Introduction: Institutions and Organizations

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trish Reay ◽  
Tammar B. Zilber ◽  
Ann Langley ◽  
Haridimos Tsoukas
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Theory ◽  
Process Approach ◽  
Institutional Dynamics ◽  
Process View ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Ongoing Development ◽  
Process Views

Institutions—the taken-for-granted structures, practices, and meanings that define what people and organizations within their jurisdiction think, do, and aspire to—are all about process, even though this may not always have been evident in some of the institutional theory literature. In this introduction, the editors call for a strong process approach to institutional dynamics, one that highlights institutions as emergent, generative, political, and social. They first relate “weak” and “strong” process views with the two metaphors commonly used to explain institutionalization—diffusion and translation. After reviewing some of the recent developments within institutional theory that set the ground for a strong process view, they move to exemplify the potential of a strong process view for institutional theory. They then end the introduction with some suggestions that will contribute positively to the ongoing development of institutional theory through a strong process view.

scholarly journals Process Capability and Maturity in Information Security

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alpana Kakkar ◽  
Ritu Punhani
Keyword(s):  
Information Security ◽  
Process Capability ◽  
White Paper ◽  
Process Approach ◽  
View Point ◽  
Process Maturity ◽  
Information Availability ◽  
Process View ◽  
Product Approach

Information security has been more prominently considered under product approach in which this is considered as a framework of products providing different functionalities or features of information security like information availability, authenticity, non-repudiation, etc. But there is another important view point of information security. This is the Process View of information security in which the information security is considered as a process rather than a product. The process approach provides the benefits of repetitiveness, simplicity, and also statistically measureable and controllable. One can statistically manage the process for its maturity and capability. This white paper talks about understanding the information security as a process and then understanding the concepts of process maturity and capability for Information Security in organizations.

scholarly journals Genidentity and Biological Processes

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Pradeu
Keyword(s):  
Process Approach ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
States Of Affairs ◽  
Main Interest ◽  
Living World ◽  
Hans Reichenbach ◽  
David Hull ◽  
Continuous States ◽  
Process View ◽  
Kurt Lewin

A crucial question for a process view of life is how to identify a process and how to follow it through time. The genidentity view (first proposed by Kurt Lewin and later elaborated by Hans Reichenbach) can contribute decisively to this project. It says that the identity through time of an entity X is given by a well-identified series of continuous states of affairs. Genidentity helps address the problem of diachronic identity in the living world. This chapter describes the centrality of the concept of genidentity for David Hull and proposes an extension of Hull’s view to the ubiquitous phenomenon of symbiosis. Finally, using immunology as a key example, it shows that the genidentity view suggests that the main interest of a process approach is epistemological rather than ontological and that its principal claim is one of priority, namely that processes precede and define things, and not vice versa.

Institutional Theory and E-Government Research

2008 ◽  
pp. 349-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahidul Hassan ◽  
J. Ramon Gil-Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
Institutional Theory ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
Current State ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Good Starting Point ◽  
Government Research

Recent developments in institutional theory are highly promising for the study of e-government. Scholars in various disciplines, such as economics (North, 1999; Rutherford, 1999), sociology (Brinton & Nee, 1998), and political science (March & Olsen, 1989; Peters, 2001), have used institutional approaches to understand diverse social and organizational phenomena. Insights gained from these studies can be valuable for guiding research in e-government. In fact, there are some initial efforts in information systems and e-government research that have applied institutional theory and proved useful in generating new insights about how information technologies are adopted (Teo, Wei, & Benbasat, 2003; Tingling & Parent, 2002), designed and developed (Butler, 2003; Klein, 2000; Laudon, 1985), implemented (Robey & Holmstrom, 2001), and used (Fountain, 2001) in organizations. In this chapter, we provide a brief overview of some of these initial studies to highlight the usefulness of institutional theory in e-government research. We also suggest some opportunities for future research in e-government using institutional theory. This chapter does not capture all the essential theoretical and empirical issues related to using institutional theory in information systems and e-government research. Instead, it is a brief review and a good starting point to explore the potential of institutional theory. We hope that e-government scholars find it interesting and useful. The chapter is organized in five sections, including this introduction. The second section provides a brief overview of institutional theory in various disciplinary traditions, with an emphasis on institutional theory in sociology. Then the chapter identifies various patterns of the use of institutional theory in information systems and e-government research. Based on our analysis of the current state of the art, the fourth section suggests some opportunities for future research. Finally, the fifth section provides some final comments.

Recent Developments in EU Biotech Regulation: A Possible Solution to the Deadlock on Authorizations of GM Crops?

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-152
Author(s):  
Vessela Hristova
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Institutional Dynamics ◽  
Eu Legislation ◽  
Risks And Benefits ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Modern Biotechnology ◽  
National Attitudes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Food Value ◽  
The Eu

This section aims to update readers on decisions related to marketing products of modern biotechnology (e.g., GMOs, animal clones) at EU level and on national measures concerning their production. Special attention is devoted to problems of competence between Member States and the EU in regulating biotechnology issues; the institutional dynamics of decision making regarding products derived from modern biotechnology; the relationship between the EFSA and the EU institutions on green biotech-related issues; the evolution of EU regulatory framework and of national attitudes towards the risks and benefits of biotechnology derived products and their production. This section will also delve into the interaction between the EU legislation and WTO law regarding advances in the application of biotechnology within the agri-food value chain.

scholarly journals Women in politics: emotions and challenges in complex institutional dynamics

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1071-1081
Author(s):  
CAMILLA FERNANDES ◽  
MARIANE LEMOS LOURENÇO ◽  
SAMANTHA FROHLICH ◽  
DIOGO ESPEJO DA SILVA ◽  
FLÁVIA OBARA KAI
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Theory ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Women In Politics ◽  
Institutional Dynamics ◽  
Female Candidates ◽  
Electoral Campaign ◽  
The Face ◽  
Election Polls

Abstract Seminal studies about institutional theory highlighted the focus on cognitive issues in research on institutions. However, during the last few years, a growing body of literature has also been devoted to understanding the role of emotions in institutional dynamics. In one of the classic texts on institutional theory, Scott emphasizes three institutional pillars, the regulatory, the normative, and the cognitive. Researchers point out that there is now a fourth pillar: the role of emotions in institutional theory. This article explores the emotions’ role in institutional dynamics, especially related to women’s political participation in the 2018 Brazilian elections. Three cases of female candidates who showed high performance in pre-election polls, were discussed. The research analyzed the candidates’ interviews and social media, observing their emotions in publications and expressions. Also, emotional expressions of society toward the studied candidates, as well as expressions potentially reflecting the institutional dynamic present in the Brazilian political arrangement, were analyzed. The main results show that during the 2018 Brazilian electoral campaign, in the face of the institutionalization of a masculine environment on the political scenario, the society expressed emotions of hatred and aggression against the three candidates since they violated institutional arrangements about behaviors considered acceptable in the dominant institutional logic. Despite this, two of the three female candidates were elected with the highest number of votes in their states, surpassing their male competitors. The candidate who was not elected obtained a significant number of votes.

scholarly journals Mulheres na política: emoções e desafios em dinâmicas institucionais complexas

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1071-1081
Author(s):  
CAMILLA FERNANDES ◽  
MARIANE LEMOS LOURENÇO ◽  
SAMANTHA FROHLICH ◽  
DIOGO ESPEJO DA SILVA ◽  
FLÁVIA OBARA KAI
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Theory ◽  
High Performance ◽  
The Political ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Institutional Dynamics ◽  
Female Candidates ◽  
Electoral Campaign ◽  
The Face ◽  
Election Polls

Abstract Seminal studies about institutional theory highlighted the focus on cognitive issues in research on institutions. However, during the last few years, a growing body of literature has also been devoted to understanding the role of emotions in institutional dynamics. In one of the classic texts on institutional theory, Scott emphasizes three institutional pillars, the regulatory, the normative, and the cognitive. Researchers point out that there is now a fourth pillar: the role of emotions in institutional theory. This article explores the emotions’ role in institutional dynamics, especially related to women’s political participation in the 2018 Brazilian elections. Three cases of female candidates who showed high performance in pre-election polls, were discussed. The research analyzed the candidates’ interviews and social media, observing their emotions in publications and expressions. Also, emotional expressions of society toward the studied candidates, as well as expressions potentially reflecting the institutional dynamic present in the Brazilian political arrangement, were analyzed. The main results show that during the 2018 Brazilian electoral campaign, in the face of the institutionalization of a masculine environment on the political scenario, the society expressed emotions of hatred and aggression against the three candidates since they violated institutional arrangements about behaviors considered acceptable in the dominant institutional logic. Despite this, two of the three female candidates were elected with the highest number of votes in their states, surpassing their male competitors. The candidate who was not elected obtained a significant number of votes.

scholarly journals Gender-based Persecution as a Crime Against Humanity

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 957-979 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosemary Grey ◽  
Jonathan O’Donohue ◽  
Indira Rosenthal ◽  
Lisa Davis ◽  
Dorine Llanta
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Criminal Court ◽  
Crimes Against Humanity ◽  
The Social ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Ongoing Development ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Accepted Practice ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
International Law Commission

Abstract In 2019, in the case of Prosecutor v. Al Hassan, Prosecutor Bensouda sought confirmation of the first charge of gender-based persecution at the International Criminal Court (ICC). Given that no previous international tribunal had jurisdiction to prosecute persecution on ‘gender’ grounds, this was an important first step towards developing the jurisprudence on this crime. Meanwhile, the Rome Statute’s definition of ‘gender’ has been discussed and debated in the International Law Commission (ILC) in the context of the ongoing development of draft articles on crimes against humanity. In the context of these recent developments in the ICC and ILC, this article closely examines the Rome Statute’s definition of ‘gender’, and explores what ‘gender’ means as a ground of persecution. We conclude that as a result of the definition agreed to at the 1998 Rome Diplomatic Conference, the Rome Statute’s definition of ‘gender’ captures the social aspects of gender, consistent with widely accepted practice at the time of the Statute's adoption and in the two decades since. These are important facts to hold on to as the focus on the definition of ‘gender’ intensifies, the ICC’s jurisprudence on gender-based persecution evolves, and efforts advance to develop a new convention on crimes against humanity.

scholarly journals Ethics-Based Auditing to Develop Trustworthy AI

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakob Mökander ◽  
Luciano Floridi
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
User Satisfaction ◽  
Process Approach ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Social Benefits ◽  
System Perspective ◽  
Constructive Process ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Ai Ethics

AbstractA series of recent developments points towards auditing as a promising mechanism to bridge the gap between principles and practice in AI ethics. Building on ongoing discussions concerning ethics-based auditing, we offer three contributions. First, we argue that ethics-based auditing can improve the quality of decision making, increase user satisfaction, unlock growth potential, enable law-making, and relieve human suffering. Second, we highlight current best practices to support the design and implementation of ethics-based auditing: To be feasible and effective, ethics-based auditing should take the form of a continuous and constructive process, approach ethical alignment from a system perspective, and be aligned with public policies and incentives for ethically desirable behaviour. Third, we identify and discuss the constraints associated with ethics-based auditing. Only by understanding and accounting for these constraints can ethics-based auditing facilitate ethical alignment of AI, while enabling society to reap the full economic and social benefits of automation.

Institutions and Organizations

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Theory ◽  
Organization Theory ◽  
Institutional Logics ◽  
Loose Coupling ◽  
Institutional Work ◽  
Organization Studies ◽  
Process Ontology ◽  
Process View ◽  
Process Perspective ◽  
Over Time

Institutions—the structures, practices, and meanings that define what people and organizations think, do, and aspire to—are created through process. They are “work in progress” that involves continual efforts to maintain, modify, or disturb them. Institutional logics are also in motion, holding varying degrees of dominance that change over time. This volume brings together two streams of thought within organization theory—institutional theory and process perspective—to advocate for stronger process ontology that highlights institutions as emergent, generative, political, and social. A stronger process view allows us to challenge our understanding of central concepts within institutional theory, such as “loose coupling,” “institutional work,” the work of institutional logics on the ground, and institutionalization between diffusion and translation. Enriched with an emphasis on practice and widened by taking a broad view of institutions, this volume draws on the Ninth International Symposium on Process Organization Studies to offer key insights that will inform our thinking of institutions as processes.

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