197 Gene-regulation control of muscle fatigue during transportation with rumen-protected methionine supplementation

Abstract Different participants generally located distant among them compose the U.S. beef production chain, therefore shipping is required for cattle at least once in their lifespan. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Rumen-Protected Methionine (RPM) supplementation on muscle fatigue gene network, creatine synthesis (CKM), and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) metabolism after a transportation simulation in a 1.7-miles oval test track. Angus heifers (n = 18) were stratified by body weight (408 ± 64 kg; BW) and randomly assigned to dietary treatments: 1) control diet (CTRL), and 2) control diet + rumen-protected methionine (RPM). After a successful adaptation period to Calan gates, animals received a common diet of Bermuda hay ad libitum and a soy hulls and corn gluten feed based supplement. After 45 days under supplementation, animals were loaded onto a 32 × 7 ft. trailer and transported for 22 hours. Skeletal muscle biopsies, BW and blood samples were obtained on day 0 (Baseline), 43 (Pre-transport, “PRET”), and 45 (Post-transport, “POST”). Heifer’s average daily gain did not differ between Baseline and PRET (P = 0.41). Control heifer’s shrink was 8% of BW while RPM heifers shrink was 10% (P = 0.29). Cortisol level decreased after transportation, but no differences were observed between treatments (P = 0.94). Messenger RNA was extracted from skeletal muscle tissue and gene expression analysis was performed by RT-qPCR. Results showed that AHCY (Creatine synthesis pathway), SSPN (Sarcoglycan complex), DNMT3A (DNA Methylation), and SOD2 (Oxidative Stress-ROS) were upregulated (P < 0.05) in CTRL between baseline and PRET and, decreased between PRET and POST (P < 0.05) while they remained constant for RPM. Furthermore, CKM was not affected by treatments (P = 0.11). In conclusion, muscle fatigue related genes were not affected by RPM. Although, RPM could affect ROS production, after a long-term transportation.

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PSXIV-4 Fetal programming effect of rumen-protected methionine on Angus-Simental heifer offspring’s performance and adipogenesis, oxidative stress and DNA methylation gene expression regulation

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz258.621 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 307-308

Author(s):

Sonia J Moisá ◽

Gaston F Alfaro ◽

Paul H Walz ◽

Soren P Rodning

Keyword(s):

Milk Production ◽

Messenger Rna ◽

Gene Expression Regulation ◽

Treatment Time ◽

Control Diet ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Late Gestation ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Dietary Treatments

Abstract An extensive body of literature reported positive effects of Rumen-Protected Methionine (RPM) on dairy cattle; however, its effects are unknown on beef cattle. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of RPM supplementation on Angus-Simmental heifer’s offspring during late gestation, lactation, and after weaning (~65d). Ninety days prior to calving, 22 Angus-Simmental heifers were stratified by body weight (454 ± 85 kg; BW) and randomly assigned to dietary treatments: 1) Control diet (CTRL), and 2) Control diet + RPM (RPM). Dams had access to Bermuda hay ad libitum, and a soy hull:corn gluten based supplement. After weaning, calves were allocated by dietary treatments based on their dam’s treatment. Calves received Bermuda hay ad libitum and early-wean feed supplement after weaning. Offspring’s BW and Longissimus dorsi (LM) muscle samples were obtained on days 0, 25, 50, 100 after weaning. Messenger RNA was extracted from LM for RT-qPCR analysis. There was a tendency for RPM calves to be heavier at birth compared to control calves (P = 0.07). Although, no differences in BW were detected at weaning and after weaning (P = 0.20). Calves average daily gain between birth and weaning was greater for RPM calves as compared to CON (P = 0.02) suggesting a greater milk production, with no differences after weaning (P = 0.53). RT-qPCR results showed a treatment × time interaction for PPARG, LPL, CEBPG, DNMT1, SOD2 and NOS3 (P < 0.05). Furthermore, PPARG had a treatment and a time effect, which was upregulated in RPM calves (P < 0.01) from 50 to 100 days after weaning. In conclusion, dam’s RPM supplementation during late gestation increased offspring’s BW when inside the womb and probably their milk production. Offspring’s RPM supplementation after weaning potentially stimulates an early differentiation of adipocytes in LM samples, detected by PPARG upregulation.

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172 Effects of Dietary Valine, Isoleucine, and Tryptophan Supplementations to Diets Containing Excess Leucine from Corn Protein on Growth Performance of Growing Pigs

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab054.103 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 61-62

Author(s):

Woongbi Bi Kwon ◽

Jose A Soto ◽

Hans H Stein

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

Control Diet ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Final Body Weight ◽

Corn Protein ◽

Dietary Treatments ◽

Daily Gain

Abstract An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that addition of Val, Ile, or Trp alone or in combination will reduce the negative effects of excess Leu in diets for growing pigs. A total of 288 growing pigs (28.6 ± 2.5 kg) were randomly assigned to 1 of 9 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design. There were 2 barrows and 2 gilts in each pen and 8 replicate pens per treatment. A control diet based on corn and soybean meal and 8 diets based on corn and a high-protein corn product (48% crude protein) with 2 levels of crystalline L-Val (0 or 0.10%), L-Ile (0 or 0.10%), and L-Trp (0 or 0.05%) were formulated. The crystalline L-Val, L-Ile, and L-Trp increased standardized ileal digestible (SID) Val:Lys from 70 to 80%, SID Ile:Lys from 53 to 63%, and SID Trp:Lys from 18 to 23%, respectively. All diets were formulated to contain 1.00% SID Lys and the 8 diets containing corn protein contained 171% SID Leu:Lys. Individual pig weights were recorded at the beginning and at the conclusion of the 28-d experiment. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED of SAS with a pen as the experimental unit. Diet was the fixed effect and block and replicate within block were random effects. Results indicated that final body weight and average daily gain were not different between pigs fed the control diet and pigs fed the diet with Val and Trp addition, but greater (P < 0.001) than for pigs fed the diet with Val addition, Ile addition, Trp addition, Val and Ile addition, Ile and Trp addition, or Val, Ile, and Trp addition (Table 1). In conclusion, addition of Val and Trp to diets with excess Leu may prevent negative effects of excess Leu in diets for growing pigs.

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Supplements containing Acacia karroo foliage reduce nematode burdens in Nguni and crossbred cattle

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an09028 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 49 (8) ◽

pp. 646 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

V. Xhomfulana ◽

C. Mapiye ◽

M. Chimonyo ◽

M. C. Marufu

Keyword(s):

Control Diet ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Crossbred Cattle ◽

Leaf Meal ◽

Acacia Karroo ◽

Natural Pasture ◽

Nguni Cattle ◽

Sunflower Cake ◽

Dietary Treatments ◽

And Control

The objective of this study was to compare nematode worm burdens in Nguni and crossbred cattle supplemented with Acacia karroo leaf meal. Eighteen Nguni (274.4 ± 17.34 kg) and 12 crossbred (230.5 ± 14.62 kg) steers aged 19 months were allocated to three dietary treatments: A. karroo leaf meal, sunflower cake and control with no supplement. Steers in all the treatments grazed on natural pasture whereas those on A. karroo leaf meal and sunflower cake diets were given an additional 1.5 kg and 650 g of feed, respectively, to supply 150 g of protein per day for 60 days. Faecal samples collected from the steers’ recta every fortnight were examined for nematode egg types using the modified McMaster technique. At slaughter, the abomasa and intestines were collected, opened and washed for worm identification. Nguni steers supplemented with the A. karroo leaf meal diet had the lowest mean strongyles egg counts and mean total egg counts (P < 0.05). Steers that received the A. karroo leaf meal and sunflower cake diets had lower Haemonchus contortus and Oesophagostomum colombianum worm burdens than those that received the control diet (P < 0.05). Mean strongyles and Strongyloides egg counts, and H. contortus and Oes. colombianum worm counts were negatively correlated with average daily gain and body condition scores (P < 0.05). Generally, Nguni cattle supplemented with A. karroo leaf meal had the lowest egg loads and worm burdens. It was concluded that supplementing cattle with A. karroo could reduce nematode burdens.

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180 Evaluation of soluble concentrated yeast product on sow and litter performance

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz122.187 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 105-106

Author(s):

Robyn Thompson ◽

Amanda Graham ◽

Brandon Knopf ◽

Laura Greiner ◽

Sangita Jalukar

Keyword(s):

Control Diet ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Random Effect ◽

Body Weight Loss ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Yeast Product ◽

Dietary Treatments ◽

Cross Fostering ◽

Daily Gain

Abstract Two hundred and forty sows (Camborough, PIC, Hendersonville, TN) were started on study at 35 d post-breeding through lactation to determine the effects of soluble concentrated yeast product (Celmanax SCP, Arm and Hammer, Princeton, NJ) on sow and litter performance. Sows were fed their respective dietary treatments: 1) Control diet gestation x control diet lactation; 2) 0.01% Celmanax SCP in gestation x control diet lactation; 3) Control diet gestation x 0.02% Celmanax SCP in lactation; and 4) 0.01% Celmanax SCP in gestation x 0.02% Celmanax SCP in lactation. All diets were formulated to meet or exceed NRC (2012) requirements and contained a feed disinfectant. Sows were allowed ad libitum access to feed and water in lactation. Litters were weighed after cross-fostering, 48 h post-farrow (after litter adjustments and cross-fostering) and at weaning. Sows were weighed entering farrowing and at weaning. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete parity block using PROC MIXED of SAS with sow as the experimental unit, treatment as a fixed effect, and parity as a random effect. There were detectable levels of fumonisin (2 ppm), vomitoxin (1.3 ppm) and zearalenone (243 ppb). There were no differences in sow feed intake or body weight loss (P > 0.10). There was a significant difference in treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4 for days between wean to estrus (5.99, 5.12, 4.90, 4.49; P = 0.01) and percent bred within 7 d (86.53, 97.06, 97.85, 100.00; P = 0.01), respectively. Average piglet wean weights (kg) were 5.82, 5.87, 5.93, 6.01; P = 0.02 for treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. Furthermore, there were no responses in piglet average daily gain or mortality (P > 0.10). The feeding of the soluble yeast product to sows does appear to improve subsequent breeding and litter performance.

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Supplementing 2 g per day bovine lactoferrin from late gestation until weaning did not improve lactation performance of mixed parity sows

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an18286 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 59 (12) ◽

pp. 2191 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Fan Liu ◽

Jordon Hogg ◽

Susie Kracht ◽

Chris J. Brewster ◽

Dave J. Henman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Survival Rate ◽

Control Diet ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Late Gestation ◽

Commercial Application ◽

Bovine Lactoferrin ◽

Lactation Performance ◽

Large White ◽

Litter Weight ◽

Dietary Treatments

Context Lactoferrin is a non-haem binding protein that possesses antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. A previous study showed lactoferrin supplementation from early gestation to weaning improved lactation performance in primiparous sows; however, it is unknown whether the supplementation within a more specified duration (from late gestation to weaning) can improve lactation performance in multiparous sows, which limits its commercial application. Aims This experiment investigated the effects of 2 g/day bovine lactoferrin supplementation from late gestation to weaning on lactation performance in mixed parity sows. Methods Forty-seven primiparous sows and 167 multiparous sows (up to parity 5; Large White × Landrace, PrimeGro Genetics, Corowa, NSW) were allocated to either a Control diet (2 g/day casein) or Lactoferrin supplement diet (2 g/day lactoferrin) when entering the farrowing house in late gestation (101 ± 4.6 days, mean ± s.d.) balanced by parity (2.4 ± 1.80, mean ± s.d.). Sows were housed individually in farrowing crates and fed the experimental diets until weaning (26 ± 2.5 days, mean ± s.d.). Farrowing outcomes and lactation performance were recorded. Key results Lactoferrin supplementation did not affect the number of piglets born alive, number of stillborn piglets, number of mummified fetuses, the percentage of born-light piglets (≤1.1 kg) or piglet pre-fostering survival rate. Cross-fostering within the first 48 h standardised the litter size and litter weight between dietary treatments. Piglet pre-weaning survival rate, litter weight gain, average daily gain of piglets, or coefficient of variation of piglet growth rate was not affected by lactoferrin supplementation. Daily feed intake during lactation, bodyweight and backfat thickness of sows at weaning were similar between the dietary treatments. Conclusions Two grams per day lactoferrin supplementation from late gestation to weaning did not affect lactation performance in mixed parity sows. Implications The effectiveness of lactoferrin supplementation may depend upon the duration of supplementation, which should be optimised in future studies.

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Advanced Chelate Technology Based Trace Minerals Improve Growth Performance, Mineral Digestibility, Tibia Characteristics, and Antioxidant Status in Broiler Chickens

10.21203/rs.3.rs-35494/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Hossein Ali Ghasemi ◽

Iman Hajkhodadadi ◽

Maryam Hafizi ◽

Kamran Taherpour ◽

Mohammad Hassan Nazaran

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Antioxidant Status ◽

Bone Mineralization ◽

Control Diet ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Trace Minerals ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Total Antioxidant ◽

Dietary Treatments

Abstract Background: Compared to the corresponding source of inorganic trace minerals (TM), chelated supplements are characterized by better physical heterogeneity and chemical stability and appear to be better absorbed in the gut due to possibly decreased interaction with other feed components. This study was designed in broiler chickens to determine the effects of replacing inorganic trace minerals (TM) with an advanced chelate technology based supplement (Bonzachicken) on growth performance, mineral digestibility, tibia bone quality, and antioxidant status. A total of 625 male 1-d-old broiler chickens were allocated to 25 pens and assigned to 5 dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. Chelated TM (CTM) supplement was compared at 3 levels to no TM (NTM) or inorganic TM. A corn–soy-based control diet was supplemented with inorganic TM at the commercially recommended levels (ITM), i.e., iron, zinc, manganese, copper, selenium, iodine, and chromium at 80, 92, 100, 16, 0.3, 1.2, and 0.1 mg/kg, respectively, and varying concentration of CTM, i.e., match to 25, 50, and 100 % of the ITM (diets CTM25, CTM50, and CTM100, respectively). Results: All diets, except diet CTM25, increased average daily gain (ADG), European performance index (EPI), and serum total antioxidant capacity compared to the NTM diet (P < 0.05). Broilers fed the CTM100 diet had lowest overall FCR and highest BWG, EPI, tibia ash, zinc, and manganese contents (P < 0.05). The tibia phosphorus content and apparent ileal digestibilities of phosphorus, zinc, and manganese were lower in the ITM group compared with the CTM50 and CTM100 groups (P < 0.05). Broiler chickens fed any of the diets exhibited higher serum glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities and lower malondialdehyde level than those fed the NTM diet, where the best values were found for CTM100 treatment (P < 0.05). Conclusions: These results indicate that while CTM supplementation to 25 and 50% of the commercially recommended levels could support growth performance, a totally replacing ITM by equivalent levels of CTM could also improve growth performance, bone mineralization and antioxidant status of broiler chickens under the conditions of this study.

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Effect of an extruded linseed diet on meat quality traits in Nero Lucano pigs

South African Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4314/sajas.v49i6.13 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 49 (6) ◽

pp. 1093-1103

Author(s):

S Tarricone ◽

M.A. Colonna ◽

F Giannico ◽

M Ragni ◽

A Lestingi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Meat Quality ◽

Fatty Acid Profile ◽

Control Diet ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Homogeneous Groups ◽

Linum Usitatissimum L ◽

Dietary Treatments ◽

Physical And Chemical

The study aimed to evaluate the effect of a diet containing extruded linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) on growth performances, carcass traits and meat quality in Nero Lucano pigs. Sixteen male piglets were weaned at about 50 days of age and divided into two homogeneous groups fed a control diet (C) or a diet containing 3% extruded linseed (EL). The trial lasted 32 weeks and pigs were slaughtered at 9 months of age. Samples from the Longissimus dorsi (Ld) muscle were analysed to assess physical and chemical parameters and intramuscular fatty acid composition. Average daily gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were not affected by the diet. Pigs fed the C diet showed a significantly greater slaughter weight in comparison to the EL group (116.50 vs 108.25 kg) Meat pH and chemical composition were not influenced by the diet. No differences were found for shear force (WBS) in raw meat, while cooked meat of the EL group showed a lower WBS value. The EL diet significantly lowered total SFA and increased total PUFA, of both n-6 and n-3 series. Among the n-6, significant differences between dietary treatments were found for linoleic acid. As for the n-3 series, EL feeding significantly enhanced linolenic acid, EPA, DPA and DHA. Feeding EL also significantly lowered the PUFA/SFA and n-6/n-3 ratios and the AI and TI, with benefits for human health. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 3% EL didn't affect growth performance while it improved the fatty acid profile of meat. Keywords: fatty acid profile, feeding, flaxseed, pork

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Effects of increasing copper from either copper sulfate or combinations of copper sulfate and a copper–amino acid complex on finishing pig growth performance and carcass characteristics1,2

Translational Animal Science ◽

10.1093/tas/txz112 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 1263-1269 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Corey B Carpenter ◽

Jason C Woodworth ◽

Joel M Derouchey ◽

Mike D Tokach ◽

Robert D Goodband ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Copper Sulfate ◽

Control Diet ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Acid Complex ◽

Distillers Grains With Solubles ◽

Amino Acid Complex ◽

Dietary Treatments

Abstract A total of 1,089 pigs (PIC 280 × 1050; initially 37.3 ± 2.8 kg) were used to determine the effects of increasing Cu provided from either CuSO4 alone or a 50:50 blend of CuSO4 and a Copper–amino acid complex (Cu-AA) on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs. Pens of pigs were blocked by body weight; within blocks, pens were randomly allotted to one of six dietary treatments. The six dietary treatments consisted of a control diet which contained 17 mg/kg Cu from CuSO4 from the trace mineral premix, or the control diet with either added CuSO4 to provide 70 and 130 mg/kg total Cu or a 50:50 blend of Cu from CuSO4 and Cu-AA (CuSO4/Cu-AA blend) to provide 70, 100, and 130 mg/kg total Cu. Experimental diets were corn–soybean meal-dried distillers grains with solubles-based and fed in meal form in five phases (approximately 37 to 46, 46 to 63, 63 to 77, 77 to 103, and 103 to 129 kg body weight). From d 0 to 43, neither Cu source nor level influenced growth performance. From d 43 to 105, average daily feed intake (ADFI) decreased (P = 0.037) for pigs fed the CuSO4/Cu-AA blend compared to those fed added Cu from CuSO4 alone. Gain:feed ratio (G:F) tended to be improved (linear, P = 0.056) as Cu concentration increased. Overall, d 0 to 105, neither Cu level nor source influenced average daily gain (ADG). Pigs fed 70 or 130 mg/kg total added Cu from the CuSO4/Cu-AA blend had lower (P = 0.045) ADFI but G:F tended to be improved (P = 0.051) compared with those fed the same amount of total Cu from only CuSO4. Owing to the decreased ADFI and improved G:F of pigs fed the CuSO4/Cu-AA blend, carcass G:F also improved (P = 0.033) compared with those fed added Cu from CuSO4 alone. In conclusion, providing a 50:50 blend of CuSO4 and Cu-AA improved G:F on both a live and carcass weight basis compared to CuSO4 alone with no differences in ADG or carcass ADG observed.

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Effects of the Supplementation of Lysophospholipids through Pelleted Total Mixed Rations on Blood Biochemical Parameters and Milk Production and Composition of Mid-Lactation Dairy Cows

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani10020215 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 215

Author(s):

Yuhua He ◽

Rongzhen Zhong ◽

Long Cheng ◽

Peihua You ◽

Yiyong Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Feed Intake ◽

Biochemical Parameters ◽

Control Diet ◽

Animal Health ◽

Milk Composition ◽

Feed Additive ◽

Adaptation Period ◽

Blood Biochemical ◽

Dietary Treatments

Lysophospholipids (LPL), a new feed additive, were supplemented to a pelleted total mixed ration (TMR) of dairy cows to examine its effects on feed intake, production, and composition of milk and plasma biochemical parameters. Two dietary treatments included diets supplemented without (control diet; CON) or with LPL at a dose of 0.5 g/kg of pelleted TMR. Twelve multiparous, mid-lactation, Holstein cows (Bodyweight 730 ± 9.3 kg; 100 ± 6.0 days in milk) were randomly assigned to one of the two dietary treatments with a 42-day measurement period after a 14-day adaptation period. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. Feed intake and milk yields were recorded daily, blood samples were collected fortnightly, and milk samples weekly. The results showed that the supplementation of LPL did not change feed dry matter intake, milk yields, and milk composition. However, it increased total protein and globulin and the activity of alkaline phosphatase and decreased total cholesterol in plasma. This study suggests that LPL may have beneficent effects in animal health but might be not a feasible feed additive to increase production for dairy cows fed a pelleted TMR.

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200 Effect of Long-term Feeding of Deoxynivalenol (DON) Contaminated Diets on Performance of Grower-finisher Pigs

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab054.111 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 67-68

Author(s):

Michael A Bosompem ◽

Michael O Wellington ◽

Daniel A Columbus

Keyword(s):

Feed Intake ◽

Control Diet ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Dietary Treatment ◽

Final Body Weight ◽

Initial Exposure ◽

Entire Study ◽

Short Period ◽

Dietary Treatments

Abstract Previous studies examining the effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) intake in pigs have largely focused on young animals or have been over a short period of time. The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of long-term feeding of DON contaminated diets on growth performance of grower-finisher pigs. A total of 240 mixed-sex pigs (35.9 ± 1.1 kg) were group housed in 6 pigs/pen (n = 10/treatment) and were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments for 77 d. Diets consisted of a control diet (CON) containing no DON or a diet containing 1, 3, or 5 ppm DON (DON1, DON3, or DON5) achieved by adding DON-contaminated wheat and wheat screenings at the expense of clean wheat. In the grower period, DON5-fed pigs had reduced average daily gain (ADG) compared to CON, with DON1 and DON3-fed pigs being intermediate P < 0.05). There was no effect of dietary treatment on ADG in the finisher period (P > 0.05). Overall the entire study, DON3 and DON5-fed pigs had similar and reduced ADG (P < 0.05) compared to CON and DON1, which did not differ (P > 0.05). Feed intake was reduced in DON-fed pigs in the finisher period (3.12, 2.97, 2.96, and 2.88 ± 0.05; P< 0.05) and in DON3 and DON5-fed pigs overall (2.62, 2.55, 2.47, 2.47 ± 0.03; P < 0.05) compared to CON, with no overall effect observed in the grower period. There was no effect on feed efficiency in any period (P > 0.05). The decrease in performance resulted in reduced final body weight in DON3 and DON5-fed pigs, compared to CON, with DON1-fed pigs being intermediate (P > 0.05). Overall, the effects of DON-intake on performance were variable and generally occurred rapidly after initial exposure and appear to be largely due to the reduction in feed intake.

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