scholarly journals Urbanization and the Double Burden: Trends and Inequalities in Under- and Over-nutrition by Residence and Wealth Among 1.22 Million Indian Children, Women and Men over 10 Years (P10-078-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Phuong Nguyen ◽  
Samuel Scott ◽  
Rasmi Avula ◽  
Aishwarya Agarwal ◽  
Purnima Menon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Indian Children ◽  
Double Burden ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Double Burden Of Malnutrition ◽  
Overweight Prevalence

Abstract Objectives We examined trends and inequities in the double burden of malnutrition among girls, boys, women and men by residence and wealth between 2006 and 2016 in India where 590 million individuals are expected to live in cities by 2030. Methods Two rounds of National Family Health Survey data collected in 2006 and 2016 (n = 276,000 children 0–59 mo; 768,000 women 15–49y; and 178,000 men 15–54y) were used. Residence was categorized as rural (RUR), urban non-slum (U-NS) and urban slum (U-SL). Multivariate regression analyses were used to examine differences and changes over time in outcomes by residential group and gender. A socioeconomic status (SES) index was created for each residential area and inequalities were assessed using concentration and slope indices. Results Children in different residential areas were born with similar height-for-age Z-scores, but growth faltering during the first two years of life was most rapid among children in RUR areas, followed by U-SL and U-NS areas. Boys and girls were equally likely to be stunted (48% in 2006 to 38% in 2016) or overweight (7–8% at both times). SES gaps were large for undernutrition, small for overnutrition, and did not change greatly in the past decade. Among adults, underweight prevalence decreased equally across residential areas (4–5%) to reach 20% on average in both men and women. Overweight prevalence increased more rapidly among those living in RUR areas (7–9%) compared to U-SL (4–6%) and U-NS (1–3%) areas, and also reached ∼20%. The SES gap for underweight was narrower in 2016 than in 2006, mainly due to improvements among the poor in all residential areas. Overweight prevalence increased in all SES quintiles in RUR and U-SL areas and increased among the poor in U-NS areas. Conclusions The double burden of malnutrition is now a reality among adults in India. Although undernutrition has been reduced in both rural and urban areas over the past decade, the rate of increase in overweight was much larger in rural compared to urban areas; and more so in slums compared to non-slum areas. A further examination of changing living conditions, food environments, and physical activity levels is needed to identify and address the causes for these rapid changes in nutrition outcomes. Funding Sources Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation through POSHAN, led by IFPRI.

scholarly journals Maternal internal migration and child growth and nutritional health in Peru: an analysis of the demographic and health surveys from 1991 to 2017

2022 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emeline Rougeaux ◽  
J. Jaime Miranda ◽  
Mary Fewtrell ◽  
Jonathan C. K. Wells
Keyword(s):  
Internal Migration ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Health Surveys ◽  
Child Outcomes ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Double Burden ◽  
Nutritional Health ◽  
Double Burden Of Malnutrition ◽  
Overweight Prevalence

Abstract Background Peru has historically experienced high rural-to-urban migration. Despite large reductions in undernutrition, overweight is increasing. Elsewhere, internal migration has been associated with differences in children’s growth and nutritional health. We investigated how child growth and nutritional status in Peru varied over time and in association with maternal internal migration. Methods Using data from Demographic & Health Surveys from 1991 to 2017, we assessed trends in child growth (height-for-age [HAZ], weight-for-age [WAZ], weight-for-height [WHZ] z scores) and nutritional health (stunting, underweight, overweight) by maternal adult internal migration (urban [UNM] or rural non-migrant [RNM], or urban-urban [UUM], rural-urban [RUM], rural-rural [RRM], or urban-rural migrant [URM]). Using 2017 data, we ran regression analyses, adjusting for confounders, to investigate associations of maternal migration with child outcomes and the maternal and child double burden of malnutrition. We further stratified by timing of migration, child timing of birth and, for urban residents, type of area of residence. Results are given as adjusted predictive margins (mean z score or %) and associated regression p-values [p]. Results In 1991–2017, child growth improved, and undernutrition decreased, but large differences by maternal migration persisted. In 2017, within urban areas, being the child of a migrant woman was associated with lower WHZ (UUM = 0.6/RUM = 0.5 vs UNM = 0.7; p = 0.009 and p < 0.001 respectively) and overweight prevalence ((RUM 7% vs UNM = 11% [p = 0.002]). Results however varied both by child timing of birth (birth after migration meant greater overweight prevalence) and type of area of residence (better linear growth in children of migrants [vs non-migrants] in capital/large cities and towns but not small cities). In rural areas, compared to RNM, children of URM had higher HAZ (− 1.0 vs − 1.2; p < 0.001) and WAZ (− 0.3 vs − 0.4; p = 0.001) and lower stunting (14% vs 21%; [p < 0.001]). There were no differences by timing of birth in rural children, nor by time since migration across all children. The mother and child double burden of malnutrition was higher in rural than urban areas but no differences were found by maternal internal migration. Conclusions Migration creates a unique profile of child nutritional health that is not explained by maternal ethnic and early life factors, but which varies depending on the pathway of migration, the child timing of birth in relation to migration and, for urban dwellers, the size of the place of destination. Interventions to improve child nutritional health should take into consideration maternal health and migration history.

Chasing Innovation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lilly Irani
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
State Policy ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Indian Children ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Political Structures

Can entrepreneurs develop a nation, serve the poor, and pursue creative freedom, all while generating economic value? This book shows the contradictions that arise as designers, engineers, and businesspeople frame development and governance as opportunities to innovate. The book documents the rise of “entrepreneurial citizenship” in India over the past seventy years, demonstrating how a global ethos of development through design has come to shape state policy, economic investment, and the middle class in one of the world's fastest-growing nations. The book chronicles the practices and mindsets that hold up professional design as the answer to the challenges of a country of more than one billion people, most of whom are poor. While discussions of entrepreneurial citizenship promise that Indian children can grow up to lead a nation aspiring to uplift the poor, in reality, social, economic, and political structures constrain whose enterprise, which hopes, and which needs can be seen as worthy of investment. In the process, the book warns, powerful investors, philanthropies, and companies exploit citizens' social relations, empathy, and political hope in the quest to generate economic value. The book argues that the move to recast social change as innovation, with innovators as heroes, frames others—craftspeople, workers, and activists—as of lower value, or even dangers to entrepreneurial forms of development. The book lays bare how long-standing power hierarchies such as class, caste, language, and colonialism continue to shape opportunity in a world where good ideas supposedly rule all.

scholarly journals Current Progress and Future Directions in the Double Burden of Malnutrition among Women in South and Southeast Asian Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuhin Biswas ◽  
Nick Townsend ◽  
R J Soares Magalhaes ◽  
Md Saimul Islam ◽  
Md Mehedi Hasan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asian ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Annual Rate ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
The South ◽  
Average Annual Rate ◽  
Double Burden ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Double Burden Of Malnutrition ◽  
Southeast Asian Countries

ABSTRACT Background In order to combat the double burden of malnutrition the UN General Assembly has established under its Sustainable Development Goal-2 (SDG2) a set of nutritional targets that member countries need to achieve by 2030, with the goal of eradicating all forms of malnutrition worldwide. Objectives In order to understand progress towards this goal, we reviewed recent trends and forecast future trends to examine the likelihood of South and Southeast Asian countries achieving the SDG2 target by 2030. We also considered how inequalities based on wealth, education, and urban/rural dwelling influence the current and future prevalence of underweight, overweight, and obesity. Methods We used population-representative cross-sectional data from the Demographic and Health Survey, conducted between 1996 and 2016, for 8 South and Southeast Asian countries. We used a Bayesian linear regression model to estimate trends and to forecast the prevalence of underweight, overweight, and obesity by 2030. Results The overall pooled prevalence of underweight, overweight, and obesity in the South and Southeast Asian region was 22.9%, 21.3%, and 8.6%, respectively. Regional average annual rate of reduction and average annual rate of increase for the period 1996 to 2016 were 1.3% and 8.4% for underweight and overweight/obesity respectively. We estimate that if current trends continue as projected, the proportion of underweight and overweight/obesity will be 6.6% (95% CI: 3.9%, 11.1%) and 76.6% (95% CI: 64.3%, 85.7%) in 2030, respectively. Specific projections based on the wealth index suggested that by 2030 the prevalence of underweight would be highest among the poorest sector of society, and overweight and obesity highest among the richest sector. Conclusions We found that despite progress in reducing underweight, nearly two-thirds of the South and Southeast Asian population will be overweight or obese by 2030. Our findings suggest that countries in this region will not achieve the 2030 SDG2 target.

The double burden of chronic malnutrition and overweight and obesity in Ecuadorian mothers and children, 1986–2012

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 163-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilma B Freire ◽  
William F Waters ◽  
Gabriela Rivas-Mariño ◽  
Philippe Belmont
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age ◽  
Double Burden ◽  
Chronic Malnutrition ◽  
The Past ◽  
Double Burden Of Malnutrition ◽  
Nationally Representative

Background: The simultaneous presence of undernutrition and over-nutrition represents a paradox in global public health and is of increasing concern in Ecuador, where chronic malnutrition and overweight and obesity occur in the context of demographic and epidemiologic transitions. Two overlapping trends are present in Ecuador; while levels of stunting have decreased slowly in the past three decades, increasing proportions of children <5 years and women of reproductive age suffer from overweight and obesity. Aim: To analyze stunting and overweight and obesity in children <5 and their mothers aged from 15 to 49 years in the context of demographic and household characteristics between 1986 and 2012. Methods: This study compares data from nationally-representative surveys conducted in Ecuador in 1986, 2004, and 2012, each of which collected information on children <5 and mothers aged 15–49 years. Results: The prevalence of chronic malnutrition in children <5 decreased at different rates among Ecuadorians who differ in terms of residence, socioeconomic status, and mothers’ level of education, while overweight and obesity increased dramatically in the same period. Conclusion: Chronic malnutrition in children <5 and overweight in children <5 and mothers 15–49 years represent a double burden of malnutrition in Ecuador. The phenomena differ in their effects, and, while the prevalence of stunting is declining in Ecuador as it is in many parts of the world, the problem of overweight and obesity has emerged in dramatic fashion, and currently represents an extraordinary challenge to public health.

Some New Evidence on the Incidence of Poverty in Pakistan

1988 ◽  
Vol 27 (4II) ◽  
pp. 509-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Hussain Malik
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Previous Survey ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Poverty Levels

A number of studies have been done in the past to measure the level of poverty in Pakistan. These studies include Naseem (1973, 1977), Alauddin (1975), Mujahid (1979), Irfan and Amjad (1983), Kruijk and Leeuwen (1985) and Cheema (1985). The time periods covered by these studies are not the same. Moreover, in some cases the methodologies and results of these studies also differ. The present study covers the most recent data made available in the Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) for 1984-85. Some selected previous Survey years have also been included in the study to see changes in poverty levels over time. The incidence of poverty is measured on the basis of both households and population. To determine the location of the poor, poverty levels have been estimated for rural and urban areas of the country.

scholarly journals Malnutrition in Eastern Indonesia: Does food access matter?

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arina Nur Fauziyah
Keyword(s):  
Food Access ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Food Price ◽  
Double Burden ◽  
Child Undernutrition ◽  
Eastern Indonesia ◽  
Double Burden Of Malnutrition ◽  
Food Affordability ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Overweight Prevalence

AbstrakMeningkatnya prevalensi kekurangan gizi dan kelebihan berat badan di Indonesia Timur menimbulkan dugaan bahwa keterbatasan akses pangan, baik dari sisi akses ke pasar maupun akses secara ekonomi berpengaruh terhadap beban ganda malnutrisi. Studi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh akses pangan terhadap kekurangan gizi pada balita dan kelebihan berat badan individu dewasa serta kemungkinan terjadinya beban ganda malnutrisi dalam satu rumah tangga di Indonesia Timur. Dengan menggunakan data IFLS East tahun 2012 dan metode estimasi probit serta probit with sample selection, hasil studi menemukan bahwa keterbatasan akses pangan secara ekonomi, dari sisi pendapatan dan harga pangan pokok tidak hanya meningkatkan kemungkinan kekurangan gizi pada anak balita, tetapi juga dapat beban ganda malnutrisi dalam satu rumah tangga. Hasil studi ini mengimplikasikan bahwa diperlukan kebijakan yang berbeda antara satu daerah dengan daerah lainnya karena kecenderungan malnutrisi yang dialami juga berbeda. Selain itu, diperlukan pula upaya peningkatan pendapatan masyarakat serta kebijakan stabilisasi harga pangan, terutama pangan pokok untuk mengatasi malnutrisi, termasuk menurunkan kemungkinan beban ganda malnutrisi dalam satu rumah tangga di Indonesia Timur.AbstractThe increasing of underweight and overweight prevalence in Indonesia represented that Indonesia faces double burden of malnutrition. From these fact, we suggest that lack of food access, either geographically or economically leads to adult’s overweight, but in other side child tends to be underweight. This study aimed to analyze the impact of food access to child undernutrition, adult overweight, and possibilities of the occurrence of household double burden of malnutrition in the Eastern of Indonesia. Using IFLS East Data 2012 and estimate with probit and probit with sample selection, this study found that lack of food affordability lead to malnutrition. These result imply that the policies are needed to tackling malnutrition in the Eastern of Indonesia should be different between each province and also needed policy to increase income and stabilizing food price.

High-Resolution, Low-Voltage SEM of Cell Wall Regeneration of Yeast Shizosaccharomyces Pombe Protoplasts

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 208-211
Author(s):  
M. Osumi ◽  
N. Yamada ◽  
T. Nagatani
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Cell Wall Regeneration ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Probe Size ◽  
Beam Damage ◽  
Biological Field ◽  
Scanning Electron

Even though many early workers had suggested the use of lower voltages to increase topographic contrast and to reduce specimen charging and beam damage, we did not usually operate in the conventional scanning electron microscope at low voltage because of the poor resolution, especially of bioligical specimens. However, the development of the “in-lens” field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) has led to marked inprovement in resolution, especially in the range of 1-5 kV, within the past year. The probe size has been cumulated to be 0.7nm in diameter at 30kV and about 3nm at 1kV. We have been trying to develop techniques to use this in-lens FESEM at low voltage (LVSEM) for direct observation of totally uncoated biological specimens and have developed the LVSEM method for the biological field.

Learning from the Past, Looking to the Future: Best Outcomes for Indian Children in Wisconsin

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Ells ◽  
Angela Gebhardt ◽  
Patina Park Zink ◽  
Loa Porter
Keyword(s):  
Indian Children ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future

The Double Burden of Malnutrition in East Asia and the Pacific

10.1596/26102 ◽  
2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Shrimpton ◽  
Nkosinathi Vusizihlobo Mbuya ◽  
Anne Marie Provo
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Double Burden ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Double Burden Of Malnutrition

Spatiotemporal Changes of Riverbed and Surrounding Environment in Yongding River (Beijing section) in the Past 40 Years

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 40407-1-40407-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ran Pang ◽  
He Huang ◽  
Tri Dev Acharya
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Cropland Area ◽  
The Past ◽  
Surrounding Environment ◽  
Spatiotemporal Changes ◽  
Yongding River

Abstract Yongding River is one of the five major river systems in Beijing. It is located to the west of Beijing. It has influenced culture along its basin. The river supports both rural and urban areas. Furthermore, it influences economic development, water conservation, and the natural environment. However, during the past few decades, due to the combined effect of increasing population and economic activities, a series of changes have led to problems such as the reduction in water volume and the exposure of the riverbed. In this study, remote sensing images were used to derive land cover maps and compare spatiotemporal changes during the past 40 years. As a result, the following data were found: forest changed least; cropland area increased to a large extent; bareland area was reduced by a maximum of 63%; surface water area in the study area was lower from 1989 to 1999 because of the excessive use of water in human activities, but it increased by 92% from 2010 to 2018 as awareness about protecting the environment arose; there was a small increase in the built-up area, but this was more planned. These results reveal that water conservancy construction, agroforestry activities, and increasing urbanization have a great impact on the surrounding environment of the Yongding River (Beijing section). This study discusses in detail how the current situation can be attributed to of human activities, policies, economic development, and ecological conservation Furthermore, it suggests improvement by strengthening the governance of the riverbed and the riverside. These results and discussion can be a reference and provide decision support for the management of southwest Beijing or similar river basins in peri-urban areas.

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