124 Impact of heat stress and antioxidant supplements in feed or drinking water on growth, intestinal morphology, and oxidative and immune status in growing pigs

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of vitamin E (vitE) or polyphenols supplemented in feed or drinking water as a heat abatement strategy in growing pigs. Individually housed pigs (n = 128, 47.3 ± 5.0 kg BW) were assigned within weight blocks and sex to a 2x4 factorial arrangement consisting of 2 environments (thermo-neutral [21.2°C] or heat-stressed [30.9°C]) and 4 supplementation treatments (control diet [25 IU/kg dl-α-tocopherol acetate]; control+100 IU/L vitE [d-α-tocopherol] in water; control+200 IU/kg vitE [dl-α-tocopherol acetate] in feed; or control+400 mg/kg polyphenols in feed). Supplementation was started 7 d prior to temperature treatments applied for 28 d. Heat stress reduced (P ≤ 0.001) final BW, ADG, and ADFI (-7.4 kg, -26.7%, and -25.4%, respectively) and increased (P < 0.001) respiration rate and rectal temperature, but no effects of supplementation were detected. Serum vitamin E concentration increased (P < 0.001) with vitE supplementation (1.64, 3.59, 3.24, and 1.67 mg/kg for control, vitE in water, vitE in feed, and polyphenols, respectively) and was greater when supplemented in water vs. feed (P = 0.002), especially when measured on d 28 (chronic) vs. d 2 (acute) of heat stress. Liver vitamin E increased (P < 0.001) with vitE supplementation, especially in water, but not polyphenols (3.9, 31.8, 18.0, 4.9 ppm for control, vitE in water, vitE in feed, and polyphenols, respectively). Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) was greater (P < 0.05) for supplemented pigs compared to control, and heat stress reduced (P = 0.014) serum MDA on d 2, but not d 28. No differences were detected for intestinal morphology or MDA in mucosa of jejunum or ileum. Heat stress decreased (P < 0.03) TNF-α in mucosa of ileum and jejunum, and supplementation reduced (P < 0.05) TNF-α in mucosa of the ileum, but not jejunum. Heat stress markedly reduced performance of growing pigs, and supplementing antioxidants in feed or water was not effective in alleviating the impact of heat stress.

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Effects of vitamin E and vitamin A supplementation on performance, thyroid status and serum concentrations of some metabolites and minerals in broilers reared under heat stress (32 degrees C)

Veterinární Medicína ◽

10.17221/7894-vetmed ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 46 (No. 11–12) ◽

pp. 286-292 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

N. Sahin ◽

K. Sahin ◽

O. Küçük

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

Vitamin E ◽

Vitamin A ◽

Control Diet ◽

Dietary Vitamin ◽

Vitamin Supplement ◽

Serum Concentrations ◽

Broiler Performance ◽

Tocopherol Acetate ◽

Control Serum

An experiment on Cobb-500 male broilers was conducted to evaluate the effects of vitamin E (alfa-tocopherol-acetate), vitamin A (retinol), and their combination on broiler performance and serum concentrations of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), adrenocorticotropine hormone (ACTH) and some metabolite and mineral concentrations in broilers reared under heat stress (32°C). One day-old 120 broilers were randomly assigned to 4 treatment groups, 3 replications of 10 birds each. The birds were fed either a control diet or a control diet supplemented with either vitamin A (15 000 IU retinol/kg diet), vitamin E (250 mg alfa-tocopherol-acetate/kg diet), or a combination of vitamin A and E (15 000 IU retinol plus 250 mg of alfa-tocopherol-acetate/kg diet). Considered separately or as a combination, supplemental vitamin A and vitamin E increased feed intake (P = 0.01) and live weight gain (P = 0.03). However, feed efficiency remained similar in all treatments (P= 0.18). Serum T3 and T4 concentrations were also higher (P ≤ 0.001) with vitamin A, vitamin E, and vitamin A plus vitamin E groups than those of the control. However, ACTH concentration in serum was lower (P ≤ 0.001) in supplemental dietary vitamin groups compared with control. Serum glucose, uric acid, triglyceride, and cholesterol concentrations decreased (P ≤ 0.001) while protein and albumin concentrations increased (P ≤ 0.001) when both dietary vitamin E and vitamin A were supplemented. Serum activities of serum glutamic oxalate transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) were not influenced by dietary vitamin E, vitamin A nor by a combination of vitamin A and vitamin E (P > 0.72). However, serum activity of alkaline phosphatase (AP) increased (P ≤ 0.001) with supplemental dietary vitamin E, vitamin A, or a combination of vitamin A and vitamin E. In addition, supplemental dietary vitamin E and vitamin A resulted in an increase in serum concentrations of both Ca and P (P ≤ 0.001). In general, when a significant effect was found for a parameter, the magnitude of responses to vitamin supplements was greatest with the combination of vitamin A and vitamin E, rather than that of each vitamin supplement separately. The results of the present study show that supplementing a combination of dietary vitamin E and vitamin A offers a good management practice to reduce heat stress-related decreases in broiler performance.  

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286 Effects of dietary peroxidized lipids and antioxidant supplementation in the drinking water on growth, oxidative and immune status of newly weaned piglets

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz258.246 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 119-119

Author(s):

Ysenia Victoria Silva-Guillen ◽

Gabriela Martinez ◽

Consuelo Arellano ◽

Eric van Heugten

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Vitamin E ◽

Soybean Oil ◽

Immune Status ◽

Control Diet ◽

Serum Vitamin ◽

Interferon Γ ◽

Protein Carbonyl ◽

Weaned Piglets

Abstract The objective of the present study was to evaluate the use of vitamin E (VitE) and phytogenic compounds (PHYTO) in drinking water on performance, oxidative stress, and immune status of weaned piglets fed peroxidized lipids. In a 35-day study, 21-d old weaned piglets (n = 96; 6.10±0.64 kg BW) were assigned within sex and BW blocks to 1 of 4 dietary treatments, using 24 pens (4 pigs/pen; 6 replications/treatment). Diets contained either 6% human-grade soybean oil or 6% soybean oil which was peroxidized for 12 d at 80°C with constant air flow at 50 L/min (initial peroxide value, anisidine value, hexanal, and 2,4-decadienal concentrations were 4.1 vs. 141.6 meq/kg, 1.7 vs. 106, < 5 vs. 99 mg/kg, and 8 vs. 720 mg/kg for control and peroxidized oil, respectively). Pigs fed peroxidized lipids received drinking water without (control) or with supplemental VitE (100 IU/L d-α-tocopherol) or PHYTO (60 µL/L from d 1–7; 30 µL/L from d 8–35). Pigs fed control diet received control water only. Overall, peroxidized lipids decreased (P < 0.001) BW (18.20 vs. 21.55 kg) and ADG (347 vs. 441 g/day), and tended to decrease ADFI (P = 0.14; 537 vs. 617 g/day) and G:F (P = 0.07; 645 vs. 715 g/kg). Peroxidation decreased serum vitamin E (P = 0.03) which could be restored (P = 0.01) by VitE in the water, but not PHYTO. Serum concentrations of interferon-γ, interleukin(IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-1ra, IL2, IL4, IL-6, IL10, IL-12, IL-18, TNF-α, malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, and total antioxidant capacity were not impacted by treatments (P > 0.05). Serum 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine was reduced (P = 0.001) with feeding peroxidized lipids and this was not altered by supplemental antioxidants (P = 0.45). Peroxidized lipids clearly reduced growth performance, which did not appear to be related to oxidative stress markers or immune-regulatory cytokines. The negative effects of peroxidized lipids could not be improved by vitamin E or PHYTO supplemented in drinking water.

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Experimental Evaluation of the Impact of Gadolinium Orthovanadate GdVO4:Eu3+ Nanoparticles on the Carrageenan-Induced Intestinal Inflammation

Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove Czech Republic) ◽

10.14712/18059694.2020.11 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 63 (1) ◽

pp. 18-24

Author(s):

Anton S. Tkachenko ◽

Galina I. Gubina-Vakulyck ◽

Vladimir K. Klochkov ◽

Nataliya S. Kavok ◽

Anatolii I. Onishchenko ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Serum ◽

Intestinal Inflammation ◽

Intestinal Morphology ◽

Oral Exposure ◽

C Reactive Protein ◽

Reactive Protein ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Small Intestinal ◽

The Impact ◽

Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

Aim: To evaluate the effects of orally administered gadolinium orthovanadate GdVO4:Eu3+ nanoparticles (VNPs) on the course of chronic carrageenan-induced intestinal inflammation. Methods: Samples of small intestinal tissue were collected from four groups of rats (intact, after administration of VNPs, with carrageenaninduced intestinal inflammation, with carrageenan-induced intestinal inflammation orally exposed to VNPs) to assess the intestinal morphology and HSP90α expression. Levels of seromucoid, C-reactive protein, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-10 were determined in blood serum. Results: Oral exposure to VNPs was associated with neither elevation of inflammation markers in blood serum nor HSP90α overexpression in the small intestine, i.e. no toxic effects of VNPs were observed. Carrageenan-induced intestinal inflammation was accompanied by higher levels of TNF-α and IL-1β, as well as HSP90α upregulation in the intestinal mucosa, compared with controls. Administration of VNPs to rats with enteritis did not lead to statistically significant changes in concentrations of circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines with the trend towards their increase. Conclusion: No adverse effects were observed in rats orally exposed to VNPs at a dose of 20 μg/kg during two weeks. Using the experimental model of carrageenan-induced enteritis, it was demonstrated that VNPs at the dose used in our study did not affect the course of intestinal inflammation.

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Dietary Betaine Improves Intestinal Barrier Function and Ameliorates the Impact of Heat Stress in Multiple Vital Organs as Measured by Evans Blue Dye in Broiler Chickens

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani10010038 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 38 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Majid Shakeri ◽

Jeremy James Cottrell ◽

Stuart Wilkinson ◽

Weicheng Zhao ◽

Hieu Huu Le ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

Evans Blue ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Control Diet ◽

Intestinal Barrier ◽

Intestinal Barrier Function ◽

Blue Dye ◽

Evans Blue Dye ◽

Villous Height ◽

The Impact

In a 2 × 2 factorial design, 60 male Ross-308 broilers were fed either a control or 1 g/kg betaine diet and housed under thermoneutral (TN) or heat stress (HS) conditions. Broilers were acclimated to diets for 1 week under TN (25 °C), then either kept at TN or HS, where the temperature increased 8 h/day at 33 °C and 16 h/day at 25 °C for up to 10 days. Respiration rate (RR) was measured at four time points, and on each of 1, 2, 3, 7 and 10 days of HS, 12 broilers were injected with 0.5 mg/kg of Evans Blue Dye (EBD) solution to quantify regional changes in tissue damage. Betaine was quantified in tissues, and ileal damage was assessed via morphometry and transepithelial resistance (TER). Heat stress elevated RR (p < 0.001) and resulted in reduced villous height (p = 0.009) and TER (p < 0.001), while dietary betaine lowered RR during HS (p < 0.001), increased betaine distribution into tissues, and improved ileal villous height (p < 0.001) and TER (p = 0.006). Heat stress increased EBD in the muscle and kidney of chickens fed the control diet but not in those receiving betaine. Overall, these data indicate that supplemented betaine is distributed to vital organs and the gastrointestinal tract, where it is associated with improved tolerance of HS. Furthermore, EBD markers help reveal the effects of HS on organs dysfunction.

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Effect of immunonutritional status, healthcare factors, and lifestyle on acute respiratory infections among under-5 children in Bangladesh

SAGE Open Medicine ◽

10.1177/2050312120940533 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

pp. 205031212094053

Author(s):

Md. Mustafa Kamal ◽

Farina Aziz ◽

Md. Rabiul Islam ◽

Monira Ahsan ◽

Sheikh Nazrul Islam

Keyword(s):

Vitamin E ◽

Vitamin A ◽

Vitamin C ◽

Respiratory Infection ◽

Acute Respiratory Infection ◽

Serum Vitamin ◽

Antioxidant Vitamins ◽

Antioxidant Vitamin ◽

Z Score ◽

The Impact

Introduction: Acute respiratory infection is a major cause of death for under-5 children in Bangladesh. We aimed to analyze the effect of immunonutritional status, healthcare factors, and lifestyle on the incidence of acute respiratory infection among under-5 children taking individual-level and contextual-level risk factors into consideration. Methods: This study recruited 200 children suffering from acute respiratory infection and 100 healthy controls matched by age, sex, and sociodemographic profile. Serum antioxidant vitamin A (retinol), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), and vitamin E (α-tocopherol) were assessed along with the impact of vaccination, socioeconomic factors, and Z-score on the incidence of acute respiratory infection. Results: Serum antioxidant vitamins were significantly lower in the acute respiratory infection children compared to the non–acute respiratory infection group. Vitamin A was found to be significantly high in acute respiratory infection children who were breastfed for more than 1 year. Vitamin E levels were found to be significantly higher in the acute respiratory infection children who were immunized. Compared to the children living in tin-shed house or huts, serum vitamin E level increased in those acute respiratory infection children who resided in apartments. Vitamin A level was significantly high in those acute respiratory infection children whose height-for-age was −2 SD and above ( Z-score), and vitamin C levels were also significantly high in those acute respiratory infection children whose weight-for-height was −2 SD and below ( Z-score). Conclusion: Deficiencies of antioxidant vitamins along with healthcare and lifestyle factors have a significant influence on the incidence of acute respiratory infection among under-5 children in Bangladesh.

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Honey Bee Pollen in Meagre (Argyrosomus regius) Juvenile Diets: Effects on Growth, Diet Digestibility, Intestinal Traits, and Biochemical Markers Related to Health and Stress

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani10020231 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 231 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Valentina Panettieri ◽

Stavros Chatzifotis ◽

Concetta Maria Messina ◽

Ike Olivotto ◽

Simona Manuguerra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Honey Bee ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Control Diet ◽

Intestinal Morphology ◽

Control Fish ◽

Total Serum Protein ◽

Total Serum ◽

Blood Profile ◽

Bee Pollen ◽

Tnf Α

This research aimed to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of honey bee pollen (HBP) in meagre (Argyrosoumus regius) juveniles’ diets on growth performance, diet digestibility, intestinal morphology, and immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, stress-related molecular markers and biochemical blood profile of fish were evaluated, together with mineral trace and toxic element concentration in pollen and diets. Specimens of meagre (360) of 3.34 ± 0.14 g initial body weight, were randomly allocated to twelve 500 L circular tanks (30 fish per tank). Four diets were formulated: a control diet and three experimental diets with 1%, 2.5%, and 4% of HBP inclusion. All the growth parameters and crude protein and ether extract digestibility coefficients were negatively linearly affected by increased HBP inclusion (p < 0.0001). Histology of medium intestine showed slight signs of alterations in group HPB1 and HPB2.5 compared to control. Fish from HBP4 group showed severe alterations at the intestinal mucosa level. Immunohistochemical detection of TNF-α in the medium intestine showed the presence of TNF-α+ cells in the lamina propria, which resulted in accordance with the increased level of the TNF-α protein detected by immunoblotting in the liver. This stress situation was confirmed by the increased hepatic level of HSP70 (p < 0.05) in fish fed the HBP4 diet and by the linear decrease of total serum protein levels in HBP-containing diets (p < 0.0001). These negative effects can be related to the ultrastructure of the bee pollen grain walls, which make the bioactive substances unavailable and can irritate the intestine of a carnivorous fish such as meagre.

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165 Impact of mycotoxin contamination of feed on growth performance and blood metabolites of growing pigs

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz122.168 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 93-93

Author(s):

Jesus A Acosta ◽

Gwendolyn M Jones ◽

John F Patience

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Feed Intake ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

Control Diet ◽

Blood Parameters ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Blood Metabolites ◽

Mycotoxin Contamination ◽

The Impact

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of deoxynivalenol (DON), derived from contaminated corn, on growth performance and blood metabolites. A total of 32 growing pigs (initial BW 73.1 ± 1.2 kg; L337 × Camborough, PIC, Hendersonville, TN) were randomly allotted in individual pens to 1 of 2 treatments: a non-contaminated control diet (CTL) and a diet containing 1.8 mg DON/kg (CTL+DON). Upon analysis, CTL+DON also contained 1.9 mg zearalenone/kg and 1.0 mg total fumonisins/kg. On d 1, blood samples were obtained at 60, 120 and 240 min following resumed access to feed. Pigs had ad libitum access to feed thereafter and for 28 d in total. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with initial BW, sex and treatment as fixed effects, and blood parameters the repeated measures. Compared with CTL, pigs fed CTL+DON had decreased final BW (102.9 vs 87.5 kg; P < 0.001), ADG (1.06 vs 0.51 kg; P < 0.001) and ADFI (2.97 vs 1.54 kg; P < 0.001). Mycotoxins did not affect G:F (0.35 vs 0.32; P = 0.234 for CTL and CTL+DON, respectively). Compared to CTL, pigs fed CTL+DON had increased levels of blood cholecystokinin, a hormone involved in satiety and digestion (32.1 vs 43.3 pg/mL; P = 0.048), increased ghrelin, a hormone that stimulates appetite and promotes fat deposition (345 vs 654 pg/mL; P = 0.011), a tendency for decreased blood urea nitrogen (19.6 vs 17.1 mg/dL; P = 0.076), and increased creatine kinase (2,826 vs 4,920 IU/L; P = 0.027). No treatment differences were observed for circulating creatinine, glucose, albumin, or alkaline phosphatase. In conclusion, mycotoxin contamination substantially impaired feed intake and growth. Pigs offered mycotoxin-contaminated feed had altered blood parameters related to appetite regulation and nutrient metabolism. However, it was not possible to determine if these differences were due to the mycotoxin contamination or to reduced feed intake.

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The impact of heat stress on intestinal function and productivity in grow-finish pigs

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an15280 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 55 (12) ◽

pp. 1403 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

N. K. Gabler ◽

S. C. Pearce

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Well Being ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Intestinal Function ◽

Transport Pathways ◽

Altered Expression ◽

Intestinal Integrity ◽

Increased Risk ◽

The Impact

Heat stress is a physiological condition when animals can no longer regulate their internal euthermic temperature. When livestock such as pigs are subjected to this environmental stress, it can be detrimental to performance, health and well-being, and if severe enough even death. Growing pigs are particularly susceptible to heat stress and one of the major organs first affected by heat stress is the gastrointestinal tract. As a result, reductions in appetite, intestinal function and integrity and increased risk of endotoxemia can modify post-absorptive metabolism and tissue accretion. These changes in intestinal integrity may be a result of altered expression of tight junction proteins, increased circulating endotoxin concentrations and markers of cellular stress (heat shock and hypoxia response), which is evident as early on as 2 h after heat-stress onset. Due to restricted blood flow, the ileum is more severely affected compared with the colon. Interestingly, many of the negative effects of heat stress on intestinal integrity appear to be similar to those observed with pigs reared under reduced nutrient and caloric intakes. Altogether, these depress pig performance and health, and extend days to market. Despite this impact on the gastrointestinal tract, under heat-stress conditions, intestinal glucose transport pathways are upregulated. This review discussed how heat stress (directly and indirectly via reduced feed intake) affects intestinal integrity and how heat stress contributes to decreased growth performance in growing pigs.

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Effect of chronic and acute heat challenges on fecal microbiota composition, production, and thermoregulation traits in growing pigs1,2

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz222 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (9) ◽

pp. 3845-3858 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Mathilde Le Sciellour ◽

Olivier Zemb ◽

Isabelle Hochu ◽

Juliette Riquet ◽

Hélène Gilbert ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

Error Rate ◽

Fecal Microbiota ◽

Sensu Stricto ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Partial Least Square ◽

Least Square ◽

Classification Error ◽

Microbiota Composition ◽

The Impact

Abstract The present study aimed at investigating the impact of heat challenges on gut microbiota composition in growing pigs and its relationship with pigs’ performance and thermoregulation responses. From a total of 10 F1 sire families, 558 and 564 backcross Large White × Créole pigs were raised and phenotyped from 11 to 23 wk of age in temperate (TEMP) and in tropical (TROP) climates, respectively. In TEMP, all pigs were subjected to an acute heat challenge (3 wk at 29 °C) from 23 to 26 wk of age. Feces samples were collected at 23 wk of age both in TEMP and TROP climate (TEMP23 and TROP23 samples, respectively) and at 26 wk of age in TEMP climate (TEMP26 samples) for 16S rRNA analyses of fecal microbiota composition. The fecal microbiota composition significantly differed between the 3 environments. Using a generalized linear model on microbiota composition, 182 operational taxonomic units (OTU) and 2 pathways were differentially abundant between TEMP23 and TEMP26, and 1,296 OTU and 20 pathways between TEMP23 and TROP23. Using fecal samples collected at 23 wk of age, pigs raised under the 2 climates were discriminated with 36 OTU using a sparse partial least square discriminant analysis that had a mean classification error-rate of 1.7%. In contrast, pigs in TEMP before the acute heat challenge could be discriminated from the pigs in TEMP after the heat challenge with 32 OTU and 9.3% error rate. The microbiota can be used as biomarker of heat stress exposition. Microbiota composition revealed that pigs were separated into 2 enterotypes. The enterotypes were represented in both climates. Whatever the climate, animals belonging to the Turicibacter–Sarcina–Clostridium sensu stricto dominated enterotype were 3.3 kg heavier (P < 0.05) at 11 wk of age than those belonging to the Lactobacillus-dominated enterotype. This latter enterotype was related to a 0.3 °C lower skin temperature (P < 0.05) at 23 wk of age. Following the acute heat challenge in TEMP, this enterotype had a less-stable rectal temperature (0.34 vs. 0.25 °C variation between weeks 23 and 24, P < 0.05) without affecting growth performance (P > 0.05). Instability of the enterotypes was observed in 34% of the pigs, switching from an enterotype to another between 23 and 26 wk of age after heat stress. Despite a lower microbial diversity, the Turicibacter–Sarcina–Clostridium sensu stricto dominated enterotype was better adapted to heat stress conditions with lower thermoregulation variations.

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Adaptation of the Cecal Bacterial Microbiome of Growing Pigs in Response to Resistant Starch Type 4

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.02756-15 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 81 (24) ◽

pp. 8489-8499 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

Barbara U. Metzler-Zebeli ◽

Stephan Schmitz-Esser ◽

Evelyne Mann ◽

Dietmar Grüll ◽

Timea Molnar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Community ◽

Resistant Starch ◽

Control Diet ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Short Chain ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Content Type ◽

Linear Discriminant ◽

The Impact

ABSTRACTResistant starch (RS) exacerbates health benefits on the host via modulation of the gut bacterial community. By far, these effects have been less well explored for RS of type 4. This study aimed at gaining a community-wide insight into the impact of enzymatically modified starch (EMS) on the cecal microbiota and hindgut fermentation in growing pigs. Castrated male pigs (n= 12/diet; 29-kg body weight) were fed diets with either 70% EMS or control starch for 10 days. The bacterial profile of each cecal sample was determined by sequencing of the V345 region of the 16S rRNA gene using the Illumina MiSeq platform. EMS diet reduced short-chain fatty acid concentrations in cecum and proximal colon compared to the control diet. Linear discriminant analyses andKmeans clustering indicated diet-specific cecal community profiles, whereby diversity and species richness were not different among diets. Pigs showed host-specific variation in their most abundant phyla,Firmicutes(55%),Proteobacteria(35%), andBacteroidetes(10%). The EMS diet decreased abundance ofRuminococcus,Parasutterella,Bilophila,Enterococcus, andLactobacillusoperational taxonomic units (OTU), whereasMeniscusandActinobacillusOTU were increased compared to those with the control diet (P< 0.05). Quantitative PCR confirmed results for host effect onEnterobacteriaceaeand diet effect on members of theLactobacillusgroup. The presence of less cecal short-chain fatty acids and the imputed metabolic functions of the cecal microbiome suggested that EMS was less degradable for cecal bacteria than the control starch. The present EMS effects on the bacterial community profiles were different than the previously reported RS effects and can be linked to the chemical structure of EMS.

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