P6370Epidemiology of arterial hypertension in one of the regions of Russia

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
E A Smirnova ◽  
S S Yakushin ◽  
Y V Terekhovskaya ◽  
A N Vorobyev
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Antihypertensive Drugs ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Past ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Aim To study the dynamics of the prevalence, awareness, risk factors (RF) and treatment of arterial hypertension (AH) among men and women according to a survey of a representative sample of the population of the Ryazan region (RR) in 2007–2016. Materials and methods In 2002, as a part of the Russian epidemiological “EPOCH” study, a representative sample of the RR population (2098 people, average age 44.8±18.6 years) was formed and surveyed using step-by-step randomization of medical institutions, medical districts and apartments. A repeated survey of the sample was conducted in 2007 (1,760 people, response 83.9%) and in 2016 (1,497 people, response 85.1%). The AH group included persons with blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg detected during the double measurement and with normal blood pressure while receiving antihypertensive therapy. In individuals with AH the risk factors were assessed: smoking, alcohol abuse, salt abuse, obesity, burdened family history, low physical activity. Results The prevalence of AH over the past 9 years has increased from 39.3% to 43.9%, p<0.001. The age-standardized prevalence of AH among women is higher than among men as in 2007 (42.1% versus 34.8%, p<0.001) and in 2016 (46.9% vs. 41.8%, p<0.05). Women's awareness about having AH increased from 83.9% to 88.9%, p<0.05, in men it decreased (84.0% against 77.4% in 2007, p>0.05). In the group of persons with AH, the more common risk factors are older age (56.8%), hereditary predisposition (58.9%), low physical activity (96.0%) and obesity (34.3%) compared with persons without AH (12.9%, 48.2%, 84.5% and 9.2%, respectively), they smoke less often (10.7% versus 23.2%) and use extra salt less often (29.5% against 38.4%), p<0.001. The number of patients taking antihypertensive drugs reached 91.2% against 84.0% in 2007, p<0.001. There was a decrease in the number of AH patients who: are treated intermittently (from 12.3% to 3.6%, p<0.001), who take drugs only when blood pressure is high (from 16.2% to 6.2%, p<0.001). The most frequently used antihypertensive drugs are still ACE inhibitors (64.8%), beta-blockers (48.9%), diuretics (42.5%), ARBs (29.2%) and calcium channel blockers (21.3%). The ratio of effectively treated AH patients increased in men from 14.6% to 27.8%, p<0.001, in women from 25.0% to 39.5%, p<0.001. A negative influence on the effectiveness of therapy was caused by smoking (RR 1.23; CI 1.11–1.37, p=0.005), salt abuse (RR 1.11; CI 1.06–1.23, p=0.04) and obesity (RR 1.16; CI 1.06–1.27, p=0.003). Conclusion Over the past nine years, the prevalence of hypertension in both the men and women has significantly increased in the Ryazan region. Increased treatment coverage and positive changes in drug therapy led to an increase in the number of effectively treated patients (from 21.4% to 35.5%, p<0.001). Obesity, smoking, salt abuse are associated with an increased risk of non-effectiveness of hypertension therapy.

scholarly journals EPOCHA-AH 1998–2017. Dynamics of prevalence, awareness of arterial hypertension, treatment coverage, and effective control of blood pressure in the European part of the Russian Federation

Kardiologiia ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (1S) ◽  
pp. 34-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu. V. Badin ◽  
I. V. Fomin ◽  
Yu. N. Belenkov ◽  
V. Yu. Mareev ◽  
F. T. Ageev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Antihypertensive Drugs ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
European Part ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Treatment Coverage ◽  
The Russian Federation

Aim.To perform a repeated epidemiological study of a representative sample in the European part of the Russian Federation in 2017 and to compare the dynamics of arterial hypertension (AH) prevalence with the effectiveness of blood pressure (BP) control in the population compared to 1998, 2002, and 2007.Materials and methods.A representative sample of the European part of the Russian Federation was created in 2002 and re-examined in 2007 and 2017. In 1998, a pilot project was performed for examining a representative sample for the Nizhniy Novgorod region.Results.During 19 years of follow-up, the AH prevalence increased from 35.5 to 43.3%. Te awareness and treatment coverage reached 76.9 and 79.3%, respectively, in 2017. Achievement of the target BP with a single measurement also increased among patients receiving antihypertensive medication from 14.3 to 34.9%. For the treatment of AH, medium-acting antihypertensive drugs are used, ofen at suboptimal doses.Conclusion.Epidemiological indices of awareness, treatment coverage, and number of effectively managed patients with AH have improved. However, the AH prevalence has increased by 7.8% for 19 years, which indicates inefciency of the primary prevention of this disease.

scholarly journals Fatores de risco para vigilantes

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 849
Author(s):  
Maria Evani Souza Borges ◽  
Jefferson De Sousa Melo ◽  
Luiza Chayanne Da Silva Soares ◽  
Adélia Dalva Da Silva Oliveira ◽  
Adriana Sávia De Souza Araújo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Alcoholic Beverage ◽  
Predisposing Factor ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Systemic Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Factores De Riesgo

RESUMOObjetivo: identificar os fatores de risco para a hipertensão arterial sistêmica e diabetes mellitus em vigilantes. Método: estudo quantitativo, descritivo, transversal, realizado com 23 vigilantes, por meio de um questionário analisado pelo software SPSS e apresentado em tabelas. Resultados: predominou os que praticam atividade física; não fumam; não consomem bebida alcóolica; consomem vegetais, frutas, legumes ou grãos; consomem frituras, salgados ou carnes gordas; têm antecedentes pessoais e familiares de hipertensão e diabetes, com maior ocorrência de hipertensão. A maioria obteve pressão arterial ótima e risco aumentado e muito aumentado para obesidade abdominal. Conclusão: apesar da atividade exercida ser considerada fator predisponente para a hipertensão arterial sistêmica e diabetes mellitus, os pesquisados demonstraram hábitos de vida saudáveis e níveis pressóricos dentro do padrão de normalidade. Descritores: Saúde Pública; Diabetes Mellitus; Hipertensão; Trabalho em Turnos; Fatores de Risco; Enfermagem.                                                                                                                    ABSTRACT Objective: to identify the risk factors for systemic arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus in vigilantes. Method: quantitative, descriptive, cross - sectional study with 23 vigilantes, through a questionnaire analyzed by SPSS software and presented in tables. Results: predominantly those who practice physical activity; do not smoke; do not consume alcoholic beverage; consume vegetables, fruits, vegetables or grains; eat fried foods, salty foods or fatty meats; have a personal and family history of hypertension and diabetes, with a higher occurrence of hypertension. Most had optimal blood pressure and increased and greatly increased risk for abdominal obesity. Conclusion: although the activity was considered a predisposing factor for systemic arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus, the subjects showed healthy habits and blood pressure levels within the normal range. Descritores: Public Health; Diabetes Mellitus; Hypertension; Shift Work; Risk Factors; Nursing. RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar los factores de riesgo para la hipertensión arterial sistémica y la diabetes mellitus en vigilantes. Método: estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo, transversal, realizado con 23 vigilantes, por medio de un cuestionario analizados por el software SPSS y presentados en tablas. Resultados: predominó los que practican actividad física; no fuman; no consumen bebida alcohólica; consumen vegetales, frutas, legumbres o granos; consumen frituras, salados o carnes gordas; tiene antecedentes personales y familiares de hipertensión y diabetes, con mayor ocurrencia de hipertensión. La mayoría obtuvo una presión arterial óptima y un riesgo aumentado y muy aumentado para la obesidad abdominal.  Conclusión: a pesar de la actividad ejercida como factor predisponente para la hipertensión arterial sistémica y diabetes mellitus, los encuestados demostraron hábitos de vida saludables y niveles de presión dentro del patrón de normalidad. Descritores: Salud Pública; Diabetes Mellitus; Hipertensión; Trabajo en Turnos; Factores de Riesgo; Enfermería.

Diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidaemia as risk factors for frequent pain in the back, neck and/or shoulders/arms among adults in Stockholm 2006 to 2010 – Results from the Stockholm Public Health Cohort

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Javier Pico-Espinosa ◽  
Eva Skillgate ◽  
Giorgio Tettamanti ◽  
Anton Lager ◽  
Lena W. Holm
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Response Options ◽  
Adjusted Risk ◽  
The Past ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

AbstractBackground and aimsFrequent back, neck and/or shoulder pain (BNSP) are common conditions which pose high burden for the society. Results from previous studies suggest that diabetes and hyperlipidaemia may be associated with a higher risk of getting such conditions, but there is in general, few studies based on longitudinal designs. The aim of this study was therefore to compare the risk of developing frequent BNSP in men and women with and without diabetes and/or hyperlipidaemia.MethodsA longitudinal study based on the Stockholm Public Health Cohort was conducted based on subjects aged 45–84, who were free from pain at the mentioned sites in 2006 and followed up until 2010. The data in the current study is based on questionnaires, except socioeconomic status which was derived from Statistics Sweden. The exposure diabetes and hyperlipidaemia was self-reported and, a categorical variable was created; without any of the conditions, with hyperlipidaemia only, with diabetes only and with both conditions. The outcome frequent BNSP was defined using the following questions in the questionnaire in 2010: “During the past 6 months, have you had pain in the neck or upper part of the back?”, “During the past 6 months, have you had pain in the lower back?”, and “During the past 6 months, have you had pain in the shoulders/arms?”. All questions had three possible response options: no; yes, a couple of days per month or less often and; yes, a couple of days per week or more often. Those who reported weekly pain to at least one of these questions were considered to having frequent BNSP. Binomial regressions were run to calculate the crude and adjusted risk ratio (RR) in men and women separately. Additional analysis was performed in order to control for potential bias derived from individuals lost to follow-up.ResultsA total of 10,044 subjects fulfilled the criteria to be included in the study. The mean age of the sample was 60 years and evenly distributed by sex. After adjusting for age, body mass index, physical activity, high blood pressure and socioeconomic status, the RR for frequent BNSP among men with diabetes was 1.64 (95% CI: 1.23–2.18) and 1.19 (95% CI: 0.98–1.44) for hyperlipidaemia compared to men with neither diabetes nor hyperlipidaemia. Among women the corresponding RRs were 0.92 (95% CI: 0.60–1.14) and 1.23 (95% CI: 1.03–1.46). Having both diabetes and hyperlipidaemia at baseline was not associated with increased risk of frequent BNSP. Diabetes and hyperlipidaemia seems to be associated with an increased risk for frequent BNSP and the risk may differ between men and women. Behaviours and/or biological underlying mechanisms may explain the results.ConclusionsThis study suggests that metabolic diseases such as diabetes and hyperlipidaemia may have an impact on the pathophysiology of frequent BNSP and thus, contributes to the knowledge in musculoskeletal health. Furthermore, it confirms that men and women may differ in terms of risk factors for BNSP.ImplicationsHealth professionals should contemplate the results from this study when planning primary prevention strategies.

scholarly journals Elderly Patient with Hypertension in General Practice: Clinical Features and Antihypertensive Therapy

2021 ◽  
pp. 61-66
Author(s):  
Viacheslav Zhdan ◽  
Yevdokiia Kitura ◽  
Maryna Babanina ◽  
Oksana Kitura ◽  
Maksym Tkachenko
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Elderly Patients ◽  
Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Antihypertensive Therapy ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Antihypertensive Drugs ◽  
White Coat Hypertension ◽  
Aged Patients ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Treatment Of Hypertension

The prevalence of arterial hypertension (AH) increases with age: among people over 60 years old this index is more than 2 times higher in the general population, 2/3 of people over 65 years old suffer from hypertension. Among patients 65–89 years old with hypertension, 2/3 patients have isolated systolic hypertension (ISAG). Features of hypertension in the elderly patients are: lability of blood pressure (BP), increasing frequency of pseudohypertension, high frequency of «white coat hypertension», decreased sensitivity of pressor factors for antihypertensive drugs, high frequency of resistant to treatment of hypertension. The new recommendations of the European Society of Cardiology for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension emphasize 2 groups of elderly patients: 65–79 years old and ≥80 years old, which described the epidemiological features, the prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular events, blood pressure levels for antihypertensive therapy and target blood pressure, and the recommended principles of drug therapy that are different from young and middle-aged patients. For most patients, fixed combinations are indicated as starting AGT, but monotherapy is recommended for the treatment of hypertension in very elderly patients (over 80 years old) and elderly patients over 65 years old with senile asthenia. The decreasing of blood pressure should be gradual, taking into consideration the increased risk of orthostatic reactions at this age. European and American experts recommend os first-line drugs low doses of thiazide diuretics and calcium channel antagonists (mainly dihydropyridine), which are especially indicated in isolated systolic arterial hypertension to effectively reduce the frequency of cardiovascular complications in the treatment of elderly patients with hypertension.

scholarly journals Compressive bandaging in the therapy of Ulcus cruris: A case report

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-84
Author(s):  
Sonja Simović
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Ulcer Patient ◽  
Ulcus Cruris ◽  
Healing Time ◽  
High Cholesterol ◽  
Vascular Surgeon ◽  
The Past ◽  
Reduced Physical Activity

Crural ulcer is an ulceration located on the skin of the lower extremities. In most cases, it is a result of chronic vein blood flow insufficiency. Risk factors for developing ulceration are: varicosity, thrombosis of deep veins, obesity and reduced physical activity. The main goal of this paper is to point out the benefits of compressive bandaging in epithelialization of ulcer. Patient, 68 years old, professional construction worker, goes to the GP of his choosing due to pain in the area of his left leg wrist. After the examination, GP concludes that the patient had been suffering the ulceration for approximately past 3 months. Additional anamnesis: increased blood pressure, high cholesterol and triglycerides values, the patient has been smoking for the past 30 years. After consultative examinations done by a vascular surgeon, compressive bandaging was done on the patient for 12 weeks. On the following examination after the therapy, it was found that the ulcer was completely epithelialized. Furthermore, the GP suggested wearing compressive socks for two more years to prevent the formation of new ulceration. Appropriate compressive therapy in patients with crural ulcer has multiple benefits: significant reduction of healing time, fast pain relief, reduction of healing costs and less necessary visits to the doctor.

scholarly journals THE PREVALENCE OF ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION AND ITS RISK FACTORS TOWARD HIV-POSITIVE PERSONS IN FERGANA VALLEY

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirzoulugbek Mirsaydullaev ◽  
Nematjon Mamasaliev
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Antihypertensive Drugs ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Over 40 Years ◽  
Hiv Aids

Background: The data on the prevalence of arterial hypertension (AH) in patients with HIV/AIDS vary. Even though some authors have reported higher prevalence of high blood pressure  and systemic arterial hypertension in this group, compared to the prevalence of AH in subjects without infection, other studies have found similar prevalence of AH between men and women with HIV and individuals without the infection. In Uzbekistan such researches were not conducted yet.Objective: Evaluate the prevalence of prevalence of arterial hypertension and its risk factors at the HIV-positive persons of Fergana Valley of Uzbekistan.Methods:  A cross-sectional study aligned to a cohort of patients with HIV/AIDS. The study considered hypertension at levels ≥ 140/90 mmHg or use of antihypertensive drugs and pre-hypertension at levels > 120/80 mmHg.Results: Out of this total, 138 patients (48%) were male and 149 were female (52%); 65% of them were 40 years-old or younger, and other 35% were over 40 years of age. Among the individuals evaluated, 184 (64.1%) had blood pressure within the normal range, 62 (21.6%) were considered prehypertensive, and 41 (14.3%) were considered hypertensive. Twenty five patients (61%) knew they had hypertension, and 9 of them (36.0%) used antihypertensive medication on a continuous basis. The blood pressure levels were controlled in only 5 (20.0%) patients that knew that they were hypertensive.Conclusion: Among HIV-infected persons, 21.6% were considered prehypertensive, and 14.3% were considered hypertensive. It is important to warn clinicians who provide care to HIV/AIDS patients that such patients are not only individuals infected with a potentially fatal virus, but, despite the benefit of new antiretroviral therapies, they are also patients whose prognosis may be affected by comorbidities, such as hypertension.

Abstract P089: Early CVD Events by Race and Sex: Does Risk for Atherothrombotic- and Hypertension-related Events Differ by Race and Sex? The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study

Circulation ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 135 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cora E Lewis ◽  
Catarina I Kiefe ◽  
David R Jacobs ◽  
David C Goff ◽  
James M Shikany ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Coronary Revascularization ◽  
Baseline Risk ◽  
Forward Selection ◽  
Coronary Syndrome ◽  
Increased Risk

African Americans (AA), both men (M) and women (W), have higher CVD mortality rates than European Americans (E), but AAM have lower prevalence of coronary calcified plaque than WM. AAs also have higher blood pressure (BP) and HDL-C than W; HDL-C is lower in M than W. We tested the hypotheses that AA race is related to higher risk of hypertension (HTN)-related events, and being male is related to higher risk of atherothrombotic (ATH)-related events, placing AAM at particularly high risk for CVD. Methods: We used baseline risk factor data, and adjudicated events through 28 years of follow-up from the CARDIA study which recruited 5,115 participants aged 18-30 years at baseline (1985-6). ATH-related events included acute coronary syndrome with or without MI, coronary revascularization, and CHD and other atherosclerosis death. HTN-related events included heart failure, end-stage renal disease (ESRD), stroke, and death due to cardiomyopathy. CVD events excluded ESRD and included peripheral artery disease procedures. We analyzed time to first event censoring at death without incident CVD and at follow-up end. We built adjusted Cox models with forward selection including race, sex, age, education, and smoking status as forced predictors and selecting among physical activity, anthropometry, glycemia, lipid, and blood pressure risk factors. Results: In unadjusted analyses, risk of HTN-related events was related to race (p<0.01) but not sex (p=0.35), ATH-related events to sex (P<0.01) but not race (p=0.44), and CVD events to race (p<0.01) and sex (P<0.01). Unadjusted, all risk factors were associated with both HTN- and ATH-related events, except physical activity was not related to ATH and CVD events. After adjustment (table), AAM had higher risk of HTN- and ATH-related events, EM had higher risk of ATH-related events, AAW had higher risk of HTN-related events, and all had higher risk of CVD events than EW. Conclusion: Race and sex are differentially associated with early HTN- vs ATH-related events, and AAM were at increased risk for both.

scholarly journals Orthostatic Hypertension

Hypertension ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 75 (5) ◽  
pp. 1151-1158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Jordan ◽  
Fabrizio Ricci ◽  
Fabian Hoffmann ◽  
Viktor Hamrefors ◽  
Artur Fedorowski
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Antihypertensive Drugs ◽  
Intermediate Variable ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Cardiovascular Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Causal Pathway ◽  
Orthostatic Hypertension ◽  
Acting Mechanism

Orthostatic hypertension, which appears to be mediated through excess neurohumoral activation while standing, is a common blood pressure trait among patients with and without arterial hypertension. However, lack of consensus regarding the definition of orthostatic hypertension makes it difficult to assess the true prevalence of this condition. Orthostatic hypertension appears to predict the risk for progression to arterial hypertension in younger and risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in older persons. Yet, the risk may differ between populations. Whether orthostatic hypertension indicates a generally increased risk of death, constitutes an intermediate variable in the causal pathway of cardiovascular risk factors, a simple measure of disease severity, or an independently acting mechanism is not known. Since both orthostatic hypotension and orthostatic hypertension herald increased risk of cardiovascular disease, it appears reasonable to screen the patients for abnormal orthostatic blood pressure responses using simple orthostatic testing. However, how presence of orthostatic hypertension may affect clinical management decisions such as the choice of antihypertensive drugs is currently difficult to ascertain. Clearly, this issue deserves more attention.

scholarly journals Cardiovascular pathology: level of creation and risk factors

2020 ◽  
pp. 70-76
Author(s):  
D.P. Tsygankova ◽  
◽  
E.D. Bazdyrev ◽  
A.S. Agienko ◽  
E.V. Indukaeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Behavioral Risk Factors ◽  
Behavioral Risk ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Increased Risk

The aim of the research is to assess the prevalence of traditional and behavioral risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) among urban and rural residents of large industrial Siberian region, depending on education level. Material and methods. The study included 1600 people, aged 35-70, who are permanent residents of Kemerovo City and Kemerovo region. Considering the living conditions, two groups were formed. The first group included 1109 (69.3%) respondents living in the city and 491 (30.7%) respondents from countryside. The study analyzed such traditional and behavioral risk factors for CVD as body mass index (BMI), glucose levels, lipid metabolism (total cholesterol, lipoprotein cholesterol of high and low density (LCLD), triglycerides), blood pressure, tobacco and alcohol consumption, etc. According to education level, the respondents were subdivided into the following categories: people with school education (primary education, secondary education), people with secondary specialized education (vocational school, technical schools, colleges) and people with higher education (higher educational institution). Results. Average BMI values (30.3 (26.1; 34.6) versus 28.4 (24.9; 32.3)) kg / m2, p<0.001), systolic (135 (121.5; 151.0 ) versus 131.5 (119.0; 147.0)) mm Hg, p = 0.005) and diastolic blood pressure (89 (80.5; 97.5) versus 86.5 (78.0; 95, 0)) mm Hg, p<0.001), LCLD (3.7 (2.9; 4.4) versus 3.5 (2.8; 4.2)) mmol / L, p = 0.008) were statistically significantly higher among people living in rural areas than among urban citizens. Higher education was associated with BMI decrease by 1.2 kg / m2 (p = 0.002), systolic blood pressure by 3.2 mm Hg (p = 0.002), and diastolic blood pressure by 2.1 mm Hg (p = 0.001). Moreover, people with such education were characterized by a decreased risk not only of obesity (OR = 0.6, 95% CI [0.5-0.8], p <0.001), but also of arterial hypertension (OR = 0.7 , 95% CI [0.5-1.0], p <0.001), hypertriglyceridemia (OR = 0.72, CI [0.53-0.98], p = 0.037), as well as by an increased risk of developing high level of LDL (OR = 1.36, CI [1.02-1.82], p = 0.038). When conducting a logistic regression analysis, after leveling the influence of gender and age, it was found that smoking was associated with lack of higher education (OR = 0.6, 95% CI: 0.48-0.79, p <0.001). Conclusion. Regardless of place of residence, maximum prevalence of obesity, arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus was observed among people with secondary vocational education, while alcohol consumption was observed among people with higher education. Higher education was associated with a reduced risk of obesity, arterial hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, smoking, and an increased risk of developing high levels of low-density lipoprotein

scholarly journals Diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus: risk factors and prevention

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 207-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcia Murussi ◽  
Ariane Coester ◽  
Jorge Luiz Gross ◽  
Sandra Pinho Silveiro
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Diabetic Nephropathy ◽  
Genetic Risk ◽  
Smoking Habit ◽  
Genetic Risk Factors ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Increased Risk

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is responsible for the increasing number of patients on dialysis in developing countries, and is already the most common cause of renal replacement therapy in the developed ones. In this manuscript, we review the risk factors and point out strategies to prevent this microvascular complication in type 2 diabetic patients (DM2). There are some known genetic and non-genetic risk factors related to the development and progression of DN in DM2 patients. Candidate genes have been analysed, but there are still controversy about the genetic markers of the disease. Recognized non-genetic risk factors are poor glycemic, pressoric and lipidic control. Additionally, it has been suggested that the presence of diabetic retinopathy, autonomic neuropathy, smoking habit, higher protein ingestion, and higher normal levels of albuminuria (even within the normal range) are associated with an increased risk of developing DN. Some strategies have been investigated and proved to prevent or at least to postpone DN, such as to control blood pressure, glycemic levels and dyslipidemia. Furthermore, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin-II blockers have independent effects, not explained by blood pressure control alone. Other therapeutic items are to consume a low protein diet and to quit smoking.

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