scholarly journals Influence of leaf dry mass per area, CO2, and irradiance on mesophyll conductance in sclerophylls

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 2303-2314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Foteini Hassiotou ◽  
Martha Ludwig ◽  
Michael Renton ◽  
Erik J. Veneklaas ◽  
John R. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Dry Mass ◽  
Mesophyll Conductance ◽  
Leaf Dry Mass

Variability in the chloroplast area lining the intercellular airspace and cell walls drives mesophyll conductance in gymnosperms

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (16) ◽  
pp. 4958-4971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda-Liisa Veromann-Jürgenson ◽  
Timothy J Brodribb ◽  
Ülo Niinemets ◽  
Tiina Tosens
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Mesophyll Cell ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Mesophyll Conductance ◽  
Phylogenetic Groups ◽  
Leaf Dry Mass ◽  
Component Traits ◽  
Structural Traits ◽  
Distinguishing Features

Abstract The photosynthetic efficiency of plants in different environments is controlled by stomata, hydraulics, biochemistry, and mesophyll conductance (gm). Recently, gm was demonstrated to be the key limitation of photosynthesis in gymnosperms. Values of gm across gymnosperms varied over 20-fold, but this variation was poorly explained by robust structure-bound integrated traits such as leaf dry mass per area. Understanding how the component structural traits control gm is central for identifying the determinants of variability in gm across plant functional and phylogenetic groups. Here, we investigated the structural traits responsible for gm in 65 diverse gymnosperms. Although the integrated morphological traits, shape, and anatomical characteristics varied widely across species, the distinguishing features of all gymnosperms were thick mesophyll cell walls and low chloroplast area exposed to intercellular airspace (Sc/S) compared with angiosperms. Sc/S and cell wall thickness were the fundamental traits driving variations in gm across gymnosperm species. Chloroplast thickness was the strongest limitation of gm among liquid-phase components. The variation in leaf dry mass per area was not correlated with the key ultrastructural traits determining gm. Thus, given the absence of correlating integrated easy-to-measure traits, detailed knowledge of underlying component traits controlling gm across plant taxa is necessary to understand the photosynthetic limitations across ecosystems.

scholarly journals Physiological responses of two tropical weeds to shade: I. Growth and biomass allocation

1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 944-952 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moacyr Bernardino Dias-Filho
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
High Light ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Light Regimes ◽  
Leaf Dry Mass ◽  
Lower Ability ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Plant Dry Mass

Ipomoea asarifolia (Desr.) Roem. & Schultz (Convolvulaceae) and Stachytarpheta cayennensis (Rich) Vahl. (Verbenaceae), two weeds found in pastures and crop areas in Brazilian Amazonia, were grown in controlled environment cabinets under high (800-1000 µmol m-² s-¹) and low (200-350 µmol m-² s-¹) light regimes during a 40-day period. For both species leaf dry mass and leaf area per total plant dry mass, and leaf area per leaf dry mass were higher for low-light plants, whereas root mass per total plant dry mass was higher for high-light plants. High-light S. cayennensis allocated significantly more biomass to reproductive tissue than low-light plants, suggesting a probably lower ability of this species to maintain itself under shaded conditions. Relative growth rate (RGR) in I. asarifolia was initially higher for high-light grown plants and after 20 days started decreasing, becoming similar to low-light plants at the last two harvests (at 30 and 40 days). In S. cayennensis, RGR was also higher for high-light plants; however, this trend was not significant at the first and last harvest dates (10 and 40 days). These results are discussed in relation to their ecological and weed management implications.

scholarly journals Sensitivity of Shoots and Roots of Young Watermelon Plants to End-of-day Red and Far-red Light

1997 ◽  
Vol 122 (4) ◽  
pp. 481-484
Author(s):  
Heather A. Hatt Graham ◽  
Dennis R. Decoteau
Keyword(s):  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Hoagland Solution ◽  
Full Strength ◽  
Leaf Dry Mass ◽  
Half Strength

The sensitivity of shoots and roots to end-of-day (EOD) red (R) or far-red (FR) light on growth of `Sugar Baby' watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum & Nakai] was investigated. Plants were grown in full-strength Hoagland solution and treated for 14 days to 15 minutes EOD light in trial 1 and in half-strength Hoagland solution and treated for 10 days to EOD light in trial 2. Exposing shoots to EOD FR resulted in elongated petioles of leaves 1 to 3 (as counted from the cotyledons), internodes 1 to 3, and total stem length in both trials. Exposure to EOD FR resulted in increased stem and petiole dry mass in trial 1, whereas EOD FR resulted in increased root and leaf dry mass in trial 2. EOD FR exposure of roots increased the length of petiole 4 in trial 1. In general, shoots were more responsive than roots to the growth-regulating effects of EOD FR.

scholarly journals FLAME RETARDANTS EFFECTS ON THE INITIAL GROWTH OF Schizolobium amazonicum HUBER EX DUCKE

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elen Silma Oliveira Cruz Ximenes ◽  
Andréa Carvalho da Silva ◽  
Adilson Pacheco de Souza ◽  
Josiane Fernandes Keffer ◽  
Alison Martins dos Anjos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Environmental Implications ◽  
Leaf Dry Mass ◽  
Height Increase ◽  
Positive Effect

ABSTRACT Flame retardants are efficient in fighting wildfire; however, their environmental implications, especially regarding the vegetation, need to be clarified. This work aimed at assessing the effects of flame retardant on the initial growth of Schizolobium amazonicum. Treatments consisted in applying different flame retardant concentrations via substrate and leaf: Phos-Chek WD-881® (0, 3.00, 6.00, 8.00 and 10.00 mL L-1), Hold Fire® (0, 7.00, 9.00, 12.00 and 15.00 mL L-1) and water-retaining polymer Nutrigel® used as alternative retardant (0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 g L-1). Growth analyses were carried out to assess the effects of these substances (10 repetitions per treatment). The aliquot of 10.00 mL L-1 of Phos-Chek WD881 applied on the leaves led to an increase of 70% in leaf area and 15% in seedling height. The same Phos-Chek concentration favored height increase (32%) and total dry mass accumulation (33%) throughout time. The concentration of 15 mL L-1 of Hold Fire® applied on leaves, compromised 45% the accumulation of dry biomass in the seedling. Initially, 1.00 g L-1 of Nutrigel® applied via substrate led to an increase of 70% in leaf area, 29% in plant height, and 89% in leaf dry mass. Therefore, Phos-Chek applied on leaves favored shoot growth in S. amazonicum. Hold Fire® applied on leaves impaired biomass accumulation in seedlings. Nutrigel® applied on substrate does not cause long-lasting damage to the initial growth of S. amazonicum. The aliquot of 0.50 g L-1 administered via polymer leave had positive effect on seedling shoot.

The behaviour of plants in various gas mixtures

1971 ◽  
Vol 179 (1056) ◽  
pp. 177-188
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Partial Pressure ◽  
Ambient Oxygen ◽  
Leaf Dry Mass ◽  
Rate Of Photosynthesis ◽  
Effect Of Oxygen

The effects of the composition and pressure of the ambient gas mixture on the diffusive gas exchange of leaves, and the effects of carbon dioxide and oxygen on respiration and photosynthesis are described. When photosynthesis is limited by the rate at which carbon dioxide reaches the chloroplasts, the net rate of photosynthesis of many (but not all) plant species depends on the ambient oxygen partial pressure. The effect of oxygen may be principally to stimulate a respiratory process rather than to inhibit carboxylation. However, when photosynthesis is not limited by the carbon dioxide supply, this respiratory process seems to be suppressed. The gas exchange of plant communities responds to the aerial environment in the way expected from measurements on single leaves, but the growth response to a given difference in gas composition is smaller than expected because of adaptation, notably in the ratio of leaf dry mass to leaf area. It is concluded that the growth rate of higher plants in given illumination will be independent of the partial pressure of oxygen and of other gases likely to be used to dilute it, provided that the carbon dioxide partial pressure is so adjusted (probably to not more than 2 mbar (200 Pa)) that the rate of photosynthesis is not limited by the rate of diffusion to the chloroplasts.

scholarly journals Environmental Impact On Morphological and Anatomical Structure of Ricinus communis L. Leaves Growing in Kathmandu, Nepal

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-278
Author(s):  
Belai Meeta Singh Suwal ◽  
Ratna Silwal Gautam ◽  
Dikshya Manandhar
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Ricinus Communis ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Ricinus Communis L ◽  
Leaf Dry Mass ◽  
Polluted Sites ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
The Comparative Study ◽  
The Impact

The current study was done to examine the impact of environmental pollution on morphology and anatomy of leaf of Ricinus communis L. of Kathmandu. The comparative study was done between the plants of high polluted sites i.e Ringroad sides and less polluted sites i.e Raniban forest of Kathmandu. The plants from both sites showed visible morphological and anatomical changes in leaves. These both study sites were found with similar soil factors and climatic factors. Reductions in some morphological and anatomical features were observed in leaves growing in highly polluted site. Reduction in leaf area, petiole length, thickness of palisade layer and thickness of spongy parenchyma was noticed in the leaves from highly polluted sites of Kathmandu. Other morphological and anatomical features such as leaf dry mass content, stomata frequency, thickness of cuticle and size of epidermal cells were noticed to be increased in leaves from highly polluted sites. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 7(2): 274-278  

scholarly journals Biostimulants isolated or integrated with paclobutrazol as tomato development triggering factors

2020 ◽  
pp. 255
Author(s):  
Talles Victor Silva ◽  
Hyrandir Cabral de Melo ◽  
Monita Fiori de Abreu Tarazi ◽  
Luis Carlos Cunha Junior ◽  
Luiz Fernandes Cardoso Campos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Growth Regulator ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Volume Increase ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicum L ◽  
Leaf Dry Mass ◽  
Crop Field ◽  
Hormonal Balance ◽  
Number Of Leaves

Plant biostimulants are substances with different chemistry or biological composition whose, when applied to plants, can favour their development mainly by enhance nutrient uptake or nutrition efficiency and also can alter plant hormonal balance. Paclobutrazol (PBZ) is a retardant plant growth regulator which promotes reduction on stem internodes culminating in shorter plants. The integration of both, biostimulants and PBZ, can lead better development of plants by at same time favour the nutrition performance of shorter plants. Although some farmers already have used these substances in crop field, alone or in combination, there is a great lack of scientific studies to verify the real efficiency of the biostimulants available in market. The aim of this study was to study the effect of different biostimulants on the morphometrical and physiological aspects of tomato when applied in combination or not with paclobutrazol in Solanum lycopersicum L., hybrid H9553. The biostimulants used were Stimulate®, Serenade®, EnerVig®, Px-Fertil®, Vorax®, Liqui-plex® and DuoOrgano+®. PBZ reduced plant height and, unlike expected, no one of the biostimulants favoured volume increase or dry mass of roots. However, all biostimulants favoured the accumulation of leaf dry mass, with no increase in the number of leaves or net photosynthetic rate per specific leaf area. When isolated, or in interaction with biostimulants, the PBZ generated stimulatory or inhibitory effect on expression of the parameters evaluated, depending on the organ and its age, and acted in synergism or antagonism with the biostimulants, depending on the substance in question.

scholarly journals Magnesium Sources and Inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense in the Initial Development of Maize

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 170
Author(s):  
Roberto Cecatto Júnior ◽  
Vandeir Francisco Guimarães ◽  
Lucas Guilherme Bulegon ◽  
Anderson Daniel Suss ◽  
Adriano Mitio Inigaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Azospirillum Brasilense ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Mineral Fertilization ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Maize Seeds ◽  
Seed Inoculation ◽  
Leaf Dry Mass ◽  
Maize Plants ◽  
And Control

The aim was to evaluate the initial development of maize plants when submitted to mineral fertilization with magnesium sources in the presence or absence of seed inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense. To do so, was conducted an experiment in greenhouse. In the essay was adopted a randomized blocks design, in a factorial scheme 3 × 2, represented by the magnesium sources: magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), magnesium oxide (MgO) and control without Mg fertilization, in the presence or absence of inoculation with A. brasilense. The Mg sources were supplied with a dose of 30 kg ha-1, being homogenized in the substrate before sowing the crop. The analysis were carried out in the V4 stage, evaluating: basal stem diameter (BSD); relative chlorophyll content (SPAD index), leaf dry mass (LDM), stem + sheath blade dry mass (SSDM) and root dry mass (RDM). No differences were observed for the factors interaction and for the Mg sources. When considered the seed inoculation there was increases of 7.1%; 6.61%; 19.23%; 28.32%; and 15.17 %, for basal stem diameter, SPAD index, leaf dry mass, stem + sheath blade dry mass and roots, respectively. The inoculation of maize seeds with A. brasilense increases the initial development of maize plants and the SPAD index in greenhouse conditions in the V4, while the fertilization with the magnesium sources do not interfere in the maize development.

scholarly journals Container Volume Affects Growth and Development of Wax-apple

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 1139-1142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.M. Hsu ◽  
M.J. Tseng ◽  
C.H. Lin
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tropical Fruit ◽  
Leaf Dry Mass ◽  
Forcing Culture ◽  
One Year ◽  
Root Restriction

The wax-apple [Syzygium samarangense (Bl.) Merr. & Perry] is a vigorous tropical fruit tree species that has five to six growth flushes per year. One-year-old, root-bearing wax-apple trees were grown in different-sized containers filled with potting mixture to test if container volume restricts shoot and/or root growth and thereby lends itself to forcing culture. The trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) at 15 cm above the soil was measured to assess vegetative growth. After 6 months, the TCSA had increased quadratically with container volume. At the end of the first and second year, leaf count, leaf area, leaf dry mass, stem dry mass, shoot dry mass, and root dry mass were positively correlated with container volume. However, the shoot: root ratios remained fairly constant among treatments during the experimental period. Thus, root restriction is an effective means of reducing shoot and root growth of the wax-apple.

scholarly journals Mouse Ear Disorder on River Birch Caused by Nickel Deficiency

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 892A-892 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Ruter*
Keyword(s):  
Foliar Application ◽  
Nickel Sulfate ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Native Soil ◽  
Leaf Dry Mass ◽  
Mouse Ear ◽  
Foliar Concentrations ◽  
Nickel Deficiency

Mouse ear (leaf curl, little leaf, squirrel ear) has been a problem for growers of container-grown river birch (Betula nigra L.) since the early 1990's. Mouse ear has been noticed in several southeastern States as well as Minnesota, Ohio, Oregon, and Wisconsin, making it a national problem. The disorder is easy to detect in nurseries as the plants appear stunted. The leaves are small, wrinkled, often darker green in color, commonly cupped, and have necrotic margins. New growth has shortened internodes which gives plants a witches-broom appearance. Plants growing in native soil rarely express the disorder. Several common micronutrients have been evaluated with no results. A trial was initiated in June, 2003 to determine if nickel deficiency was the cause of mouse-ear. Symptomatic river birch trees growing in a pine bark substrate in containers were treated with foliar applications of nickel sulfate and a substrate drench. Topdress applications of superphosphate (0-46-0) and Miloroganite, products known to contain nickel, were also applied. At 16 days after treatment (DAT), up to 5 cm of new growth occurred on plants sprayed with nickel sulfate and foliar concentrations of nickel in the new growth increased five fold compared to control plants. At 30 DAT, shoot length increased 60%, leaf area increased 83%, and leaf dry mass increased 81% for trees receiving a foliar application compared to non-treated control plants. Treating trees with a substrate drench alleviated symptoms, whereas treatment with superphosphate and Milorganite did not. Trees receiving a foliar or drench application had normal growth for the remainder of the growing season. Additional studies are underway to refine methods of application, rates, and sources of nickel suitable for use.

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