scholarly journals Towards a mathematical model of plant growth

2021 ◽  
Vol 935 (1) ◽  
pp. 012031
Author(s):  
I Maksimov ◽  
A Apaseev ◽  
V Maksimov ◽  
E Alekseev ◽  
N Pushkarenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Leonardo Da Vinci ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
Plant Soil

Abstract Mankind has long been interested in the growth of plants, even in the Middle Ages, Leonardo da Vinci observed the seasonality of growth and some features of plant forms. In recent years, many agricultural producers have begun to implement a coordinate (precise) farming system. In this regard, there is a need to improve methods for assessing and managing the growth of agricultural crops. To assess the functioning of the system “plant - soil - air [[CHECK_DOUBLEQUOT_ENT]] (P-S-A), the concept of plant growth potential is introduced, which is the ratio of the power spent on the formation of a unit of vegetation mass. The paper considers the theoretical prerequisites for determining the growth potential. Since the operational management of the formation of the crop yield is an important task in crop production, the functioning of the P-S-A system during the growing season is proposed to be evaluated by dimensionless coefficients, which represent the ratio of the substance mastered by plants to the incoming one. The product of these coefficients in terms of light-heat-food-gas-and moisture supply represents the reliability of the P-S-A system, and allows you to evaluate and effectively manage the technological process of the growth of cultivated plants during the growing season.

Using ionizing radiation for improving the development and yield of agricultural crops.

2021 ◽  
pp. 424-432
Author(s):  
Stanislav Geras'kin ◽  
Roman Churyukin ◽  
Polina Volkova ◽  
Sofiya Bitarishvili
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Gamma Irradiation ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Radiation Effects ◽  
Dose Range ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Stimulation Of

Abstract The response of barley seedlings was studied after gamma irradiation of seeds with doses in the range of 2-50 Gy. It was shown that stimulation of plant growth occurred in the dose range of 16-20 Gy. The influences of the dose rate, the quality of seeds and their moisture on the manifestation of radiation effects were investigated. We studied, under controlled conditions, the activities of metabolic and antioxidant enzymes and observed an increase in their activity in the range of doses that cause stimulation of seedling growth. We showed that changes in the balance among different classes of phytohormones were probably involved in the acceleration of plant growth after irradiation of seeds using stimulating doses. Gamma irradiation of barley seeds significantly influenced the development of plants during the growing season. After irradiation with stimulating doses, we observed a reduction in the duration of the initial stages of ontogenesis; the phase of full ripeness occurred 5-7 days earlier than in the controls. The manifestation of the effect of irradiation depended on the conditions in which the plants developed. During the growing season of 2014, which was a dry year, plants originating from the irradiated seeds showed an increase in the number of productive stems, which led to an increase in yield by 34-38%; during the optimal 2015 season, an increase in the number of grains per spike caused an increase in yield by 8-29%. Therefore, our field study has shown that at least some hormetic effects can occur in the field. Irradiation of seeds can increase field germination, stimulate the growth and development of plants and increase their resistance to unfavourable environmental conditions. A more complete understanding of the underlying mechanisms of hormesis is needed to exploit its potential benefits in crop production.

scholarly journals Two Cultivars of Oakleaf Hydrangea Respond to Ancymidol, Uniconazole, or Pinching

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet C. Cole ◽  
Robert O. Brown ◽  
Mark E. Payton
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Substrate Surface ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Cultural Practice ◽  
Application Method

Shearing is an important cultural practice for maintaining plant size and appearance during nursery crop production. However, oakleaf hydrangea (Hydrangea quercifolia) is susceptible to dieback after shearing. The objective of this study was to determine whether foliar or substrate surface applications of ancymidol or uniconazole can reduce plant growth of oakleaf hydrangea similar to pinching, which was used to simulate shearing. ‘Alice’ or ‘Pee Wee’ oakleaf hydrangea plants were treated in 2002 or 2006, respectively, with ancymidol or uniconazole as a substrate surface application at 0, 1, 2, or 4 ppm; ancymidol as a foliar application at 0, 25, 50, or 100 ppm; or uniconazole as a foliar application at 0, 12.5, 25, or 50 ppm. Both cultivars received the same plant growth regulator treatments in 2012, and a pinched control was included in the 2012 experiment. Ancymidol and uniconazole had limited and inconsistent effects on growth of ‘Alice’ and ‘Pee Wee’ plants regardless of application method. Uniconazole was more effective at controlling growth of ‘Alice’ in 2002 when the study was conducted from October through December than in 2012 when the study was conducted during a more typical growing season of May through September. Plants treated with either ancymidol or uniconazole by either application method usually grew more during the first 2 weeks after application than those that were pinched. During the remainder of the growing season, little difference in growth between pinched plants and growth regulator-treated plants occurred. At harvest in 2012, pinched ‘Alice’ plants had more leaves but a smaller leaf area per leaf than plants treated with growth regulators resulting in no difference in total leaf area or in leaf, shoot, or root dry weight among the treatments. ‘Pee Wee’ treated with uniconazole using either application method or uniconazole as a foliar application had fewer leaves than pinched plants.

Micro and Macro-level Analysis of Crop Diversification: Evidence from an Agrarian State West Bengal

2020 ◽  
pp. 489-499
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
West Bengal ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Structure Questionnaire ◽  
Crop Diversification ◽  
The Status ◽  
Block Level ◽  
Diversified Farming Systems

The farming system in West Bengal is being shifted by integration between the set of cash crops and the main food harvest process. This change in diversified farming systems, where smallholders have a production base in rice can complement production; affect technical efficiency and farm performance. The goal of this study was to investigate the status of crop diversification on smallholders in West Bengal. First, crop diversification regions were developed in West Bengal based on the Herfindahl index, which were categorized into three regions. Three sample districts were studied separately at the block level, and 915 small farmers from 41 sample villages of 9 sample blocks were interviewed through a good structure questionnaire for field studies from the sample districts. West Bengal was gradually moving towards multiple crop production. Furthermore, increasing rice production reduced the marginal use of inputs for the production of other crops. Farming and other vital factors such as HYVs area to GCA, average holding size and per capita income in some districts of West Bengal can be identified as determinants of crop diversification.

scholarly journals Melatonin as Master Regulator in Plant Growth, Development and Stress Alleviator for Sustainable Agricultural Production: Current Status and Future Perspectives

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 294
Author(s):  
Khadija Nawaz ◽  
Rimsha Chaudhary ◽  
Ayesha Sarwar ◽  
Bushra Ahmad ◽  
Asma Gul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Master Regulator ◽  
Abiotic Stressors ◽  
Pathogenesis Related Protein ◽  
Growth Development

Melatonin, a multifunctional signaling molecule, is ubiquitously distributed in different parts of a plant and responsible for stimulating several physiochemical responses against adverse environmental conditions in various plant systems. Melatonin acts as an indoleamine neurotransmitter and is primarily considered as an antioxidant agent that can control reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in plants. Melatonin, being a signaling agent, induces several specific physiological responses in plants that might serve to enhance photosynthesis, growth, carbon fixation, rooting, seed germination and defense against several biotic and abiotic stressors. It also works as an important modulator of gene expression related to plant hormones such as in the metabolism of indole-3-acetic acid, cytokinin, ethylene, gibberellin and auxin carrier proteins. Additionally, the regulation of stress-specific genes and the activation of pathogenesis-related protein and antioxidant enzyme genes under stress conditions make it a more versatile molecule. Because of the diversity of action of melatonin, its role in plant growth, development, behavior and regulation of gene expression it is a plant’s master regulator. This review outlines the main functions of melatonin in the physiology, growth, development and regulation of higher plants. Its role as anti-stressor agent against various abiotic stressors, such as drought, salinity, temperatures, UV radiation and toxic chemicals, is also analyzed critically. Additionally, we have also identified many new aspects where melatonin may have possible roles in plants, for example, its function in improving the storage life and quality of fruits and vegetables, which can be useful in enhancing the environmentally friendly crop production and ensuring food safety.

scholarly journals Agro-Nanotechnology as an Emerging Field: A Novel Sustainable Approach for Improving Plant Growth by Reducing Biotic Stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 2282
Author(s):  
Masudulla Khan ◽  
Azhar U. Khan ◽  
Mohd Abul Hasan ◽  
Krishna Kumar Yadav ◽  
Marina M. C. Pinto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Biotic Stress ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Plant Disease Management

In the present era, the global need for food is increasing rapidly; nanomaterials are a useful tool for improving crop production and yield. The application of nanomaterials can improve plant growth parameters. Biotic stress is induced by many microbes in crops and causes disease and high yield loss. Every year, approximately 20–40% of crop yield is lost due to plant diseases caused by various pests and pathogens. Current plant disease or biotic stress management mainly relies on toxic fungicides and pesticides that are potentially harmful to the environment. Nanotechnology emerged as an alternative for the sustainable and eco-friendly management of biotic stress induced by pests and pathogens on crops. In this review article, we assess the role and impact of different nanoparticles in plant disease management, and this review explores the direction in which nanoparticles can be utilized for improving plant growth and crop yield.

scholarly journals Revisiting Sulphur—The Once Neglected Nutrient: It’s Roles in Plant Growth, Metabolism, Stress Tolerance and Crop Production

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 626
Author(s):  
Tinashe Zenda ◽  
Songtao Liu ◽  
Anyi Dong ◽  
Huijun Duan
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Plant Phenotyping ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Nutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Sulphur Nutrition ◽  
Physiological Processes

Sulphur plays crucial roles in plant growth and development, with its functions ranging from being a structural constituent of macro-biomolecules to modulating several physiological processes and tolerance to abiotic stresses. In spite of these numerous sulphur roles being well acknowledged, agriculture has paid scant regard for sulphur nutrition, until only recently. Serious problems related to soil sulphur deficiencies have emerged and the intensification of food, fiber, and animal production is escalating to feed the ever-increasing human population. In the wake of huge demand for high quality cereal and vegetable diets, sulphur can play a key role in augmenting the production, productivity, and quality of crops. Additionally, in light of the emerging problems of soil fertility exhaustion and climate change-exacerbated environmental stresses, sulphur assumes special importance in crop production, particularly under intensively cropped areas. Here, citing several relevant examples, we highlight, in addition to its plant biological and metabolism functions, how sulphur can significantly enhance crop productivity and quality, as well as acclimation to abiotic stresses. By this appraisal, we also aim to stimulate readers interests in crop sulphur research by providing priorities for future pursuance, including bettering our understanding of the molecular processes and dynamics of sulphur availability and utilization in plants, dissecting the role of soil rhizospherical microbes in plant sulphur transformations, enhancing plant phenotyping and diagnosis for nutrient deficiencies, and matching site-specific crop sulphur demands with fertilizer amendments in order to reduce nutrient use inefficiencies in both crop and livestock production systems. This will facilitate the proper utilization of sulphur in crop production and eventually enhance sustainable and environmentally friend food production.

scholarly journals Optimization of Topdressing for Winter Wheat by Accurate Growth Monitoring and Improved Production Estimation

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2349
Author(s):  
Jingchun Ji ◽  
Jianli Liu ◽  
Jingjing Chen ◽  
Yujie Niu ◽  
Kefan Xuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Optimization Method ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
N Use Efficiency ◽  
Growth Monitoring ◽  
Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Improved Model ◽  
N Use

Topdressing accounts for approximately 40% of the total nitrogen (N) application of winter wheat on the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain in China. However, N use efficiency of topdressing is low due to the inadaptable topdressing method used by local farmers. To improve the N use efficiency of winter wheat, an optimization method for topdressing (THP) is proposed that uses unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based remote sensing to accurately acquire the growth status and an improved model for growth potential estimation and optimization of N fertilizer amount for topdressing (NFT). The method was validated and compared with three other methods by a field experiment: the conventional local farmer’s method (TLF), a nitrogen fertilization optimization algorithm (NFOA) proposed by Raun and Lukina (TRL) and a simplification introduced by Li and Zhang (TLZ). It shows that when insufficient basal fertilizer was provided, the proposed method provided as much NFT as the TLF method, i.e., 25.05% or 11.88% more than the TRL and TLZ methods and increased the yields by 4.62% or 2.27%, respectively; and when sufficient basal fertilizer was provided, the THP method followed the TRL and TLZ methods to reduce NFT but maintained as much yield as the TLF method with a decrease of NFT by 4.20%. The results prove that THP could enhance crop production under insufficient N preceding conditions by prescribing more fertilizer and increase nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) by lowering the fertilizer amount when enough basal fertilizer is provided.

scholarly journals The Impact of Salt Stress on Plant Growth, Mineral Composition, and Antioxidant Activity in Tetragonia decumbens Mill.: An Underutilized Edible Halophyte in South Africa

Horticulturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 140
Author(s):  
Avela Sogoni ◽  
Muhali Jimoh ◽  
Learnmore Kambizi ◽  
Charles Laubscher
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Mineral Composition ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Antioxidant Power ◽  
The Impact

Climate change, expanding soil salinization, and the developing shortages of freshwater have negatively affected crop production around the world. Seawater and salinized lands represent potentially cultivable areas for edible salt-tolerant plants. In the present study, the effect of salinity stress on plant growth, mineral composition (macro-and micro-nutrients), and antioxidant activity in dune spinach (Tetragonia decumbens) were evaluated. The treatments consisted of three salt concentrations, 50, 100, and 200 mM, produced by adding NaCl to the nutrient solution. The control treatment had no NaCl but was sustained and irrigated by the nutrient solution. Results revealed a significant increase in total yield, branch production, and ferric reducing antioxidant power in plants irrigated with nutrient solution incorporated with 50 mM NaCl. Conversely, an increased level of salinity (200 mM) caused a decrease in chlorophyll content (SPAD), while the phenolic content, as well as nitrogen, phosphorus, and sodium, increased. The results of this study indicate that there is potential for brackish water cultivation of dune spinach for consumption, especially in provinces experiencing the adverse effect of drought and salinity, where seawater or underground saline water could be diluted and used as irrigation water in the production of this vegetable.

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