scholarly journals Amounts and Botanical Diversity of Dietary Fruits and Vegetables Affect Distinctly the Human Gut Microbiome

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1545-1545
Author(s):  
Ayoub Al Othaim ◽  
Noah Voreades ◽  
Natalie Goodwin ◽  
Jenae Curley ◽  
Daya Marasini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Illumina Miseq ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Rrna Sequencing ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Botanical Diversity ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Objectives While increasing fruit and vegetable (FV) intake is a near-universal recommendation for improved health outcomes, information on dietary FV amount and diversity impact on health biomarkers is scarce. FV are a major dietary source of gut microbiota (GM) accessible carbohydrates and phytochemicals, however, most studies have focused on single food items or their extracted components, with few holistic studies available. Here, two separate randomized dietary interventions were used to assess the impact of low vs high FV intake and low vs high botanical diversity on GM profiles in healthy adults. We hypothesized that increasing FV would result in beneficial modulations to GM with further increases benefits in those consuming FV from diverse botanical families. Methods Study 1 was a crossover design with, 11 males randomized to starting diets of low FV (L) or high FV (H) over 9 days. Stool samples were obtained at day 0, 3, 6 and 9 of each treatment period. In Study 2, 21 individuals were provided a low FV (L) lead-in diet for 4 days and then randomly assigned to a high FV diet with either low (LB; 11 families) or high botanical diversity (HB; 24 families) for an additional 4 days. Stool was collected at baseline, and after each diet intervention. GM was analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing performed on an Illumina MiSeq. The Mothur pipeline was used for preliminary data analysis, followed by statistical analyses in PAST. Results In Study 1, the L treatment resulted in minimal microbiota alterations, while a significant increase in Bacteroidetes and decrease in Firmicutes (which peaked at day 6) was observed in the H group. Intriguingly, the L group experienced a short-term increase in Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, and both treatments incurred significant increases in Bacteroides and Akkermansia and a decline of Faecalibacterium. In study 2 the transition from low to high FV resulted in similar trends than in Study 1. However, the HB treatment resulted in a more diverse GM, characterized by increased relative abundances of beneficial Firmicutes (Lachnospiraceae, Faecalibacterium and Clostridium XIVa). Conclusions Our results suggest that both amounts of FV consumed and botanical diversity modulate the GM. Determining better FV combinations from a GM perspective thus appears as a possible task for future research. Funding Sources Colorado Agriculture Experiment Station.

scholarly journals Impact of a Moderately Hypocaloric Mediterranean Diet on the Gut Microbiota Composition of Italian Obese Patients

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2707 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Pisanu ◽  
Vanessa Palmas ◽  
Veronica Madau ◽  
Emanuela Casula ◽  
Andrea Deledda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Mediterranean Diet ◽  
Illumina Miseq ◽  
Nutritional Intervention ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The 16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Although it is known that the gut microbiota (GM) can be modulated by diet, the efficacy of specific dietary interventions in determining its composition and diversity in obese patients remains to be ascertained. The present work aims to evaluate the impact of a moderately hypocaloric Mediterranean diet on the GM of obese and overweight patients (OB). The GM of 23 OB patients (F/M = 20/3) was compared before (T0) and after 3 months (T3) of nutritional intervention (NI). Fecal samples were analyzed by Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. At baseline, GM characterization confirmed typical obesity-associated dysbiosis. After 3 months of NI, patients presented a statistically significant reduction in body weight and fat mass, along with changes in the relative abundance of many microbial patterns. In fact, an increase in the abundance of several Bacteroidetes taxa (i.e., Sphingobacteriaceae, Sphingobacterium, Bacteroides spp., Prevotella stercorea) and a depletion of many Firmicutes taxa (i.e., Lachnospiraceae members, Ruminococcaceae and Ruminococcus, Veillonellaceae, Catenibacterium, Megamonas) were observed. In addition, the phylum Proteobacteria showed an increased abundance, while the genus Sutterella, within the same phylum, decreased after the intervention. Metabolic pathways, predicted by bioinformatic analyses, showed a decrease in membrane transport and cell motility after NI. The present study extends our knowledge of the GM profiles in OB, highlighting the potential benefit of moderate caloric restriction in counteracting the gut dysbiosis.

scholarly journals Differences in the Fecal Metabolome and Microbiome Between Exclusive and Partial Breastfed Infants are More Pronounced at 2 Months Compared to 5 Months

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1097-1097 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aidong Wang ◽  
Aly Diana ◽  
Sofa Rahmannia ◽  
Rosalind Gibson ◽  
Lisa Houghton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Feeding Practices ◽  
Illumina Miseq ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
P Value ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Breastfed Infants ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Gates Foundation ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Objectives This study aimed to characterize the impact of feeding practices on the infant fecal metabolome and microbiome at 2 months and 5 months of age in exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) and partial breastfeeding (PBF) infants. Methods Fecal samples were collected from infants at 2 months and 5 months of age from Bandung, Indonesia. Exclusive breastfeeding was determined using the stable isotope deuterium dose-to-mother (DTM) technique. Fecal metabolites were extracted using Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline, and analyzed using NMR spectroscopy. Fecal microbial DNA was extracted at the same time using the MoBio PowerLyzer PowerSoil DNA isolation kit (MoBio, Carlsbad, CA). The V4 region of 16SrRNA was targeted. The DNA library sample was analyzed via 300-bp paired-end sequencing on the Illumina MiSeq platform. Results Fecal samples from EBF infants at 2 months of age revealed significantly higher human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), short-chain fatty acids and related metabolites compared to PBF infants. However, fecal samples from infants at 5 months of age revealed no differences in metabolome between EBF and PBF after p-value adjustment for multiple comparisons. Gut microbes, especially Bifidobacterium were higher in EBF infants at age 2 months even though not statistically significant. However, this difference was eliminated at age 5 months. Conclusions In the present study, infant feeding practices had a stronger influence on the infant fecal metabolome and microbiome at the age of 2 months as compared to 5 months. Funding Sources 2014 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. CS would also like to acknowledge funding from the Kinsella endowed chair in Food, Nutrition, and health as well as USDA-NIFA Hatch project 1,021,411.

scholarly journals Impact of a Moderately Hypocaloric Mediterranean Diet on the Gut Microbiota Composition of Italian Obese Patients

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Pisanu ◽  
Vanessa Palmas ◽  
Veronica Madau ◽  
Emanuela Casula ◽  
Andrea Deledda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Mediterranean Diet ◽  
Illumina Miseq ◽  
Nutritional Intervention ◽  
The Body ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Although it is known that the gut microbiota (GM) can be modulated by diet, the efficacy of specific dietary interventions in determining its composition and diversity in obese patients remains to be ascertained. The present work aims to evaluate the impact of a moderately hypocaloric Mediterranean diet on the GM of obese and overweight patients (OB). The GM of 23 OB patients (F/M= 20/3) was compared before (T0) and after 3 months (T3) of the nutritional intervention (NI). Fecal samples were analyzed by Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. At baseline, the GM characterization confirmed the typical obesity-associated dysbiosis. After 3 months of NI, patients presented a statistically significant reduction of the body weight and fat mass, along with changes in the relative abundance of many microbial patterns. In fact, we observed an increased abundance in several Bacteroidetes taxa (i.e. Sphingobacteriaceae, Sphingobacterium, Bacteroides spp., Prevotella stercorea) and depletion of many Firmicutes taxa (i.e. Lachnospiraceae members, Ruminococcaceae and Ruminococcus, Veillonellaceae, Catenibacterium, Megamonas). In addition, the phylum Proteobacteria showed an increased abundance, while the genus Sutterella, within the same phylum, decreased after the intervention. Metabolic pathways, predicted by bioinformatic analyses, showed a decrease in membrane transport and cell motility after NI. The present study extends our knowledge of the GM profiles in OB, highlighting the potential benefit of a moderate caloric restriction in counteracting the gut dysbiosis.

scholarly journals The Impact of Step Recommendations on Body Composition and Physical Activity Patterns in College Freshman Women: A Randomized Trial

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce W. Bailey ◽  
Ciera L. Bartholomew ◽  
Caleb Summerhays ◽  
Landon Deru ◽  
Sharla Compton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Future Research ◽  
First Year ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
First Year Of College ◽  
The Impact

Purpose. Transitioning from high school to college generally results in reduced physical activity and weight gain at a rate that is higher than the general population. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of three progressively higher step recommendations over 24 weeks on changes in body weight and body composition. Methods. Ninety-two freshmen college women wore a multifunction pedometer for 24 weeks after being randomly assigned to a daily step level: 10,000, 12,500, or 15,000. Pedometer data were downloaded every two weeks and participants were counseled on meeting their step recommendation. Body weight and body composition were assessed at baseline and 24 weeks. Body composition was assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry. Results. On average, women took 10,786 ± 1501, 12,650 ± 2001, and 13,762 ± 2098 steps per day for the 10,000-, 12,500-, and 15,000-step groups, respectively (F = 15.48, P<0.0001). Participants gained 1.4 ± 2.6, 1.8 ± 2.1, and 1.4 ± 2.1 kg for the 10,000-, 12,500-, and 15,000-step groups, respectively (F = 37.74, P<0.0001). Weight gain was not significantly different between groups (F = 0.18, P=0.8385). There was also no difference in fat weight gain (F = 0.41, P=0.7954). Discussion. A step recommendation beyond 10,000 does not prevent weight or fat gain over the first year of college. Future research should focus on either intensity of physical activity or the addition of dietary interventions to prevent weight gain during the first year of college.

scholarly journals Ketogenic Diets in Pancreatic Cancer and Associated Cachexia: Cellular Mechanisms and Clinical Perspectives

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 3202
Author(s):  
Natalia E. Cortez ◽  
Gerardo G. Mackenzie
Keyword(s):  
Pancreatic Cancer ◽  
Cell Metabolism ◽  
Ductal Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Ketogenic Diets ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Fat Composition ◽  
The Impact

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive and extremely therapy-resistant cancer. It is estimated that up to 80% of PDAC patients present with cachexia, a multifactorial disorder characterized by the involuntary and ongoing wasting of skeletal muscle that affects therapeutic response and survival. During the last decade, there has been an increased interest in exploring dietary interventions to complement the treatment of PDAC and associated cachexia. Ketogenic diets (KDs) have gained attention for their anti-tumor potential. Characterized by a very low carbohydrate, moderate protein, and high fat composition, this diet mimics the metabolic changes that occur in fasting. Numerous studies report that a KD reduces tumor growth and can act as an adjuvant therapy in various cancers, including pancreatic cancer. However, research on the effect and mechanisms of action of KDs on PDAC-associated cachexia is limited. In this narrative review, we summarize the evidence of the impact of KDs in PDAC treatment and cachexia mitigation. Furthermore, we discuss key cellular mechanisms that explain KDs’ potential anti-tumor and anti-cachexia effects, focusing primarily on reprogramming of cell metabolism, epigenome, and the gut microbiome. Finally, we provide a perspective on future research needed to advance KDs into clinical use.

scholarly journals Understanding Determinants of Carbohydrate Metabolism and Their Contribution to Metabolic Health; The Impact of AMY1 CNV (P21-015-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan O'Callaghan ◽  
Armand Valsesia ◽  
Sameer Kulkarni ◽  
Julien Marquis ◽  
Patricia Leone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Weight Maintenance ◽  
Ratio Test ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Maintenance Program ◽  
Food Quality And Safety ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Objectives Salivary α- amylase (AMY1) is responsible for the breakdown of starch into oligosaccharides, tri and di-saccharides giving a start to the starch digestion in the oral cavity on food consumption. Several studies recently reported contradicting results regarding the link between AMY1 copy numbers (CNs) and obesity and type 2 diabetes. Objective: We investigated whether CN in the AMY1 gene was associated with differential anthropometrics and glycaemic outcomes in obese individuals who underwent a dietary plan varying in macronutrient intake, as a part of weight loss and weight maintenance program. We also investigated whether there existed an interaction between nutrient intakes and AMY1 CNs and if AMY1 CNs have influence on body weight, body composition and glycemic trajectories during dietary interventions. Methods Using the Paralogue Ratio Test, we accurately measured the AMY1 CNs in 761 obese individuals from the Diogenes study. Subjects underwent first an 8-week low-caloric diet (LCD, at 800 kcal/d) and those achieving >8% weight loss were then randomized to a 6-month weight maintenance dietary (WMD) intervention. The association between AMY1 CNs and weight- and glycemic- parameters was tested at baseline and following each intervention phase (LCD, WMD) with the use of linear mixed effect models adjusting for gender, age, center and total energy intake. Results At baseline, a modest association between AMY1 CN and BMI (P = 0.04) was observed. AMY1 CN was not associated with baseline glycemic variables. Additionally, AMY1 CN was not associated with anthropometric or glycemic-outcomes following either LCD or WMD. Interaction analyses between AMY1 CN and nutrient intake did not reveal significant association with any clinical parameters (at baseline and following LCD or WMD) or when testing gene x WMD interactions during the WMD phase Conclusions In the absence of association with weight trajectories or glycemic improvements, the AMY1 CN cannot be considered as an important biomarker for response to a clinical weight loss and weight maintenance programs in overweight/obese subjects. Funding Sources European Commission, Food Quality and Safety Priority of the Sixth Framework Program (FP6-2005-513946), Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

scholarly journals Changes in Eating Behaviors and Confidence Towards Cooking After an 8-Week Online Cooking and Nutrition Tutorials in Adults Living with an Overweight Condition or Obesity

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1294-1294
Author(s):  
Tamara Cohen ◽  
May Slim ◽  
Hugues Plourde ◽  
Valerie Bouzo ◽  
Vanessa Dumeaux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Food Access ◽  
Eating Behaviors ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Eating Behaviours ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Long Term Follow Up ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Objectives This study tested the impact of online cooking and nutrition tutorials on eating behaviours and psychosocial determinants of cooking skills among adults living with an overweight condition or obesity. Methods Healthy adults 18–65 y living with an overweight condition or obesity (25 &lt; body mass index [BMI] &lt; 40 kg/m2) living in the greater Montreal (Quebec) Canada were randomized (1:1:1) to one of three groups: Control [Ctrl; weekly delivery of food with paper-based recipes], Nutrition [weekly delivery of food, access to online cooking and nutrition tutorials] or Behaviour [weekly delivery of food, access to online cooking and eating behaviour tutorials] over 8 weeks. Cooking and education videos were &lt;4 min long total and were viewed through private YouTube links. At baseline and 8 weeks, anthropometrics and sociodemographic were surveyed, as were appetitive traits (i.e., Food Responsiveness, Hunger, Emotional Overeating, Enjoyment of Food, Satiety Responsiveness, Food Fussiness, Emotional Undereating and Slowness in Eating) using the Adult Eating Behavior Questionnaire [AEBQ]. Cooking barriers and confidence towards cooking, confidence in consuming fruits and vegetables and self-efficacy were also assessed. Mixed model ANOVAs were used to test for differences among groups over time. Results At baseline, forty-eight participants with a mean age of 34.0 ± 12.9 y and BMI of 30.2 ± 4.5 kg/m2 were enrolled. Significant differences were seen in the Slowness in Eating subscale between Behaviour (1.64 ± 0.98) and Ctrl (2.46 ± 0.88) (P &lt; 0.02). At 8 weeks, Emotional Overeating scores significantly decreased in both Nutrition and Behaviour compared to Ctrl (P = 0.03). Other AEBQ subscales did not vary by time or group. From baseline to 8 weeks, all groups significantly increased scores for confidence towards cooking (P &lt; 0.001), confidence in consuming of fruits and vegetables (P &lt; 0.001) and general self-efficacy (P &lt; 0.001). Conclusions The weekly provision of food baskets with online cooking and nutrition tutorials elicited changes in eating behaviours in adults living with an overweight condition and obesity. Future studies including a long-term follow-up and larger sample size are needed to confirm these positive findings. Funding Sources R. Howard Webster Foundation.

scholarly journals Reporting Accuracy of Energy Intake Among Exclusively Formula-Fed Infants (P11-097-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jillian Trabulsi ◽  
Lindsay Domino ◽  
Nicole Stouffer ◽  
Virginia Stallings ◽  
Dale Schoeller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Reporting Accuracy ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Diet Records ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Objectives Assessment of diet is important for understanding nutrition-related health outcomes. Like all methods, diet assessment is subject to error. Error, and in turn reporting accuracy, have been studied extensively in the adult literature but to a lesser extent in the pediatric literature. In the present study, we utilized data on energy intake (EI) and total energy expenditure (TEE) in a racially diverse and contemporary cohort of healthy exclusively formula-fed newborns to determine EI reporting accuracy. Methods In 0.75-month-old term infants (n = 113; 62% black), we measured TEE using the doubly labeled water method and EI using the 3-day weighed bottle method with diet records. Mothers were provided with pre-weighed bottles from which to feed their infants and bottles were weighed by study staff upon return; diet records were analyzed using Nutrient Data Software for Research. Since energy is needed for growth, the estimated energy requirement (EER) was calculated using TEE + energy cost of tissue deposition (175 kcal/d). EI was defined as the mean energy intake over the 3-day period and reporting accuracy was defined as the ratio of EI: EER, which should be equivalent to 1.0 in healthy infants. The cutoff range for implausible reporters was: greater than or less than 1.0 –2*the square root of the average within subject coefficient of variation for EI (12.5%)/100 and TEE (8.2%)/100. EI: EER ratios within the cutoff range (i.e., 0.778-1.222) were categorized as plausible reports, and those below or above the cutoff categorized as non-plausible under-reports and over-reports of EI. Results The mean EI: EER was 1.037, with a minimum and maximum of 0.360 and 1.907, respectively. Approximately half (49%) of the ratios were deemed plausible, whereas the remainder were implausible under reports (24%) or over reports (27%). Among plausible reports, the mean EI: EER ratio was 0.990 with a minimum and maximum of 0.778 and 1.217, respectively. Conclusions Despite using the weighed bottle method, only half of the EI reports were plausible. Future research needs to optimize the weighed bottle method to improve accuracy among newly parturient mothers, and consider the accuracy of reported EI when evaluating the impact of early diet on health outcomes. Funding Sources NIH Grants HD072307 and HD094908.

CRITICAL STEPS FOR HUMAN GUT EXFOLIOME RNA PROFILING ANALYSIS USING NON-INVASIVE STOOL SAMPLES

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Sánchez-Campillo ◽  
María Teresa Pastor-Fajardo ◽  
Maria Sabater-Molina ◽  
María José López-Andreo ◽  
Elvira Larqué
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Dietary Exposure ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Rna Profiling ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Drug Treatments ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Cellular Pathways ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Fecal Sampling

Abstract Introduction: Dietary exposure and drug treatments influence gut cellular pathways and hence growth and potentially even the gut-brain-microbiome axis. Since eukaryotic mRNA presents poly A sequence that distinguishes them from the prokaryotes mRNA, we could analyze the gene expression of human gut cells using exfoliated gut cells available in stool samples. However, the impact of the critical steps of these non-invasive methods must be analyzed. Methods: We tested prokaryote contamination in all the steps of different procedures to analyze human exfoliome by microarrays and the influence of the fecal sampling collection process. Results & Conclusion: The least bacterial contamination was found using RNA amplified with oligo dT from GeneChip 3´ IVT Pico Reagent kit or using RNA purified by both Oligotex® + oligodT. RNA later® collection of feces affects the microarray results compared to directly frozen fecal samples, although both methods produce similar cDNA quality. This technique is a potential non-invasive diagnostic tool that can be applied to larger studies to quantify intestinal gene expression in humans with non-invasive samples, but samples should always be collected and analyzed under the same procedure.

scholarly journals Electrohydrodynamic drying: Can we scale-up the technology to make dried fruits and vegetables more nutritious and appealing?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Onwude ◽  
Kamran Iranshahi ◽  
Alex Martynenko ◽  
Thijs Defraeye
Keyword(s):  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Nutrient Retention ◽  
Convective Drying ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Nutritional Content ◽  
Plate Electrode ◽  
Dried Fruits ◽  
Drying Technology ◽  
The Impact

Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) drying is a promising technology to better preserve the nutritional content and sensory appeal of dried fruits and vegetables. To successfully scale up this technology, we need to rethink the current EHD dryer designs. There is also a significant potential to further enhance the nutritional content and sensory quality of the dried products by optimizing EHD process parameters. This study particularly highlights the current bottlenecks in scaling up the technology and in improving nutrient retention and sensory appeal of the dried products. We discuss plausible future pathways to further develop the technology to produce highly nutritious dried products. Concerning the nutritional content, we show that EHD drying preserves vitamins, carotenes, and antioxidants significantly better than hot-air convective drying. From the sensory perspective, we show that EHD drying enhances the color of dried products, as well as their general appearance. With respect to scalability, we show that placing the fruit on a grounded mesh electrode dries the fruit much faster and more uniformly than the grounded plate electrode. Future research should be directed towards simultaneous measurements of multiple food nutrients and sensory properties during EHD drying with a grounded mesh collector. Quantifying the impact of the food loading density on drying kinetics and energy consumption of the EHD drying process should also be a future research goal. This study gives promising insight towards developing a scalable non-thermal drying technology, tailored to the requirements of the current and future society.

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