scholarly journals Nutritional Status and Additional Expenditure on Food During Pregnancy: Evidence From the Rajarata Pregnancy Cohort

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 754-754
Author(s):  
Sajaan Gunarathne ◽  
Nuwan Wickramasinghe ◽  
Thilini Agampodi ◽  
Indika Prasanna ◽  
Suneth Agampodi
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Additional Food ◽  
Pregnancy Cohort ◽  
Income Status ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Poor Nutritional Status ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Objectives Adherence to specific food consumption patterns is essential for pregnant women to meet the nutritional needs and more concern is required for those who have poor nutritional status. We assessed the nutritional status and the pregnancy-related additional food expenditure (PAFE) during pregnancy in rural Sri Lanka. Methods The study was a part of Rajarata Pregnancy Cohort, a prospective cohort conducted in Anuradhapura district, Sri Lanka in 2019. Participants were recruited in the 1st trimester and followed up monthly until delivery. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data on household economic status and anthropometric measurements. Results Data of 1062 and 169 pregnant mothers were analyzed for the 2nd and 3rd trimesters. The mean (SD) age was 28.3 (5.6) years. The mean (SD) monthly household income and the expenditure were USD 262.47 (194.92) and USD 169.04 (113.49) respectively. The mean (SD) PAFE during the 2nd and 3rd trimesters were USD 11.23 (9.84) and USD 8.69 (7.18) [t(47) = 1.116, p = 0.270]. There were statistically significant differences in PAFE across 2nd [F(4,592) = 6.272, p = 0.001] and 3rd trimesters [F(4,61) = 2.697, p = 0.039]. The shares of PAFE out of the total household expenditure were 6.1% and 5.3%. Of the sample, 16.5% of women (n = 167) were in the underweight category (BMI < 18.5). There were no statistically significant differences of PAFE between underweight group [Mean (SD) = 10.73 (8.29)] and others [Mean (SD) = 11.47 (10.39)] in the 2nd trimester [t(667) = -0.702, p = 0.483] and in the 3rd trimester [t(62) = -0.487, p = 0.628]. Of the underweight mothers, 65% were below the middle-income group (income < USD 232.60) and spend the lowest amount per month (M = USD 8.15, SD = 4.55) among other income groups. There is a statistically significant difference of PAFE among different income quintiles in the 2nd trimester [F(4,592) = 6.272, P = 0.001] and in the 3rd trimester [F(4,61) = 2.697, P = 0.039]. Conclusions Even though more concern needs to be towards the mothers under poor nutritional status, there was no significant difference of PAFE among mothers with different nutritional status. The possible reason would be the lack of affordability due to poor income status since spending the lowest amount for PAFE than others. Funding Sources Accelerating Higher Education Expansion and Development (AHEAD), World Bank.

scholarly journals Association between Nutritional Status Determined By Mini Nutritional Assessment and Serum Marker Levels in Older Adults at Eldercare Facilities

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Angel G Hilerio Lopez
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Nutritional Assessment ◽  
Mini Nutritional Assessment ◽  
Serum Marker ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

Malnutrition in the older adult is an ongoing situation in Mexico and is most apparent in individuals that reside in hospitals, nursing homes, and retirement homes. For that reason, it is necessary to evaluate the nutritional status of these adults by means of the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) and levels of three serum indicators that are commonly ordered when making malnutrition diagnosis. An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out on 100 older adults residing in eldercare facilities. Nutritional status was evaluated by means of the MNA and three serum indicators (albumin, ferritin, and hemoglobin). Descriptive statistics were used to analyze sociodemographic characteristics, and a Student’s t test, based on gender and reference values, was used to compare mean values of the three serum indicators.  A Chi-square test was used to compare proportions in individuals, based on gender, who had normal nutritional status or were malnourished, and who were at-risk of malnutrition.  A One-way ANOVA with Scheffé post hoc test was used to identify the association between serum indicators and nutritional status of older adults. Of the 100 older adults studied, 53% were men and 47% were women. The mean age was 85±0.7 years. According to the MNA, 20% had normal nutritional status, 55% were at-risk of malnutrition, and 25% were malnourished. The mean indicator values were: albumin 4.7±0.04 g/dL, ferritin 74.2±8.7 ng/mL, and hemoglobin 13.0±0.1 g/dL. No significant association was found between serum indicators and each MNA classification; however, when the same indicators were compared between the sexes, hemoglobin showed a significant difference (P=0.037). Women had lower values but those values did not extend beyond the established physiological range for this population. There was a 55% prevalence of risk of malnutrition in the nutritional status of older adults living in Mexican eldercare facilities in a Mexican province and it was even more frequent in women. 

scholarly journals PREVALENCE OF HEPATIC STEATOSIS AMONG CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH CYSTIC FIBROSIS AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH NUTRITIONAL STATUS

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 435-441
Author(s):  
Amanda Oliva Gobato ◽  
Ana Carolina Junqueira Vasques ◽  
Antonio Fernando Ribeiro ◽  
Roberto Massao Yamada ◽  
Gabriel Hessel
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Hepatic Steatosis ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
The Body ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group B

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the prevalence of hepatic steatosis (HS) in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis (CF) and associate it with nutritional status. Methods: Cross-sectional study with children and adolescents with CF diagnosis. Weight and height were used to calculate the body mass index (BMI) and subsequent classification of the nutritional status. The midarm circumference (MAC), triceps skinfold thickness (TSF) and midarm muscle circumference (MAMC) were used to evaluate body composition. Abdominal ultrasonography was performed for diagnosis of HS. The statistical tests used were Student’s t test, Mann-Whitney test and chi-square test with significance level of 5%. Results: 50 patients with CF were evaluated, 18 (36%) were diagnosed with HS (Group A) and 32 (64%) without HS (Group B). The mean age of Group A was 13,2±4,9 years old and Group B 11,7±4,9; for BMI, the value for Group A was 18,0±4,1 and Group B was 15,7±3,8; the TSF of Group A was 8,4±3,5 mm and Group B was 7,0±2,5 mm. For these variables, there was no significant difference between the groups. The mean of MAC and MAMC differed significantly between the groups, being higher in the HS group, with p values of 0,047 and 0,043. Conclusions: The frequency of HS in patients with CF is high and it is not related to malnutrition, according to the parameters of BMI, TSF and MAMC. The values of MAC and MAMC indicated a greater reserve of muscle mass in patients with HS.

scholarly journals Household Food Expenditure Share During Pregnancy: Evidence From Rural Sri Lanka

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 753-753
Author(s):  
Sajaan Gunarathne ◽  
Nuwan Wickramasinghe ◽  
Thilini Agampodi ◽  
Indika Prasanna ◽  
Suneth Agampodi
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Repeated Measure ◽  
Household Food ◽  
Education Expansion ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Expenditure Share ◽  
Food Expenditure ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Objectives Maternal nutritional requirements are expected to vary during pregnancy due to changing demands. Household food expenditure (HFE) reflects the affordability for these nutritional demands. We explored the relationship between household income and the HFE during pregnancy. Methods The study was a part of Rajarata Pregnancy Cohort (RaPCo), a prospective cohort conducted in Anuradhapura district, Sri Lanka in 2019. Participants were recruited in the 1st trimester and followed up monthly for household expenditure data using a self-administered questionnaire. The associations between household income and HFE during all three trimesters were assessed with one-way ANOVA, repeated measure ANOVA, and correlation analysis. Results The sample sizes for each trimester were 1288,1049, and 168 pregnant women respectively. The mean (SD) age was 28.3 (5.6) years. The mean (SD) monthly household income and the expenditure were USD 261.29 (203.58) and USD 168.41 (108.68) respectively. The mean (SD) monthly HFE for each trimester were USD 55.18 (32.90), USD 55.07 (30.93), and USD 55.46 (31.67). There was a weak positive correlation (r = 0.022, p = 0.429) between household income and HFE in the 1st trimester and there were significant positive correlations in the 2nd (r = 0.275, p = 0.001) and 3rd trimesters (r = 0.403, p = 0.001). The household food expenditure share (HFES) out of total expenditure across three trimesters (35.0%, 33.3%, and 36.3%) were significantly different [F(2,134) = 3.82, p = 0.024]. The HFES in the income quintiles showed statistically significant difference only in the 2nd trimester [F(4,871) = 9.97, p = 0.001] and the HFHS from the lowest to the highest quintile were 36.1%, 31.7%, 32.1%, 30.0%, and 27.7% respectively. Conclusions On average, Sri Lankan rural pregnant women spend USD 55.24 as HFE and the HFES is 34.9%. The reported HFES value is consistent with the national household estimates in Sri Lanka. Even though the income is positively correlated with food expenditure, the HFES across income quintiles remain high during pregnancy, which reflects the perceived importance of addressing food requirements irrespective of the income. Funding Sources Accelerating Higher Education Expansion and Development (AHEAD), World Bank.

scholarly journals Comparison of Nutrition Status and Knowledge Level of Sports Trainers and Individuals Attended with Nine-Round Fitness Sports

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 18-25
Author(s):  
A. Humeyra Islamoglu ◽  
I. Aycan Basoglu ◽  
Aleyna A. Ozbey ◽  
Feyza Tosya ◽  
F. Esra Gunes
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Nutrition Status ◽  
Knowledge Level ◽  
Nutritional Knowledge ◽  
Demographic Information ◽  
Nutrition Practices ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sport Centers ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of this study was to determine and evaluate the nutritional knowledge levels and nutritional status of the sports trainers and individuals doing nine-round fitness sports, and compare the relationship between two groups. One hundred individuals doing sports and 10 trainers were included in the study. A questionnaire about general demographic information, anthropometric measurements, nutritional habits and sporting status were applied to the participants. In addition, 1-day retrospective food consumption record was taken to evaluate the intake levels of macro and micronutrients, and The Basic Nutrition Knowledge Level for Adults (YETBID) Scale was applied to measure the nutritional knowledge of the participants. The mean energy (kcal), protein (g), fat (g) and carbohydrate (g) intakes were found to be 1930±832,6, 117,8±61,3, 88±34,5, 159±111,1 for trainers and 1465±533, 81,8±33,9, 66,6±26,4, 128±76,9 for individuals doing sports, respectively. A significant difference was found between two groups in terms of energy intakes (p=0,042) whereas, no significant difference was found between the levels of macro nutrient intakes between trainers and individuals doing sports (p>0.05). According to the YETBID scores, it was found that the total score of individuals doing sports was significantly higher than trainers’ (p=0.037). It was concluded that the level of nutritional knowledge of sports trainers and individuals doing sports did not affect the nutritional status. Furthermore, dietitians should be present at sport centers and nutrition trainings should be arranged in order to prevent improper nutrition practices.

scholarly journals Nutrition status of pregnant women in selected internally displaced persons camp in Delta state, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 30-34
Author(s):  
Enifome Akpotu ◽  
Faith Diorgu
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
P Value ◽  
Internally Displaced Persons ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
Poor Nutritional Status ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Internally Displaced Person

Introduction: The recent flood situation in Nigeria has contributed to the upsurge in the percentage of Internally Displace Persons particularly in the Delta State. Children and pregnant women are more venerable. Poor Nutritional status internally displaced person is a major occurrence. This has a serious implication for pregnant women in Nigeria. Assessing nutritional status of pregnant women will help in prioritizing need and intervention problems for internally displaced person, therefore this study will assess a Nutritional status of pregnant women in Selected internally displaced persons camps in Delta state Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among pregnant women in four selected internally displaced person camps in Delta State, November 2019. A total of 99 pregnant women were randomly selected from each camp. A structured questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic data from respondents, Body mass index and mid upper arm circumference with assessed result were compared with standard criteria for nutritional status. Data was clean and entered into SPSS Version 22. Descriptive statistics was used and inferential statistic, chi square and logistic regression was use for predicting variables after adjusting for confounders. Result: The mean body mass index of respondent was 23.5 (±3.9) which indicate a good nutritional health status, however 9.3% had poor nutritional status with BMI (>18.5). Also the mean distribution of MUAC was 27.5(±3.6) cm indicating good nutritional status of (<23cm), although 27.8% had poor nutritional status with (MUAC ≥23cm). chi square test, economic status (X2=9.794, (P=0.020<0.05), antenatal visit of at least twice in present ( X2=5.946, P=0.015) and pregnancy and present trimester (X2=12.939, P=0.002<0.05) were significantly associated with nutritional status of pregnant women. On regression analysis only ANC visit (OR= 3.134, Cl=1.226-8.013, p-value=0.17) and present trimester of pregnant women (OR=0.75,Cl=0.016-0.352, p-value=0.01) were significant Conclusion and recommendation: Poor nutritional status among pregnant women in this study is high, there is need to develop programs that focuses on educating mothers on the need of good nutrition in Nigeria.

Oral health status in relation to nutritional status among kindergarten children aged (4-5) years old in Karbala city / Iraq

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 72
Author(s):  
Dr. Dhuha M. Hassan ◽  
Dr. Baydaa Hussien Hussien
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Dental Plaque ◽  
Kindergarten Children ◽  
Plaque Index ◽  
Gingival Index ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

Back ground: Dental caries and periodontal disease were the most common andwidely spread diseases affecting children. The nutrition may be one of the factorsaffecting the severity of the oral diseases. The Aims of this study was theassessment of the following oral diseases (dental caries, gingivitis) in addition toassessment of oral hygiene among 4-5 years old children in Karbala city –Iraq.Furthermore, nutritional status was assessed in relation to oral diseases.Materials and methods: A sample of 658 children (350 males, 308 females) agedfour and five years old was selected randomly from the fourteenth kindergartensin Karbala city. Diagnosis and recording of dental caries was followed the criteriaof WHO 1987. Dental plaque was assessed using plaque index of Silness and Loe,1964. Gingival health condition was assessed using gingival index of Loe andSilness, 1963. The assessment of nutritional status was performed usinganthropometric measurement (height and weight) according to Body mass indexindicator with -2SD cutoff point.Results: Caries prevalence was found to be (83%) of the total sample the mean rankvalue of dmfs was higher among boys in comparison to girls with statistically nosignificant difference (P>0.05). The value of dmfs increased with age withstatistically highly significant difference (p<0.01).The mean rank values of dentalplaque and gingival indices for total boys were found to be higher than total girlswith statistically highly significant differences (P<0.01). Recording of this studydemonstrated that 100% of children had dental plaque and gingival inflammation.Positive highly significant correlations were recorded between dental caries withdental plaque and gingival indices. The prevalence of malnutrition described byBody mass index indicator was (3.2%). According to nutritional status indicatorBody mass index-for-age, it was found that the wasted children had higher valueof dmfs than well nourished children with statistically no significant differences(P>0.05). The plaque and gingival indices were higher among well nourishedchildren than among wasted children with statistically highly significantdifferences (P<0.01).The correlation coefficient between body mass index withdental caries, plaque index and gingival index were very weak and statistically notsignificant (p>0.05).Conclusions: High prevalence of dental caries and gingivitis was recorded indicatingthe need of public and preventive programs among kindergarten children.

A study of blood pressure in school children between the age of 6-12 years in Chennai, India: a cross sectional study

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 2205
Author(s):  
Madhivanan S. ◽  
Harikrishnan E. ◽  
Kumarasamy K.
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Clinical Examination ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Blood Pressure Measurement ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
P Value ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

Background: Blood pressure measurements in childhood are an important clinical examination. Present study was done to evaluate the normal range of blood pressure (BP) in children aged 6-12 years and to find its relationship with regard to age, sex, height and weight criteria and comparing the values with the available standards.Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study was done in primary and middle schools of Chennai from January 2016 to May 2017. Three readings of blood pressure were recorded for each subject and were correlated with age, gender, socioeconomic status and anthropometry. Data was analysed on SPSS 20.0. P value of <0.05 was considered significantResults: A total of 2002 children (1026 boys, 976 girls) of age between 6-12 years were examined over 18 months. There was an upward trend in both systolic (r = 0.437, P<0.001) and diastolic BP (r = 0.386, P <0.001) with age. There was no statistically significant difference in mean systolic and diastolic BP with gender (P = 0.10), weight (P = 0.10) and height (P = 0.10). There was a statistically significant difference between the mean systolic and diastolic BP between low and high socio-economic groups (P <0.0001). The proportion of children with hypertension was 9.54% with a slight female preponderance.Conclusions: Blood pressure measurement in children is pivotal in clinical examination. It shows a linear relationship with age and varies across socio-economic status. Periodic recording of BP would enable identify hypertension at an early age.

Association of Malnutrition and Socioeconomic Status in Dental Caries – A Cross Sectional Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
VC Punitha ◽  
P Sivaprakasam
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Middle Income Group

ABSTRACT The objective Of this study was to assess the association of nutritional status and socio economic status in dental caries among rural children. Methods Children of age 6 – 10 yrs (n = 120) from government schools in two villages of Kanchipuram district were the study subjects. The children's nutritional status was assessed by means of anthropometric measurements. Body Mass Index using weight and height of children was evaluated using the reference standard of the WHO 2007. The socioeconomic status was assessed based on education, occupation and material possession. The children's oral cavity was screened for decayed and filled teeth (dft index) Results Nutritional assessment showed that 66.7% were malnourished. Female children (71.7%) were more malnourished than males (62.2%) with no significant difference between them. Children belonging to the low income group were more malnourished (74.7%) than children of middle income group (53.3%) (p = 0.01). The prevalence of caries in this population was 60% with mean dft index score of 1.7. Caries occurrence was more in the low income group (61.3%) than middle income group (57.8%) with no significant difference between the two groups (p=0.70). Comparing the caries occurrence between the malnourished children and the normal weight children it was seen that the caries occurrence was less in the malnourished children (p=0.23) Conclusion This cross sectional study concludes that malnutrition is not associated with dental caries and socioeconomic status influences nutritional status of a child in this rural population.

scholarly journals Pendampingan Penerapan Pembuatan PMT (Pemberian Makanan Tambahan) untuk Ibu dan Balita Guna Meningkatkan Kesehatan Ibu dan Anak

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 187
Author(s):  
Desta Cahya Rosyida ◽  
Nina Hidayatunnikmah ◽  
Yefi Marliandiani
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Community Service ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Supplementary Feeding ◽  
Service Program ◽  
Additional Food ◽  
Mothers And Children ◽  
Mother And Child ◽  
Poor Nutritional Status

AbstrakStatus gizi pada Ibu dan Anak merupakan faktor penting yang wajib menjadi perhatian besar bagi petugas kesehatan. Keadaan kurang gizi pada Ibu hamil dan balita penyebab terbesar yaitu dipengarui oleh kebiasaan mengkonsumsi makanan yang kurang baik. PMT (Pemberian Makanan Tambahan) sangat memengaruhi untuk status gizi nantinya pada Ibu Hamil dan Anak. Pemberian Makanan Tambahan tujuannya yaitu untuk memperbaiki keadaan gizi untuk mencapai status gizi yang Optimal. Padahal kondisi status gizi yang kurang baik Ibu dan Anak akan mengakibatkan bertambahnya Stunting.Kondisi diatas mendasari penulis untuk  membuat Inovasi resep PMT berbahan dasar  makanan atau sayuran yang mudah di temuai di lingkungan sekitar sebagai makanan tambahan. Untuk mengetahui Ibu dan Anak secara langsung mengkonsumsi PMT maka peneliti melakukan pendampingan dalam membuat, mengkonsumsi dan mengevaluasi hasil tersebut. Program Pengabdian Kepada masyarakat ini juga bertujuan untuk melatih anggota keluarga, khususnya orang tua balita dalam menyiapkan makanan tambahan yang sehat dan nilai gizinya seimbang, sehingga status gizi balita nantinya semakin membai. Metode yang di gunakan dalam program pengabdian masyarakat yang dilakuka di Kelurahan Nginden Jangkungan adalah penyuluhan dan demonstrasi bagaimana cara pembuatan PMT. Hasil dari pengabdian dalam kurun 1 bulan ibu-ibu PKK sudah bisa melakukan cara pembuatan PMT dan juga diterapkan dikehidupan sehari-hari untuk pemenuhan gizi pada anak.Kata Kunci: PMT , Meningkatan Kesehatan ,Ibu dan AnakAbstractThe nutritional status of mothers and children is an important factor that must be of great concern to health workers. The state of malnutrition in pregnant women and toddlers is the biggest cause, which is influenced by the habit of consuming less good food. PMT (Supplementary Feeding) greatly affects the nutritional status of pregnant women and children. Supplementary feeding aims to improve nutritional status to achieve optimal nutritional status. Whereas the condition of poor nutritional status of mothers and children will result in increased stunting. The above conditions underlie the author to make PMT recipe innovations made from food or vegetables that are easily found in the surrounding environment as additional food. To find out mothers and children directly consume PMT, the researchers provide assistance in making, consuming and evaluating the results. This Community Service Program also aims to train family members, especially parents of children under five, in preparing complementary foods that are healthy and have a balanced nutritional value, so that the nutritional status of toddlers will improve. The method used in the community service program carried out in Nginden Jangkungan Village is counseling and demonstration of how to make PMT. The results of the service within 1 month of PKK mothers have been able to do how to make PMT and also apply it in daily life to fulfill nutrition in children.Key Word: PMT, Improving Health, Mother and Child

scholarly journals The Effectiveness of a Training Program for the Development of Social Interaction and Reduction of some Behavioral Problems among Autistic Students Skills at the Primary area Tabuk, Saudi Arabia

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 524
Author(s):  
Rania E. A. Abdel Kawi
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Social Skills ◽  
Training Program ◽  
Behavioral Problems ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Control ◽  
Experimental Group

The study aimed at designing a training program for social skills in reducing some behavioral problems among a sample of female autistic students from Saudi Arabia. The sample consisted of 24 student wih an age range 7-14 years, and IQ between 55 and 68. The researcher used several tools including: Intelligence scale, socio-economic status, and the training program. The sample was devided into two groups: experimental and control. The main results of the study showed that there were differences between the mean scores of the experimental and control groups in telemetric problems of behavioral and social skills in favor of the experimental group. Also there were differences between the mean scores of the pre-test and post-test of experimental group in regard to the behavioral problems and social skills. However, there was no significant difference between the post-test and the extended effect (2 months afte the end of the program) whether in behavioral problems or social skills. 

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