Impact of Housing and Infrastructure on handwashing in Peru

Abstract Background The metropolitan area of Lima, Peru has a third of the nation’s population living in slum dwellings that are hypothesized to contribute to inefficient household hygienic practices. The purpose of this study was to quantitatively assess which living conditions have the greatest impact on handwashing practices. Methods A cross-sectional epidemiological design of participants ≥16 y of age from San Juan de Miraflores, a slum on the outskirts of Lima, Peru, was used. Poisson regression was applied to assess the impact of living conditions on handwashing practices. Results We could not demonstrate a relationship between living conditions (home structure, overcrowding, water, grey water disposal) and reported handwashing. The reported lack of handwashing is associated with the number of children in the home (those with children <5 y of age were more likely not to report washing their hands) and length of stay in the slum in years. Conclusions Living conditions play an important role in one’s health, therefore improved study designs are needed to determine which strategies are likely to be the most effective in improving outcomes for slum dwellers.

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Contraception and Sexsual Activity as Factor Influenced Leucorrhea

Jurnal Berkala Epidemiologi ◽

10.20473/jbe.v5i32017.371-382 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 371

Author(s):

Sari Priyanti

Keyword(s):

Hormonal Contraception ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Childbearing Age ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Public ◽

First Sexual Intercourse ◽

Number Of Children ◽

Study Population ◽

The Impact ◽

First Time

ABSTRACTCervical cancer was non communicable desease that worries the public and causes an increase mortality in women. One of the first sign causes of cervical cancer is occourrence of Leucorrhoe. The incidence of Leucorrhoe in women Indonesia by 90% of which >75% of women experience once of leucorrhoe and experience ≥ 2 times by 25%. Leucorrhoe should not be considered an ordinary thing because can be caused to itchy on genetalia, pain during sexsual, infection can be caused odema on genetalia, hot like burned on vagina even the impact if not treated promptly will caused infertility and cancer. Aims of study was to analyze factors of influenced on Leucorrhoe incident. Design of study was cross sectional study. Population was women of childbearing age who use contraceptives in the karang jeruk village, Jatirejo sub district, Mojokerto district in March of 2017. Sample in this study was 33 people. Data analyze with logistic regresion. Result of study showed contraceptive and sexsual activity has significant influenced with leucorrhoe (PR = 10.000; 95% CI= 1,732-57,722 dan PR=8,750; 95% CI=1,466-52,232). Suggestion: should be married and have first sexual intercourse for the first time at the age of ≥ 20 years, limit the number of children not more than 2 as the greater the number of children the greater the risk of Leucorrhoe, and not using hormonal contraception for a along time that more than 2 years. Keywords: contraceptive,sexsual activity, leucorrhoe

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Emotional Intelligence, A predictor of undergraduate student’s academic achievement in altered living conditions

Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association ◽

10.47391/jpma.429 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-13

Author(s):

Sundus Tariq ◽

Saba Tariq ◽

Komal Atta ◽

Rehana Rehman ◽

Zaima Ali

Keyword(s):

Academic Achievement ◽

Emotional Intelligence ◽

Test Scores ◽

Short Form ◽

Living Conditions ◽

Trait Emotional Intelligence ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Achievement Data ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Impact

Abstract Objective: To compare the impact of trait emotional intelligence between students of different faculties and associated factors. Methods: the cross-sectional analytical study was conducted from August 2016 to March 2017 at the University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan, and comprised trait undergraduate students, both boarders and day scholars, from seven different faculties. Data was collected using the trait emotional intelligence questionnaire–short form. Student’s yearly test scores were obtained as a measure of academic achievement. Data was analysed using SPSS 20. Results: Of the 498 students, 109(21.9%) were studying medicine, 56(11.2%) dental sciences, 76(15.2%) optometry, 83(16.6%) nutrition and dietetics, 109(21.9%) physiotherapy, 35(7%) pharmacy, and 30(6%) social sciences. The overall mean age was 19.84±1.30 years. There were 210(42.2%) boarders compared to 288(57.8%) day scholars. There was significant difference in emotional intelligence based on student’s faculty (p<0.0001). Significant impact was seen on test scores of faculty residing status (p<0.05). Significant relation of emotional quotient and residing status with student’s test scores (p<0.05). Conclusion: Emotional intelligence was found to be an important factor in academic achievement and important variable in different faculties and different living conditions. Key Words: Achievement, Emotional intelligence, Faculty, Medical students, Social conditions. Continuous...

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Variation Among Hospitals in the Continuity of Care for Older Hospitalized Patients: a Cross-sectional Cohort Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-334353/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

James S. Goodwin ◽

Shuang Li ◽

Jie Zhou ◽

Yong-Fang Kuo ◽

Ann Nattinger

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Length Of Stay ◽

Regression Model ◽

Continuity Of Care ◽

Logistic Regression Model ◽

Large Degree ◽

Patient Characteristics ◽

Hospitalized Patients ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background: Little is known about how continuity of care for hospitalized patients varies among hospitals. We describe the number of different general internal medicine physicians seeing hospitalized patients during a medical admission and how that varies by hospital. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of a national 20% sample of Medicare inpatients from 01/01/16 to 12/31/18. In patients with routine medical admissions (length of stay of 3-6 days, no Intensive Care Unit stay, and seen by only one generalist per day), we assessed odds of receiving all generalist care from one generalist. We calculated rates for each hospital, adjusting for patient and hospital characteristics in a multi-level logistic regression model. Results: Among routine medical admissions with 3- to 6-day stays, only 43.1% received all their generalist care from the same physician. In those with a 3-day stay, 50.1% had one generalist providing care vs. 30.8% in those with a 6-day stay. In a two-level (admission and hospital) logistic regression model controlling for patient characteristics and length of stay, the odds of seeing just one generalist did not vary greatly by patient characteristics such as age, race/ethnicity, comorbidity or reason for admission. There were large variations in continuity of care among different hospitals and geographic areas. In the highest decile of hospitals, the adjusted mean percentage of patients receiving all generalist care from one physician was >84.1%, vs. <24.1% in the lowest decile. This large degree of variation persisted when hospitals were stratified by size, ownership, location or teaching status. Conclusions: Continuity of care provided by generalist physicians to medical inpatients varies widely among hospitals. The impact of this variation on quality of care is unknown.

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Malaria Prevalence Investigation among Pregnant Women in Relation to Their Social Well Being: A Case Study of Lugbe and Gosa, Abuja, Nigeria

International Journal of Pathogen Research ◽

10.9734/ijpr/2020/v4i230107 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 7-15

Author(s):

Onyemaechi Ngozi Edith ◽

Malann Yoila David

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Well Being ◽

Malaria Prevalence ◽

Living Conditions ◽

High Rate ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Smear Preparation ◽

Study Results ◽

The Impact

Aim: This research aim was to investigate the impact of living conditions (Socio demographic characteristics) of pregnant women on their malarial status. Study Design: In order to achieve the objectives of the study, Cross sectional survey was used. This is because only a subsect of the population was used. Descriptive designs was utilised in the Questionnaire aspect of the study. Place and Duration of Study: The Presidential Malarial initiative PMI/USAID - funded Insectary Laboratory at Nasarawa State University, Keffi/six (6) Months. Methodology: Blood samples were collected from the participating pregnant women by pricking their thumb and the blood droplet was examined using a direct thin and thick blood smear preparation stained with giemsa for the presence of the ring form stages of the parasites in the blood of the individuals in the laboratory. Qualitative data were sourced through Questionnaire administration to 589 pregnant women in Antenatal care clinics (ANC) in the area and their malaria status was also determined. Results: Study results showed a high prevalence rate of malaria in pregnancy (70.5%), the greater number of occurrences being in Lugbe (42.3%) than in Gosa (28.2%). Those living in houses built with wood recorded more positive cases of malaria and are at greater risk of infection (odds = 1.866%). Conclusion: This study has shown an increased rate of malaria infection amongst pregnant women living in wood and mud houses. The result also shows high rate of malaria occurrences due to low living conditions amongst pregnant women domiciled in this area of study. Hence, pregnant women should as a routine be placed on malaria prophylaxis and periodically checked as they can be asymptomatic, only exhibiting symptoms when its already late.

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Fertility and Commuting Behaviour in Germany

Comparative Population Studies ◽

10.12765/cpos-2012-05 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 37 (3-4) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Johannes Huinink ◽

Michael Feldhaus

Keyword(s):

Fertility Intentions ◽

Correlated Errors ◽

Fertility Intention ◽

Probit Regression ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Long Distance ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Men And Women ◽

Number Of Children ◽

The Impact

Fertility behaviour is closely related to other dimensions of the individual life course, which are strongly interrelated themselves. Regarding the impact of job-related spatial mobility, empirical findings show a negative correlation between having children and commuting, particularly for women. Up to now, fertility intentions have not been thoroughly investigated in this respect. Longitudinal studies are lacking, too. In this paper, the effects of commuting arrangements of men and women on the intention of having a child within the next two years as well as the probability of realising this intention are addressed. The assumption is, that after accounting for other important factors (employment status, level of qualification, type of consensual union, number of children, residential mobility), medium- and long-distance commuting is negatively related to the fertility intention of women and its realisation. For men, effects are assumed to be nonexistent or even slightly positive. Longitudinal data from the first three waves of the German “Panel Analysis of Intimate Relationships and Family Dynamics” (pairfam) are used to test the hypotheses.Firstly, a cross-sectional, multivariate probit-regression (with correlated errors) on the intention to have a child within two years, on being childless and on medium- and long- distance commuting is applied. The model shows no significant correlation between commuting and the intention to have a child; it does however show a correlation between medium- and long distance commuting and the probability of women to be childless. Secondly, a longitudinal difference model on changing fertility intentions between panel wave 1 and wave 3 is estimated. For women, a positive effect can be found of interrupting medium- and long-distance commuting or, surprisingly, continuing medium- and long-distance commuting on the intention to have a child within two years. Thirdly, for men and women who reported a fertility intention in the first wave, a longitudinal Heckman-selection probit-regression on the probability of having a child between wave 1 and wave 3 is estimated. It shows negative effects of medium- and long-distance commuting on having a child. Taken together, these findings support the assumption that commuting plays a characteristically different role in different phases of the fertility-related decision process.

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The impact of diabetes on outcomes, length of stay and costs in acute kidney injury patients: a cross-sectional multicenter study in China

10.21203/rs.3.rs-16071/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Lishan Tan ◽

Li Chen ◽

Lingyan Li ◽

Jinwei Wang ◽

Xiaoyan Huang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acute Kidney Injury ◽

Length Of Stay ◽

Hospital Mortality ◽

Hospital Stay ◽

Kidney Injury ◽

Renal Recovery ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Patients With Diabetes ◽

The Impact ◽

Physician Diagnosis

Abstract Background : With the increasing worldwide prevalence and disease burden of diabetic mellitus, data on the impact of diabetes on acute kidney injury (AKI) patients in China are limited.Methods: A nationwide cross-sectional and retrospective study was conducted in China, which included 2,223,230 hospitalized adult patients and covered 82% of the country’s population. Diabetes was identified according to blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c levels, physician diagnosis and drug use. In total, 7604 AKI patients were identified, and 1404 and 6200 cases were defined as diabetic and non-diabetic respectively. Clinical characteristics, outcome, in-hospital stay, and costs of AKI patients with and without diabetes were compared. Multivariable logistic and linear regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the association of diabetes with mortality and renal recovery in the admitted AKI patients.Results: In this survey, AKI patients with diabetes were older, male-dominated (61.9%), with more comorbidities, and higher serum creatinine levels. Compared to patients without diabetes, a significant upswing in all-cause in-hospital mortality, hospital stay, and costs were found in those with diabetes ( p <0.05). After adjusted for relevant covariables, diabetes was independently associated with failed renal recovery (OR=1.13, p =0.04), rather than all-cause in-hospital mortality (OR=1.09, p =0.39). Also, diabetic status was positively associated with length of stay ( β =0.04, p =0.04) and costs ( β =0.09, p <0.01) in hospital after adjusted for possible confounders. Conclusions: Failed renal recovery, rather than all-cause in-hospital mortality, is independently associated with diabetes in hospitalized AKI patients. Moreover, diabetes is significantly correlated with in-hospital stay and expenditures in AKI.

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Use of Sodium Bicarbonate During Pediatric Cardiac Admissions with Cardiac Arrest: Who Gets It and What Does It Do?

Children ◽

10.3390/children6120136 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (12) ◽

pp. 136

Author(s):

Rohit S. Loomba ◽

Mubbasheer Ahmed ◽

Mubeena Abdulkarim ◽

Enrique G. Villarreal ◽

Saul Flores

Keyword(s):

Cardiac Arrest ◽

Regression Analysis ◽

Length Of Stay ◽

Sodium Bicarbonate ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Health Information System ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Inpatient Mortality ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Impact

The objectives of this study were to characterize the use of sodium bicarbonate in pediatric cardiac admissions that experience cardiac arrest, to determine sodium bicarbonate use over the years, and to determine the impact of sodium bicarbonate on length of admissions, billed charges, and inpatient mortality. A cross-sectional study was conducted utilizing the Pediatric Health Information System database. Characteristics of admissions with and without sodium bicarbonate were initially compared by univariate analyses. The frequency by which sodium bicarbonate was used was compared by year. Regression analyses were conducted to determine the impact of sodium bicarbonate on length of stay, billed charges, and inpatient mortality. A total of 3987 (50.3%) of pediatric cardiac intensive care admissions with cardiac arrest utilized sodium bicarbonate; however, frequency changed from 62.1% in 2004 to 43.7% in 2015. Linear regression analysis demonstrated a decrease in length of stay (−27.5 days, p < 0.01) and billed charges (−$470,906, p < 0.01). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated an increase in mortality (odds ratio 1.77, 95% confidence interval 1.56–2.01). In conclusion, sodium bicarbonate is being used with less frequency over the last years in pediatric cardiac admissions with cardiac arrest. After adjustment for cardiac diagnoses, comorbidities, vasoactive medications, and other resuscitation medications, sodium bicarbonate is independently associated with increased mortality.

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Variation among hospitals in the continuity of care for older hospitalized patients: a cross-sectional cohort study

BMC Health Services Research ◽

10.1186/s12913-021-06584-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

James S. Goodwin ◽

Shuang Li ◽

Jie Zhou ◽

Yong-Fang Kuo ◽

Ann Nattinger

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Length Of Stay ◽

Regression Model ◽

Continuity Of Care ◽

Logistic Regression Model ◽

Large Degree ◽

Patient Characteristics ◽

Hospitalized Patients ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background Little is known about how continuity of care for hospitalized patients varies among hospitals. We describe the number of different general internal medicine physicians seeing hospitalized patients during a medical admission and how that varies by hospital. Methods We conducted a retrospective study of a national 20% sample of Medicare inpatients from 01/01/16 to 12/31/18. In patients with routine medical admissions (length of stay of 3–6 days, no Intensive Care Unit stay, and seen by only one generalist per day), we assessed odds of receiving all generalist care from one generalist. We calculated rates for each hospital, adjusting for patient and hospital characteristics in a multi-level logistic regression model. Results Among routine medical admissions with 3- to 6-day stays, only 43.1% received all their generalist care from the same physician. In those with a 3-day stay, 50.1% had one generalist providing care vs. 30.8% in those with a 6-day stay. In a two-level (admission and hospital) logistic regression model controlling for patient characteristics and length of stay, the odds of seeing just one generalist did not vary greatly by patient characteristics such as age, race/ethnicity, comorbidity or reason for admission. There were large variations in continuity of care among different hospitals and geographic areas. In the highest decile of hospitals, the adjusted mean percentage of patients receiving all generalist care from one physician was > 84.1%, vs. < 24.1% in the lowest decile. This large degree of variation persisted when hospitals were stratified by size, ownership, location or teaching status. Conclusions Continuity of care provided by generalist physicians to medical inpatients varies widely among hospitals. The impact of this variation on quality of care is unknown.

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Potential consequences of expanded MUAC-only programs on targeting of acutely malnourished children and ready-to-use-therapeutic-food allocation: lessons from cross-sectional surveys

10.21203/rs.2.16367/v2 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Benjamin Guesdon ◽

Alexia Couture ◽

Danka Pantchova ◽

Oleg Bilukha

Keyword(s):

A Priori ◽

Acute Malnutrition ◽

Case Definitions ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Number Of Children ◽

Malnourished Children ◽

Arm Circumference ◽

Mid Upper Arm Circumference ◽

The Impact ◽

Therapeutic Food

Abstract Background: Some of the recently piloted innovative approaches for the management of acute malnutrition in children use the “expanded MUAC-only” approach, with Mid Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) <125mm as the sole anthropometric criterion for screening and admission, classification of cases as severe using the 115mm cut-off, and use Ready-to-Use-Therapeutic-Food (RUTF) for the management of both moderate (MAM) and severe (SAM) cases of acute malnutrition. Our study aimed at exploring the potential consequences of this “expanded MUAC-only” program scenario on the eligibility for treatment and RUTF allocation, as compared with the existing WHO normative guidance. Methods: We analyzed data from 550 population representative cross-sectional cluster surveys conducted since 2007. We retrieved all children classified as SAM and MAM according to currently used case definitions, and calculated the proportions of SAM children who would be excluded from treatment, misclassified as MAM, or whose specific risks (because of having both MUAC and weight-for height deficits) would be ignored. We also analyzed the expected changes in the number and demographics (sex, age) of children meant to receive RUTF according to the new approach. Results: We found that approximately one quarter of SAM children would not be detected and eligible for treatment under the “expanded MUAC-only” scenario, and another 20% would be classified as MAM. A further 17% of the total SAM children would be admitted and followed only according to their MUAC or oedema status, while they also present with a severe weight-for height deficit on admission. Considering MAM targeting, about half of the MAM children would be left undetected. This scenario also shows a 2.5 time increase in the number of children targeted with RUTF, with approximately 70% of MAM and 30% of SAM cases among this new RUTF target. Conclusions: This empirical evidence suggests that adoption of “expanded MUAC-only” programs would likely lead to a priori exclusion from treatment or misclassifying as MAM a large proportion of SAM cases, while redirecting programmatic costs in favor of those less in need. It underscores the need to explore other options for improving the impact of programs addressing the needs of acutely malnourished children.

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The impact of slum dwelling on healthy eating index in the border of Tehran

Nutrition & Food Science ◽

10.1108/nfs-12-2020-0470 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Foruzan Rajabzadeh ◽

Mirsaeed Yekaninejad ◽

Mohammadali Moshtaq ◽

Shima Kordi ◽

Aliyu Tijani Jibril ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Healthy Eating ◽

Economic Status ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Healthy Eating Index ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Content Type ◽

Slum Dwellers ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Impact

Purpose Life conditions for most slum dwellers are deplorable, with poor socio-economic status and high rates of malnutrition and communicable diseases. Studies have shown lower intake of many nutrients in such people, but no study yet has checked the quality of diet using Healthy Eating Index (HEI) in them. This study aims to assess the quality of diet among slum dwellers of Tehran using the HEI-2015. Design/methodology/approach This cross-sectional study was conducted among 300 slum dwellers from two slums located on the border of Tehran city which is the capital of Iran. Stratified random sampling technique was used to select subjects for this study. Data on socioeconomic characteristics and 24-hours dietary recalls were obtained through face-to-face interviews with the respondents by trained personnel. Findings The overall diet quality of the respondents was poor, with a mean HEI score of 40.9 ± 23.7. About 84% of the participants had low overall HEI scores. A significant relation was seen in the following: the HEI and educational level (p = 0.044); the HEI and employment status (p = 0.001); and the HEI and chronic diseases (p = 0.049). There was no significant difference between the mean HEI score and marital status, welfare status and addiction status. From the findings, the diet of most of these slum dwellers needs modification. Therefore, taking measures to reduce slum dwelling and to improve the nutritional intake of this study population is needed. Originality/value The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants.

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