Impact of Antibiotic Use in Adult Dairy Cows on Antimicrobial Resistance of Veterinary and Human Pathogens: A Comprehensive Review

The irrational use of antimicrobials has enormously contributed to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) globally and especially in the developing world. To assess the knowledge and perception regarding AMR and antimicrobial stewardship (AMS), a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in university students enrolled in pharmacy, veterinary, and biology programs by using an online self-administered questionnaire. The Chi-square and Fisher exact tests (where applicable) were performed to assess the association of the demographics with the students’ knowledge and perception regarding AMR and AMS. A total of 496 students completed the questionnaire, among which, 85.7% of the participants were familiar with the term AMR and 79.4% of the participants correctly identified a poorly designed dosing regimen as a contributing factor towards AMR. The majority of participants (57.9%) were familiar with the term AMS and 86.5% were aware of the aim of AMS. The participants showed good knowledge regarding AMR and AMS, but to further improve student knowledge and perception of AMS and AMR, it is suggested that dedicated modules on antibiotic use and AMS should be incorporated into the curricula of these undergraduate and postgraduate programs.

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Unsafe “crossover-use” of chloramphenicol in Uganda: importance of a One Health approach in antimicrobial resistance policy and regulatory action

The Journal of Antibiotics ◽

10.1038/s41429-021-00416-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Kayley D. McCubbin ◽

John W. Ramatowski ◽

Esther Buregyeya ◽

Eleanor Hutchinson ◽

Harparkash Kaur ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Focus Group ◽

Low Income ◽

One Health ◽

Antibiotic Use ◽

Regulatory Action ◽

Health Concern ◽

Drug Shop ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Human Use

AbstractSince the introduction of antibiotics into mainstream health care, resistance to these drugs has become a widespread issue that continues to increase worldwide. Policy decisions to mitigate the development of antimicrobial resistance are hampered by the current lack of surveillance data on antibiotic product availability and use in low-income countries. This study collected data on the antibiotics stocked in human (42) and veterinary (21) drug shops in five sub-counties in Luwero district of Uganda. Focus group discussions with drug shop vendors were also employed to explore antibiotic use practices in the community. Focus group participants reported that farmers used human-intended antibiotics for their livestock, and community members obtain animal-intended antibiotics for their own personal human use. Specifically, chloramphenicol products licensed for human use were being administered to Ugandan poultry. Human consumption of chloramphenicol residues through local animal products represents a serious public health concern. By limiting the health sector scope of antimicrobial resistance research to either human or animal antibiotic use, results can falsely inform policy and intervention strategies. Therefore, a One Health approach is required to understand the wider impact of community antibiotic use and improve overall effectiveness of intervention policy and regulatory action.

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Where to from here? Identifying and prioritising future directions for addressing drug-resistant infection in Australia

Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control ◽

10.1186/s13756-021-00953-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Gregory Merlo ◽

Minyon Avent ◽

Trent Yarwood ◽

Bonnie Smith ◽

Mieke van Driel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Stewardship ◽

Infection Prevention ◽

Implementation Strategies ◽

Antibiotic Use ◽

Future Directions ◽

World Cafe ◽

Resistant Infection ◽

Using Data ◽

Patient Stories

Abstract Background The Australian National Antimicrobial Resistance Strategy calls for a collaborative effort to change practices that have contributed to the development of drug-resistance and for implementation of new initiatives to reduce antibiotic use. Methods A facilitated workshop was undertaken at the 2019 National Australian Antimicrobial Resistance Forum to explore the complexity of antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) implementation in Australia and prioritise future action. Participants engaged in rotating rounds of discussion using a world café format addressing six topics relating to AMS implementation. Once all tables had discussed all themes the discussion concluded and notes were summarised. The documents were independently openly coded by two researchers to identify elements relating to the implementation of antimicrobial stewardship. Results There were 39 participants in the facilitated discussions, including pharmacists, infectious disease physicians, infection prevention nurses, and others. Participants discussed strategies they had found successful, including having a regular presence in clinical areas, adapting messaging and implementation strategies for different disciplines, maintaining positivity, and being patient-focused. Many of the recommendations for the next step involved being patient focussed and outcomesdriven. This involves linking data to practice, using patient stories, using data to celebrate wins and creating incentives. Discussion Recommendations from the workshop should be included in priority setting for the implementation of AMS initiatives across Australia.

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Implications of Antibiotic Use during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Example of Associated Antimicrobial Resistance in Latin America

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics10030328 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 328

Author(s):

Carlos Álvarez-Moreno ◽

Sandra Valderrama-Beltrán ◽

Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales

Keyword(s):

Latin America ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Antibiotic Use ◽

Infection Management

Antimicrobials are essential for infection management [...]

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Animal and Human Multidrug-Resistant, Cephalosporin-ResistantSalmonella Isolates Expressing a Plasmid-Mediated CMY-2 AmpC β-Lactamase

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.44.10.2777-2783.2000 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 44 (10) ◽

pp. 2777-2783 ◽

Cited By ~ 174

Author(s):

P. L. Winokur ◽

A. Brueggemann ◽

D. L. DeSalvo ◽

L. Hoffmann ◽

M. D. Apley ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Plasmid Dna ◽

Antibiotic Use ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Geographic Region ◽

Chromosomal Dna ◽

Important Food ◽

Food Borne ◽

Clonal Spread ◽

Resistance Rates

ABSTRACT Salmonella spp. are important food-borne pathogens that are demonstrating increasing antimicrobial resistance rates in isolates obtained from food animals and humans. In this study, 10 multidrug-resistant, cephalosporin-resistant Salmonellaisolates from bovine, porcine, and human sources from a single geographic region were identified. All isolates demonstrated resistance to cephamycins and extended-spectrum cephalosporins as well as tetracycline, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, and sulfisoxazole. Molecular epidemiological analyses revealed eight distinct chromosomal DNA patterns, suggesting that clonal spread could not entirely explain the distribution of this antimicrobial resistance phenotype. However, all isolates encoded an AmpC-like β-lactamase, CMY-2. Eight isolates contained a large nonconjugative plasmid that could transformEscherichia coli. Transformants coexpressed cephalosporin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, and sulfisoxazole resistances. Plasmid DNA revealed highly related restriction fragments though plasmids appeared to have undergone some evolution over time. Multidrug-resistant, cephalosporin-resistant Salmonellaspp. present significant therapeutic problems in animal and human health care and raise further questions about the association between antimicrobial resistance, antibiotic use in animals, and transfer of multidrug-resistant Salmonella spp. between animals and man.

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PL6.1. Statement on antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance

International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents ◽

10.1016/s0924-8579(05)80007-x ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 26 ◽

pp. S5

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Antibiotic Use

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Where future emerging pathogens will come from and what approaches can be used to find them, besides VFARs

Journal of Water and Health ◽

10.2166/wh.2009.096 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 7 (S1) ◽

pp. S75-S93 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Mark D. Sobsey ◽

Suresh D. Pillai

Keyword(s):

Human Health ◽

Antibiotic Use ◽

Epidemiological Surveillance ◽

Waterborne Pathogens ◽

Human Pathogens ◽

Emerging Pathogens ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Waterborne Pathogen ◽

Pathogen Virulence ◽

Human Health Effects

A consideration of available evidence for some known and well-characterized waterborne pathogens suggests that the diversity of pathogen virulence mechanisms and properties is too great to specifically predict the emergence and future human health impacts of new waterborne pathogens. However, some future emerging pathogens are existing microbes that will be discovered to cause disease. Some will arise from existing ones by either predictable evolutionary and adaptation changes or by unpredictable changes involving a variety of biotic and abiotic mechanisms. Many, and perhaps most, emerging waterborne human pathogens will be zoonotic agents or come from other non-human reservoirs. The emergence of some waterborne pathogens will be related to antibiotic use, resulting in emerging antibiotic-resistant waterborne pathogens. Reliably predicting pathogen emergence and human health effects based on VFARs or other properties of microbes and their hosts is not possible at this time. This is because of (1) the diversity of microbes and their virulence and pathogenicity properties, (2) their ability to change unpredictably, (3) their intimate and diverse interrelationships with a myriad of hosts and dynamic natural and anthropogenic environments and (4) the subtle variations in the immune status of individuals. The best available approach to predicting waterborne pathogen emergence is through vigilant use of microbial, infectious disease and epidemiological surveillance. Understanding the microbial metagenome of the human body can also lead to a better understanding of how we define and characterize pathogens, commensals and opportunists.

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Diagnostic Tests Can Stem the Threat of Antimicrobial Resistance: Infectious Disease Professionals Can Help

Clinical Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/cid/ciaa1527 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Dana Trevas ◽

Angela M Caliendo ◽

Kimberly Hanson ◽

Jaclyn Levy ◽

Christine C Ginocchio

Keyword(s):

Infectious Disease ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Diagnostic Tests ◽

Healthcare Providers ◽

Federal Funding ◽

Antibiotic Use ◽

Advisory Council ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Research Development ◽

Antibiotic Resistant

Abstract Uptake of existing diagnostics to identify infections more accurately could minimize unnecessary antibiotic use and decrease the growing threat of antibiotic resistance. The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the Presidential Advisory Council on Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria (PACCARB) agree that, to improve uptake of existing diagnostics, healthcare providers, health systems, and payors all need better clinical and economic outcomes data to support use of diagnostic tests over empiric use of antibiotics, providers need better tools and education about diagnostic tests, and diagnostics developers need federal funding in the absence of a viable diagnostics market. Recommendations from PACCARB and the IDSA are amplified. Incentives for—and challenges to—diagnostics research, development, and uptake are summarized. Advocacy opportunities are given for infectious disease professionals to join the fight against antimicrobial resistance.

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Identification of bacteriological quality and antimicrobial resistance of microorganisms isolated from animal foods collected from the abattoir, butcher shops and local seafood market

Food Research ◽

10.26656/fr.2017.5(3).570 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 144-151

Author(s):

P. Vijayalakshmi ◽

A. Rajani Chowdary ◽

P. Vidyullatha ◽

M. Sharon Sushma

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Culture Media ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Antibiotic Use ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Resistance Pattern ◽

Human Beings ◽

Isolation And Characterization ◽

Butcher Shops

The current study aimed to isolate bacteria that harbour various animal food products like meat, chicken and seafoods collected from the abattoir, butcher shops and local seafood market and to determine the antimicrobial resistance pattern of isolated pathogens which are responsible for various foodborne illnesses in human beings. A total of forty raw animal product samples were collected from the abattoir, butcher shops and local seafood market of Visakhapatnam. The samples selected for the study include raw chicken, meat, crab, prawns and different varieties of fish. A classic random sampling technique was employed to collect the study samples. All the samples were processed immediately using standard microbiological protocols. The bacteria isolation and characterization were done by studying morphological characteristics with staining methods, cultural characteristics by isolating and growing the pathogenic microorganisms in various selective and differential culture media. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the Kirby -Bauer method by following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. EDTA-Disc Potentiation Test and Imipenem-EDTA Double disc synergy test are used to detect the metallo beta-lactamase production of isolated pathogens. The highest number of isolates belong to Salmonella species (18), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (18) followed by Vibrio species (14) and few isolates belong to Enterobacter species (4). Majority of the microbial isolates obtained in the current study were multidrug resistant. The isolates from the abattoir environments, slaughterhouses, fish markets were found to exhibit variable resistance pattern to aminoglycosides, macrolides, β-lactams, cephalosporins, quinolone antibiotics used in the present study and at the same time most of them were sensitive to carbapenem antibiotic imipenem. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) prevents the designing and assessment of effective interventions. If such a link can be established, then the tracking of antibiotic use and consumption data could be furthermore used as a surrogate indicator for the risk of potential antibiotic resistance (ABR) emergence.

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