Improved simple T-cannula technique to facilitate surgery and daily skin care of growing pigs

Abstract In order to further increase the stability of the cannula behind the ribs and to facilitate cannula exteriorization in growing pigs, the present study aimed to evaluate whether elongation of the cannula flange could increase the stability of the cannula behind the ribs and to develop a tool to improve the exteriorization of the cannula through the ribs. Moreover, it was assessed whether a special skin protection paste and soft polyurethane foam material used in daily skin care could prevent erythema around the fistula. The feasibility of both, the modified simple T-cannula and daily skin care procedure, was evaluated in a digestibility experiment. Simple T-cannulae were made of high-molecular-weight polyethylene and inserted into the distal ileum of eight growing pigs (average body weight at surgery 30 kg). Modifications in the cannula design included a longer flange (11 cm) that was narrowed from the center to the ends and a bending of the flange to adapt it to the curve of the costal arch. In order to reduce the damage to the thread on the outer cannula barrel during surgery, a special surgical plug in conjunction with a screw thread on the inside of the barrel was developed. With respect to the daily cleaning of the fistula, a special skin protection paste was applied on the skin around the fistula to create a waterproof film that entirely sealed the skin. Additionally, foam material was inserted between the retaining ring and the skin to absorb the leaking digesta. Monitoring of the pigs throughout the trial showed that modifications in cannula design proved to be useful as they facilitated exteriorization of the cannula through the ribs and stability of the cannula behind the ribs. Moreover, the use of the skin protection paste and foam material during postsurgical treatment of growing pigs effectively prevented skin irritation around the flank area.

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Maintenance requirement and deposition efficiency of lysine in pigs

Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0100-204x2013000900011 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 48 (9) ◽

pp. 1269-1274 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Marcos Speroni Ceron ◽

Vladimir de Oliveira ◽

Paulo Alberto Lovatto ◽

Marcos Martinez do Vale

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Deposition Efficiency ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Dry Matter Intake ◽

Sample Collection ◽

Maintenance Requirement ◽

Nitrogen Intake ◽

Average Body ◽

Over Time ◽

Average Body Weight

The objective of this work was to determine the maintenance requirement and the deposition efficiency of lysine in growing pigs. It was used the incomplete changeover experimental design, with replicates over time. Twelve castrated pigs with average body weight (BW) of 52±2 kg were kept in metabolism crates with a controlled temperature of 22ºC. The diets were formulated to supply 30, 50, 60, and 70% of the expected requirements of standardized lysine, and provided at 2.6 times the energy requirements for maintenance. The trial lasted 24 days and was divided into two periods of 12 days: seven days for animal adaptation to the diet and five days for sample collection. The increasing content of lysine in the diet did not affect dry matter intake of the pigs. The amount of nitrogen excreted was 47% of the nitrogen intake, of which 35% was excreted through feces and 65% through urine. The estimated endogenous losses of lysine were 36.4 mg kg-1 BW0.75. The maintenance requirement of lysine for pigs weighing around 50 kg is 40.4 mg kg-1 BW0.75, and the deposition efficiency of lysine is 90%.

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Enhancement of Chemical Stability and Dermal Delivery of Cordyceps militaris Extracts by Nanoemulsion

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano10081565 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 1565 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Pachabadee Marsup ◽

Kankanit Yeerong ◽

Waranya Neimkhum ◽

Jakkapan Sirithunyalug ◽

Songyot Anuchapreeda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Chemical Stability ◽

Radical Scavenging Activity ◽

Skin Irritation ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Water Extract ◽

Cordyceps Militaris ◽

Alpha Tocopherol ◽

Dermal Delivery ◽

The Stability

This study aimed to develop nanoemulsions for enhancing chemical stability and dermal delivery of Cordyceps militaris extracts. C. militaris was extracted by maceration and infusion. The extracts were investigated for cordycepin, phenolic, and flavonoid content. The antioxidant activity was investigated by in vitro spectrophotometric methods. The irritation profile was investigated by hen’s egg-chorioallantoic membrane test. Nanoemulsions were developed using high-pressure homogenizer. C. militaris extract was incorporated into the nanoemulsion and investigated for safety, release profile, permeation, and skin retention. The results demonstrated that water extract (CW) contained the significantly highest content of cordycepin, phenolics, and flavonoids, which were responsible for antioxidant activity. CW was the most potent antioxidant. CW possessed comparable 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation inhibition to l-ascorbic acid (96.9 ± 3.1%) and alpha-tocopherol (87.2 ± 1.0%). Consequently, ten mg/mL of CW was incorporated into nanoemulsions composing of sugar squalene, Tween® 85, and deionized water. Nanoemulsion, which had the smallest internal droplet size (157.1 ± 2.6 nm), enhanced the stability of CW, had no cytotoxicity effect and no skin irritation, released the most CW (0.9 ± 0.0% w/w after 24 h), and delivered the highest CW into the skin layer (33.5 ± 0.7% w/w). Therefore, nanoemulsion was suggested for enhancing the stability and dermal delivery of CW.

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Effect of molecular weight of polyvinylpyrrolidone on the skin irritation potential and properties of body wash cosmetics in the coacervate form

Pure and Applied Chemistry ◽

10.1515/pac-2018-0703 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 91 (9) ◽

pp. 1521-1532 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Tomasz Bujak ◽

Tomasz Wasilewski ◽

Zofia Nizioł-Łukaszewska

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

Skin Irritation ◽

Innovative Technology ◽

Foaming Properties ◽

Cosmetic Products ◽

Surfactant Mixtures ◽

Innovative Solutions ◽

Basic Quality ◽

Strong Competition ◽

The Stability

Abstract Body wash cosmetics are among the most common groups of cosmetics used by consumers. Faced with strong competition in the marketplace, cosmetic manufacturers search for innovative solutions both in terms of product composition and form. An example of an innovative technology which can be used in the production of body wash cosmetics is the process of coacervation which yields a concentrated body wash product. Another important aspect which needs to be considered in the formulation of body wash cosmetics is their safety of use. It is crucial to ensure that such cosmetic products do not induce skin irritations. At present, the most widespread method of reducing the skin irritation potential of cosmetic products is the use of surfactant mixtures. The study is an attempt to evaluate the effect of using polyvinylpyrrolidone in the formulations of model body wash cosmetics in the coacervate form on the skin irritation potential and basic quality determinants of body wash products. Polyvinylpyrrolidone was found to contribute to a significant reduction in the irritant effect, and the skin irritation potential decreased in proportion to increasing molecular mass of the polymer. The application of polyvinylpyrrolidone with the different molecular weight also has an impact on improving the foaming properties of model body wash cosmetics and the stability of foam they produce.

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Effect of flavor supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, and carcass quality in growing–finishing pigs

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1139/cjas-2019-0011 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 100 (1) ◽

pp. 133-139

Author(s):

Xiang Ao ◽

Yan Lei ◽

In Ho Kim

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Carcass Quality ◽

Finishing Pigs ◽

Dietary Treatments ◽

Average Body ◽

Blood Profiles

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementation of different flavors (apple and anise) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, and carcass quality in growing–finishing pigs. A total of 96 growing pigs [(Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc] with an average body weight (BW) of 28.2 ± 0.7 kg were randomly assigned to one of the following three treatments: (1) CON, basal diet; (2) APF, basal diet + 0.05% apple flavor; (3) ANF, basal diet + 0.05% anise flavor, according to their BW and sex in this 15 wk experiment. There were eight replications (pens) per treatment and four pigs per pen (two barrows and two gilts). During week 0–5, pigs fed ANF diets had greater (p < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake than those fed CON and APF diets. Dietary ANF treatment increased (p < 0.05) ADG during 0–15 wk compared with CON treatment. At the end of 5 wk, the apparent total tract digestibility of nitrogen in ANF treatment was improved (p < 0.05) compared with that in CON treatment. Dietary treatments did not affect the studied traits of carcass and meat quality. The inclusion of anise flavor increased ADG, but apple flavor had no effect on growth performance in growing–finishing pigs.

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Characterization and stability studies of emulsion systems containing pumice

Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.1590/s1984-82502014000200016 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 50 (2) ◽

pp. 361-369 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Marilene Estanqueiro ◽

Jaime Conceição ◽

Maria Helena Amaral ◽

Delfim Santos ◽

João Baptista Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stress Test ◽

Textural Properties ◽

Stability Study ◽

Skin Care ◽

Lauryl Sulfate ◽

Accelerated Stability ◽

Emulsifying Agent ◽

Emulsion Systems ◽

The Stability ◽

Skin Care Products

Emulsions are the most common form of skin care products. However, these systems may exhibit some instability. Therefore, when developing emulsions for topical application it is interesting to verify whether they have suitable physical and mechanical characteristics and further assess their stability. The aim of this work was to study the stability of emulsion systems, which varied in the proportion of the emulsifying agent cetearyl alcohol (and) sodium lauryl sulfate (and) sodium cetearyl sulfate (LSX), the nature of the oily phase (decyl oleate, cyclomethicone or dimethicone) and the presence or absence of pumice (5% w/w). While maintaining the samples at room temperature, rheology studies, texture analysis and microscopic observation of formulations with and without pumice were performed. Samples were also submitted to an accelerated stability study by centrifugation and to a thermal stress test. Through the testing, it was found that the amount of emulsifying agent affects the consistency and textural properties such as firmness and adhesiveness. So, formulations containing LSX (5% w/w) and decyl oleate or dimethicone as oily phase had a better consistency and remained stable with time, so exhibited the best features to be used for skin care products.

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Preparation of Skin Care Lotion with the Substrate of Insect Wax and Camellia Oil

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1094.23 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 1094 ◽

pp. 23-30

Author(s):

Jin Ju Ma ◽

Li Yi Ma ◽

Zhong Quan Zhang ◽

You Qiong Wang ◽

Hong Zhang

Keyword(s):

Skin Irritation ◽

Skin Care ◽

National Standards ◽

Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose ◽

Uniform Size ◽

Camellia Oil ◽

Collagen Peptide ◽

Regular Shape ◽

Fish Collagen ◽

Better Than

The compound of camellia oil and insect wax was applied in cosmetics supplemented by policosanol, fish collagen peptide and so on to prepare an O/W-type skin care lotion, and the lotion formula was finally confirmed as follows: camellia oil: 2.40-4.50%, insect wax: 0.80-2.40%, policosanol: 0.03-0.50%, sodium oleate: 1.40%, vaseline: 3.00-6.00%, glycerinum: 3.30-7.60%, triethanolamine: 0-0.50%, sodium carboxymethylcellulose: 1.00-2.00%, fish collagen peptide: 1.50-2.50%, methylparaben: 0.10%, propylparaben: 0.10%, deionized water: allowance. Various properties of the skin care lotion were tested according to relevant standards, and the sensory and physical-chemical indexes of the lotion all tallied with the national standards and some of them even were significantly better than the premium-grade standard requirements. The particles of the prepared lotion were mainly in uniform size and regular shape, which was similar to that of the reference commodity lotion. The skin care lotion was proven to be low in skin irritation and fine in moisturizing efficacy.

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Novel moisturized and antimicrobial hand gel based on zinc-aminoclay and Opuntia humifusa extract

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-97363-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Hien Thi Hoang ◽

Vinh Van Tran ◽

Vu Khac Hoang Bui ◽

Oh-Hyeok Kwon ◽

Ju-Young Moon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Skin Irritation ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Skin Protection ◽

Toxicity Evaluation ◽

High Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria ◽

Opuntia Humifusa ◽

Standard Level ◽

Low Toxicity

AbstractThe high antimicrobial ability and low toxicity of zinc-aminoclay (ZnAC) are claimed in our previous reports. In this study, we formulate a novel hand gel based on ZnAC and Opuntia humifusa (O. humifusa) extract, which is a high moisturizing agent. The antimicrobial activity, cytotoxicity, moisturizing effect, and clinical skin irritation of the hand gel are evaluated. The hand gel with 0.5 wt.% ZnAC and 1.0 v/v% O. humifusa extract can kill more than 99% Escherichia coli (gram-negative bacteria) and Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive bacteria) after 24 h. Toxicity evaluation shows that, the hand gel does not affect the viability of mammalian HaCaT cells. Additionally, skin moisture is increased by applying the hand gel while its viscosity is at the standard level of commercial products. The hand gel has a skin irritation index of 0.0 and is classified as a non-irritating product. We successfully formulated hand gel from ZnAC, glucomannan, glycerol, and O. humifusa extract. Owing to the high antimicrobial activity and skin protection of hand gels, they are suitable to be used as hand sanitizers in restaurants, hospitals, and homes effectively.

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Lipid Nanoparticles for Enhancing the Physicochemical Stability and Topical Skin Delivery of Orobol

Pharmaceutics ◽

10.3390/pharmaceutics12090845 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (9) ◽

pp. 845

Author(s):

Min-Hwan Kim ◽

Yae-Eun Jeon ◽

Soobeen Kang ◽

Jae-Young Lee ◽

Ki Won Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skin Irritation ◽

Entrapment Efficiency ◽

Aging Effect ◽

Lipid Nanoparticles ◽

Skin Aging ◽

Shea Butter ◽

Skin Delivery ◽

Cadaver Skin ◽

The Stability

Orobol is one of the major soy isoflavones, and has been reported to have various pharmacological activities, including an anti-skin-aging effect. However, since it has low solubility in water and physicochemical instability, the formulation of orobol for delivery into the dermal layer of the skin could be challenging. The objective of this study was to prepare lipid nanoparticles formulations of orobol to enhance its stability as well as its deposition into the skin. Formulations of orobol-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) were characterized in terms of their mean particle size, entrapment efficiency, and morphology. The nano-sized spherical NLCs formulations maintained the stability of orobol for up to 28 days. Moreover, the NLCs formulation significantly increased the in vitro deposition of orobol into both Strat-M membranes and human cadaver skin compared with the other formulations. Additionally, the NLCs formulation did not cause significant skin irritation in clinical study. These results demonstrate that a shea butter-based NLC formulation could be a promising and safe carrier system for improving the stability of orobol and enhancing its topical skin delivery.

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Effects of nucleotide supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and immune blood profiles related to foot-and-mouth disease in vaccinated growing pigs

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1139/cjas-2018-0087 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 99 (2) ◽

pp. 326-331

Author(s):

Yang Jiao ◽

In Ho Kim

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

Dietary Treatments ◽

Average Body ◽

Blood Profiles

A 6 wk trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of nucleotide supplementation in improving performance, nutrient digestibility, and immune blood profiles so as to reduce foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine stress in growing pigs. A total of 120 growing pigs [(Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc] with an average body weight (BW) of 25.76 ± 1.83 kg were used. Pigs were allocated to one of three treatments (eight pens per treatment; three barrows and two gilts per pen) based on BW and sex. Pigs were injected with FMD vaccine at 84 d of age (2 wk after experiment started). Dietary treatments consisted of (1) CON: corn–soybean-meal-based diet, (2) NUC1: CON + 0.5% nucleotide, and (3) NUC2: CON + 1.0% nucleotide. In the current study, the growth performance of gain:feed ratio (G:F), the apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen was linearly (P < 0.05) increased with the increasing level of nucleotide. After injection, the concentration of cortisol and epinephrine was decreased (P < 0.05) linearly in nucleotide treatments. In conclusion, nucleotide supplementation to FMD vaccinated pigs showed positive effects on improving performance, immune system health, and reducing vaccine stress in growing pigs.

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