena Fresh Bali Increased consumption of fruits in the country have an impact on the growth of fruitsales in Indonesia. This increase causes the appearance of stiff competition in thebusiness of fruits. Moena Fresh Bali as one of the companies that sell fresh fruitsmust innovate or improve the shortage so that the consumers do not turn to otherproducts. Consumer behavior may help explain how consumers obtain satisfaction.The purpose of this research is to determine satisfaction of Moena Fresh Baliconsumers and to find out actions to increase customer satisfaction of Moena Fresh.The location of the research was conducted at four Moena Fresh outlets as it wasconsidered to represent consumers in every sub-district in Denpasar City. Thenumber of respondents was as many as 50 respondents and the sampling wasconducted by using accidental sampling. Types of data collected include quantitativeand qualitative data which were sourced from primary and secondary data. Methodsof data collection were by using interview techniques, observation, anddocumentation. Data analysis methods used were descriptive analysis, ImportancePerformance Analysis and Customer Satisfaction Index. Based on the results ofresearch, the calculation of CSI to the attributes of Moena Fresh Bali was 77.6% i.e.it meets the criteria of satisfaction. Based on the Matrix of Importance Performance,product attributes are classified into four quadrants and actions to improve customersatisfaction are through the improvement of attributes that become the main priority,namely the attributes of advertising / promotion, price, and discounts. The studysuggests that Moena Fresh Bali should perform printed and electronic publicationsand set competitive prices to maintain its customers.

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