What Causes Primary Psychotic Disorders Like Schizophrenia?

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael T Compton ◽  
Beth Broussard
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Common Cold ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Stressful Life Events ◽  
Drugs Of Abuse ◽  
Medical Problem ◽  
Medical Conditions ◽  
Psychiatric Illnesses

Doctors and researchers have been able to identify the causes of a variety of medical conditions, such as the common cold, a heart attack, and gout, to name a few. For example, there are different types of viruses that cause the symptoms of a common cold. By knowing what causes a medical problem, doctors are able to treat the condition in the most focused way possible. In the previous chapter, three general categories of causes of psychosis were presented: medical causes, substances, including certain drugs of abuse and several medicines, and a number of psychiatric illnesses. This chapter presents what is currently known about the causes of the third of these, psychiatric illnesses, especially primary psychotic disorders like schizophrenia. Some health conditions have a single, straight-forward cause. As mentioned earlier, a common cold is caused by a virus. However, many illnesses do not have a single identifiable cause. Rather, they are caused by a combination of risk factors. A risk factor is any event, exposure, or entity that occurs before the illness and that research has shown plays a role in causing the illness. For example, cigarette smoking is a well-known risk factor for lung cancer. Smoking occurs before the lung cancer develops, and researchers have proven that smoking cigarettes plays a part in causing many cases of lung cancer. Because schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders are such complex illnesses, it is sometimes unclear if some of the risk factors truly occur before the illness. Some risk factors may make some people more psychosis-prone. In other words, some risk factors are best thought of as increasing one’s tendency towards psychosis rather than actually causing psychosis. Over the past several decades, researchers have identified some of the likely causes of complex medical conditions like diabetes, high blood pressure, and psychosis. For each of these, as is true of most medical conditions, there is no single cause. Rather, a number of risk factors, both internal (like certain genes) and external (like exposures that stress the body, such as stressful life events or drugs) combine in complex ways to bring about the illness.

Major stressful life events and risk of developing lung cancer.

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1575-1575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Hasan Raza Jafri ◽  
Faisal Ali ◽  
Arash Mollaeian ◽  
Syed Mojiz Hasan ◽  
Rahat Hussain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Stressful Life Events ◽  
Stressful Life Event ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Stressful Life ◽  
Life Event ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of

1575 Background: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality linked with smoking, though only 6-18% of heavy smokers die of lung cancer. We hypothesized that major stressful life events are a risk factor for developing lung cancer. Methods: In our matched case-control study, cases (CA) were lung cancer patients diagnosed within past 12 months. Controls (CO) were patients without a prior history of malignancy. CA and CO were matched for age, gender and smoking status. Smokers had at least 10 packs/years history of smoking. Data was collected using standardized research questionnaire on 11 major stressful life events using Holmes and Rahe stress scale. The primary endpoint was odds of having a major stressful life event. A sample of 360 patients (120 CA and 240 CO), was needed to achieve 80% power to detect an odds ratio (OR) of 2.00 using Chi-Square test with a P = 0.05 significance. The study was IRB approved at each institution. Results: Between May 2015 and December 2016, 324 patients were enrolled (23 were excluded due to prior cancer history or incomplete information). 301 (CA = 102; CO = 199) were included in the final analysis. The two groups were well matched in median age (CA = 64.4 years; CO = 63.9years), gender (CA-Male = 48%; CO-Male = 49.2%) and smoking status (ever smoker, CA = 86%; CO = 85%). There was no difference in lifetime stressful life event between CA and CO (95% vs 93.9% P = 0.68%). However, CA were significantly more likely to have had a major stressful life event within the past 5 years than controls (CA = 77.4% vs CO = 65.8%, P = 0.03, (OR = 1.78). Serious life-threatening illness of an immediate family member (P = 0.04) and retirement (P = 0.07) within the past 5 years were noticeably more common among CA. Holmes-Rahe stress score in the last 5 years was higher in men (86.3 vs 63.3, P = 0.07) and those > 65 years old (82.4 vs 57.2,P = 0.04) as compared with CO and in those with squamous histology than with adenocarcinoma (115.6 vs 63.4, P = 0.005). Conclusions: Patients with lung cancer (CA) were significantly more likely to have had a major stressful life event within the past 5 years than the matched controls (CO), especially in older men with squamous histology. Major stressful life events should be considered a risk factor for developing lung cancer.

scholarly journals Individualization of risk factors for postoperative complication after lung cancer surgery: a retrospective study

BMC Surgery ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nozomu Motono ◽  
Masahito Ishikawa ◽  
Shun Iwai ◽  
Yoshihito Iijima ◽  
Katsuo Usuda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Postoperative Complications ◽  
Thoracic Surgery ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Smoking History ◽  
Postoperative Arrhythmia ◽  
Male Sex

Abstract Background The risk factors for postoperative complications after pulmonary resection in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have not been elucidated. Methods Clinical data of 956 patients with NSCLC were analyzed. Patient factors such as sex, age, comorbidities, smoking history, respiratory function, and the lobe involved in lung cancer and operative factors such as operative approach and operative procedures were collected and analyzed. Results Male sex (odds ratio [OR]: 1.73, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09–2.75, p = 0.01), coexistence of asthma (OR 2.68, 95% CI 1.19–6.02, p = 0.01), low percentage of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.02–1.95, p = 0.03), and lobectomy or greater resection (OR 2.47, 95% CI 1.66–3.68, p < 0.01) were identified as significant risk factors for postoperative complications. Male sex (OR 1.98; 95% CI 1.03–3.81, p = 0.03) and complete video-assisted thoracic surgery and robot-assisted thoracic surgery (OR 1.64; 95% CI 1.09–2.45; p = 0.01) were identified as significant risk factors for postoperative air leakage. Coexistence of asthma (OR 9.97; 95% CI 3.66–27.38; p < 0.01) was identified as a significant risk factor for postoperative atelectasis or pneumonia. Lobectomy or greater resection (OR 19.71; 95% CI 2.70–143.57; p < 0.01) was identified as a significant risk factor for postoperative arrhythmia. Conclusion Male sex, coexistence of asthma, low percentage of FEV1, and operative procedure were significant risk factors for postoperative complications. Furthermore, risk factors varied according to postoperative complications.

scholarly journals Prevalence and risk factors of depression and anxiety for inpatients with lung cancer in China: A hospital-based cross-sectional study

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xueqian Wang ◽  
Xuejiao Ma ◽  
Mo Yang ◽  
Yan Wang ◽  
Yi Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Background Lung cancer was often accompanied by depression and anxiety. Nowadays, most investigations for depression and anxiety were concentrated in western medical hospitals, while few related studies have been carried out in the tradition Chinese medicine (TCM) ward. It was necessary to understand the prevalence and risk factors of depression and anxiety in the inpatients with lung cancer in TCM hospital. Methods This study adopted cross-sectional research method, which enrolled a total of 222 inpatients with lung cancer in TCM hospital. PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scales were used to assess depression and anxiety for the inpatients, respectively. Demographic and clinical data were also collected. Statistical methods of the univariate analysis and the multivariate logistic regression model were used. Results The prevalence of depression and anxiety in the inpatients with lung cancer were 58.1% and 34.2%, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis prompted that the common risk factor of depression and anxiety was the symptom of insomnia. Constipation and gender were the two anther risk factors of depression. Conclusion Depression and anxiety were common for the inpatients with lung cancer in TCM hospital. Gender, insomnia and constipation were risk factors for depression, and insomnia was risk factor for anxiety. Therefore, medical workers should pay close attention to the emotional changes of these high-risk patients and intervene the symptoms as early as possible.

scholarly journals Lung cancer in the Indian subcontinent

2016 ◽  
Vol 05 (03) ◽  
pp. 095-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanita Noronha ◽  
Rakesh Pinninti ◽  
Vijay M. Patil ◽  
Amit Joshi ◽  
Kumar Prabhash
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Indian Women ◽  
Lung Cancer Patients ◽  
Indian Men

AbstractSmoking tobacco, both cigarettes and beedis, is the principal risk factor for causation of lung cancer in Indian men; however, among Indian women, the association with smoking is not strong, suggesting that there could be other risk factors besides smoking. Despite numerous advances in recent years in terms of diagnostic methods, molecular changes, and therapeutic interventions, the outcomes of the lung cancer patients remain poor; hence, a better understanding of the risk factors may impact the preventive measures to be implemented at the community level. There is a lack of comprehensive data on lung cancer in India. In this review, we attempt to collate the available data on lung cancer from India.

Primary prevention of bladder cancer: Does the public know the risk factors?

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (7_suppl) ◽  
pp. 366-366
Author(s):  
Erika L. Wood ◽  
Vishnukamal Golla ◽  
Rohit Goswamy ◽  
Bryan Fellman ◽  
Diana L Urbauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Bladder Cancer ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
County Hospital ◽  
Waiting Room ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Primary Risk Factor

366 Background: Smoking is the single most significant modifiable risk factor for bladder cancer, yet this is not well known outside of the medical community. Previous studies from tertiary referral centers have found that 36-58% of urology patients can identify smoking as a risk factor for bladder cancer. Since those patients may not be representative of the general population, we studied the knowledge base of bladder cancer risk factors among people encountered in the general waiting room of an urban county hospital. Methods: 215 participants over 18 years of age were recruited from the waiting room of an urban county hospital to participate in a brief survey on risk factors for various cancers. Fisher’s exact test and McNemar’s test were used to detect differences in knowledge between bladder cancer and other cancers. Results: The survey participant population was mostly female (65.6%), Hispanic (54%), and middle-aged (67% age 35-64). Most (54.8%) had an annual household income of less than $20,000, attained a high school education (49.1%) or below (24.1%), and 40.3% were current or former smokers. An overwhelming majority of participants chose smoking as a risk factor for lung cancer (92.2%), with 80.7% identifying smoking as the primary risk factor for lung cancer. In contrast, only 31.6% of participants chose smoking as a risk factor for bladder cancer with 7.4% selecting it as the primary risk factor for bladder cancer. Knowledge of smoking as a risk factor for bladder cancer was not impacted by education, income, smoking status, or personal/family history of cancer. Male gender and exposure to industrial chemicals were identified as risk factors for bladder cancer by a minority of patients (19.3% and 28.0%, respectively). Almost half of all participants surveyed (49.1%) incorrectly identified alcohol use as a risk factor for bladder cancer. Conclusions: Among participants of low socioeconomic status presenting to an urban county hospital, there is a concerning lack of knowledge about the major risk factors for bladder cancer. Given that smoking is a modifiable risk factor, future public education initiatives to prevent bladder cancer should focus on populations with low socioeconomic status as high-yield targets to affect change.

Deep Venous Thrombosis

Hematology ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 2004 (1) ◽  
pp. 439-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
José A. López ◽  
Clive Kearon ◽  
Agnes Y.Y. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Venous Thrombosis ◽  
Deep Venous Thrombosis ◽  
Vessel Wall ◽  
Blood Stasis ◽  
Endothelial Activation ◽  
Medical Problem ◽  
Patients With Cancer ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Venous thromboembolism (VTE), manifested as either deep venous thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE), is an extremely common medical problem, occurring either in isolation or as a complication of other diseases or procedures. Yet, despite its frequency, much remains to be learned regarding the pathogenic mechanisms that initiate VTE, about tailoring its treatment to the individual with her/his specific set of risk factors for recurrence, and about its medical management when associated with specific disease entities, such as cancer. These three topics are addressed in this chapter. In Section I, Drs. López and Conde discuss the mechanisms by which venous thrombi may be initiated on the vessel wall in the absence of anatomically overt vessel wall injury. The authors propose a model whereby tissue factor (TF)–bearing microvesicles that arise from cells of monocyte/macrophage lineage can fuse with activated endothelial cells in regions of vessel activation or inflammation and initiate blood coagulation. Key components of this model include docking of the microvesicles to the stimulated endothelium through P-selectin glycoprotein ligand–1 on their surfaces binding to either P-selectin or E-selectin on the endothelium, and the role of hypoxia during blood stasis in initiating local endothelial activation. Elevations in the levels of TF-bearing microvesicles associated with inflammatory conditions would help to explain the increased risk of thrombosis associated with infections and inflammatory states such as inflammatory bowel disease. In Section II, Dr. Clive Kearon discusses the risk factors for recurrent thrombosis and strategies for determining length of therapy and tailoring specific therapies through risk stratification. Those patients who experience VTE in association with a major reversible risk factor such as surgery are much less likely to experience a recurrence when anticoagulation is discontinued than are patients with a persistent risk factor, such as thrombophilia or cancer unresponsive to therapy. Those with a minor reversible risk factor, such as prolonged air travel, have an intermediate risk of recurrence after discontinuance of anticoagulant therapy. The author provides an algorithm for using risk assessment as a means of determining the length and type of therapy to be used to minimize the rate of recurrence while simultaneously diminishing the risk of bleeding associated with anticoagulation. In Section III, Dr. Agnes Lee updates the topic of VTE associated with malignancy. Patients with cancer make up approximately 20% of those presenting with first time VTE, and the presence of VTE forebodes a much poorer prognosis for patients with cancer, likely because of the morbidity associated with VTE itself and because VTE may herald a more aggressive cancer. Recent evidence indicates that low-molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) improve survival in patients with advanced cancer through mechanisms beyond their effect as anticoagulants. Because of their improved efficacy and safety and potential anti-neoplastic effect, the LMWHs have become the anticoagulants of choice for treating VTE associated with cancer.

Hemmkörperentwicklung bei Hämophilie-Patienten nach Präparate wechsel

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (S 01) ◽  
pp. S39-S42 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kocher ◽  
G. Asmelash ◽  
V. Makki ◽  
S. Müller ◽  
S. Krekeler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Retrospective Observational Study ◽  
Frequent Change ◽  
Patient Age ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Patient Âgé ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Observation Period

SummaryThe retrospective observational study surveys the relationship between development of inhibitors in the treatment of haemophilia patients and risk factors such as changing FVIII products. A total of 119 patients were included in this study, 198 changes of FVIII products were evaluated. Results: During the observation period of 12 months none of the patients developed an inhibitor, which was temporally associated with a change of FVIII products. A frequent change of FVIII products didn’t lead to an increase in inhibitor risk. The change between plasmatic and recombinant preparations could not be confirmed as a risk factor. Furthermore, no correlation between treatment regimens, severity, patient age and comorbidities of the patients could be found.

Early Mortality in Patients with Lung Cancer: Risk Factors for Death within 30 Days or 60 Days of Initial Diagnosis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Tufman ◽  
S Schneiderbauer ◽  
D Kauffmann-Guerrero ◽  
F Manapov ◽  
C Schneider ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Lung Cancer Risk ◽  
Early Mortality ◽  
Initial Diagnosis ◽  
Cancer Risk Factors

Risk Factors of Collateralized Loan Obligations and Corporate Bonds

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 347-355
Author(s):  
Mark Wahrenburg ◽  
Andreas Barth ◽  
Mohammad Izadi ◽  
Anas Rahhal
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Asset Pricing ◽  
Systemic Risk ◽  
Corporate Bonds ◽  
Risk Exposure ◽  
Expected Returns ◽  
Yield Spreads ◽  
Pricing Factors ◽  
Return Difference

AbstractStructured products like collateralized loan obligations (CLOs) tend to offer significantly higher yield spreads than corporate bonds (CBs) with the same rating. At the same time, empirical evidence does not indicate that this higher yield is reduced by higher default losses of CLOs. The evidence thus suggests that CLOs offer higher expected returns compared to CB with similar credit risk. This study aims to analyze whether this return difference is captured by asset pricing factors. We show that market risk is the predominant risk factor for both CBs and CLOs. CLO investors, however, additionally demand a premium for their risk exposure towards systemic risk. This premium is inversely related to the rating class of the CLO.

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