Marriage

2021 ◽  
pp. 223-242
Author(s):  
Camilla Toulmin
Keyword(s):  
Family Control ◽  
Subsequent Period ◽  
Marital Breakdown ◽  
Labour Power ◽  
Very High ◽  
Over Time

Marriage can be viewed in economic terms as an investment, an outlay of capital by the man’s family before and at the time of the wedding which yields returns over the subsequent period. Returns take a variety of forms, depending on the rights and obligations associated with marriage in a given society. Bambara society in Kala is patriarchal, and lineage-based, in which bride-wealth is paid by the man’s family to that of the woman’s family. Control over childbearing is one of several rights which pass on marriage, along with a woman’s labour power, in the millet-field and in domestic arenas. A woman’s income and resources, and the links of support between her and her natal households, are also valuable elements which come with marriage. Being married is seen as a fundamental and necessary state, very few women remain unmarried for long, polygamy and widow inheritance are practiced, and rates of remarriage are very high. The chapter compares the costs of and returns from marriage. These costs and returns have been changing over time and do patterns of marriage. Marriage also faces certain risks, from mortality, illness, sterility, and marital breakdown.

Limits to Dominance?

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Communication Skills ◽  
Electoral System ◽  
Tony Blair ◽  
Prime Ministers ◽  
Margaret Thatcher ◽  
Capital Building ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Very High ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Policy Vision

This chapter compares the leadership capital of two long-serving UK prime ministers: Tony Blair and Margaret Thatcher, treble election winners who held office for a decade. Mapping their capital over time reveals two very different patterns. Thatcher began with low levels of capital, building to a mid-term high and final fragile dominance, though her capital fell between elections. Blair possessed very high levels from the outset that gradually declined in a more conventional pattern. Both benefited from electoral dominance and a divided opposition, Thatcher’s strength lay in her policy vision while Blair’s stemmed from his popularity and communication skills. The LCI reveals that both prime ministers were successful without being popular, sustained in office by the electoral system. Towards the end of their tenures, both leaders’ continued dominance masked fragility, ousted when unrest in their parties and policy unpopularity eroded their capital.

scholarly journals Influence of Hydrogeochemistry on Tunnel Drainage in Evaporitic Formations: El Regajal Tunnel Case Study (Aranjuez, Spain)

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1505
Author(s):  
Ignacio Menéndez Pidal ◽  
Jose Antonio Mancebo Piqueras ◽  
Eugenio Sanz Pérez ◽  
Clemente Sáenz Sanz
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Civil Engineering ◽  
Saturation Index ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Under Construction ◽  
Underground Flow ◽  
Very High ◽  
Over Time

Many of the large number of underground works constructed or under construction in recent years are in unfavorable terrains facing unusual situations and construction conditions. This is the case of the subject under study in this paper: a tunnel excavated in evaporitic rocks that experienced significant karstification problems very quickly over time. As a result of this situation, the causes that may underlie this rapid karstification are investigated and a novel methodology is presented in civil engineering where the use of saturation indices for the different mineral specimens present has been crucial. The drainage of the rock massif of El Regajal (Madrid-Toledo, Spain, in the Madrid-Valencia high-speed train line) was studied and permitted the in-situ study of the hydrogeochemical evolution of water flow in the Miocene evaporitic materials of the Tajo Basin as a full-scale testing laboratory, that are conforms as a whole, a single aquifer. The work provides a novel methodology based on the calculation of activities through the hydrogeochemical study of water samples in different piezometers, estimating the saturation index of different saline materials and the dissolution capacity of the brine, which is surprisingly very high despite the high electrical conductivity. The circulating brine appears unsaturated with respect to thenardite, mirabilite, epsomite, glauberite, and halite. The alteration of the underground flow and the consequent renewal of the water of the aquifer by the infiltration water of rain and irrigation is the cause of the hydrogeochemical imbalance and the modification of the characteristics of the massif. These modifications include very important loss of material by dissolution, altering the resistance of the terrain and the increase of the porosity. Simultaneously, different expansive and recrystallization processes that decrease the porosity of the massif were identified in the present work. The hydrogeochemical study allows the evolution of these phenomena to be followed over time, and this, in turn, may facilitate the implementation of preventive works in civil engineering.

Part VI Global Approach of State Aid Law—WTO Law and EU Trade Defence Instruments, 2 Anti-subsidy Law and Practice of the European Union

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kreuschitz Viktor ◽  
Nehl Hanns Peter
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Global Approach ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
The Past ◽  
Export Subsidies ◽  
Very High ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Eu

This concluding chapter explores EU's anti-subsidy instruments, which are designed to address subsidization by other WTO members. After a hesitant start, the EU since 1995 has progressively used the AS instrument to act against subsidization by third-country governments. While initially focusing on relatively clear-cut export subsidies, over time the EU has more and more also countervailed domestic subsidy programmes. This is clearest in the AS cases initiated against China during the past five years, where the majority of the countervailed programmes have consisted of domestic subsidies. In this context, it is important to note that the findings of specificity reached by the EU in cases concerning China are largely based on the use of facts available, resulting from the imposition of very high burdens of proof on the Chinese government that domestic subsidies in fact are not specific.

“Folia Turistica” in 1990-2018 – a Bibliometric Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-3
Author(s):  
Bartosz Szczechowicz
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Bibliometric Analysis ◽  
Editorial Staff ◽  
Community Research ◽  
Scholarly Publications ◽  
The Social ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Very High ◽  
Participatory Observation ◽  
Over Time

Purpose. The aim of this article is to investigate the characteristics of “Folia Turistica” (FT), covering such questions as thematic profile, authors, and affiliations, internationalization, taking into account the content of issues from the origins of the magazine (1990) to the present (2018). Method. The aim of the work was achieved through two research methods, which were used in a complementary fashion: bibliometric analysis (in which data that quantitatively expressed the content of the relevant issues of FT was gathered, processed, and interpreted) and participatory observation, from the author’s participation in FT’s editorial staff. Results. FT is predominantly concerned with issues in the social sciences, it is closely tied to the humanities, and the natural sciences are also present, though this profile has changed over time. Contributors to FT have included more than 400 Polish authors over thirty years, representing almost ninety schools, from academies of physical education and universities to economic, agriculture, natural science, and technical colleges, and others. Though the number of foreign authors is limited, we should stress that they represent academies on four continents, and in many cases are figures with very high positions in the international community. Research and conclusions limitations. The limitations derive from the properties of the methods used, primarily displayed in the identification of FT’s thematic profile. This arbitrarily identified profile subordinates every article to a single overriding field of study – while many articles published in FT are multi- or interdisciplinary. Practical implications. This diagnosis of FT includes postulates for how the magazine might develop in the future. Originality. The specialist literature (especially Polish) fairly seldom makes critical evaluations of scholarly publications. Type of article. Empirical.

scholarly journals Researching Using YouTube as a Method for Required English Assignments

2021 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
pp. 380
Author(s):  
Zach Strickland ◽  
William Haynes ◽  
Martin Wick
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Video Production ◽  
Board Of Education ◽  
Video Technology ◽  
Sharp Drop ◽  
Modern Education ◽  
Home Learning ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Very High ◽  
Over Time

This paper is a quantitative research-based study of home learning using YouTube. Because of the coronavirus situation in 2020, students were not able to attend school. In “The Plan” section we explain that the authors of this paper made 36 English lesson videos with the Osaka City Board of Education and uploaded them to YouTube for educational purposes. In “The Videos” we discuss the video production details. In the “Dissemination” we reveal that there were 230,000 total views of these videos targeted to 108,073 students. We also show student viewing habits. In the “Analysis” we examine the relationship between video technology and modern education. Our conclusion is that this method is effective initially because the number of views was very high. However, over time, there was a sharp drop in the number of views and this method became much less effective. 本稿はYouTubeを利用した家庭学習の定量的測定に基づく研究ノートである。現代の動画技術と教育の関係性を検証する。2020年の新型コロナウイルスの影響により生徒は登校することができなくなった。本稿の著者は大阪市教育委員会と共同し、36本の英語レッスン動画を作りYouTubeにアップロードした。動画の制作方法については後述する。10万8,073人の生徒がこのビデオを23万回以上視聴したことが明らかになった。視聴傾向として、投稿初期は視聴回数が多く、この方法の有効性が認められた。しかし時間が経つにつれ視聴回数が激減し、この方法の効果が大幅に低下した。

scholarly journals .QSAR-QMMM Cryptographic Mining on Chern-Simons Topologies for the generation of a Ligand Targeting SARS-COV-2 D614G Binding Sites.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioannis Grigoriadis
Keyword(s):  
Binding Sites ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Viral Transmission ◽  
Rational Drug Design ◽  
Design Strategies ◽  
Geometric Methods ◽  
Rational Drug ◽  
Chern Simons ◽  
Very High ◽  
Over Time

Abstract SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the viral spike (S) encoding a SARS-COV-2 SPIKE D614G mutation protein predominate over time in locales revealing the dynamic aspects of its key viral processes where it is found, implying that this change enhances viral transmission. It has also been observed that retroviruses infected ACE2-expressing cells pseudotyped with SG614 that is presently affecting a growing number of countries markedly more efficiently than those with SD614. In this paper, we strongly combine topology geometric methods targeting at the atomistic level the protein apparatus of the SARS-COV-2 virus that are simple in machine learning anti-viral characteristics, to propose computer-aided rational drug design strategies efficient in computing docking usage, and powerful enough to achieve very high accuracy levels for this in-silico effort for the generation of the AI-Quantum designed molecule of GisitorviffirnaTM, Roccustyrna_gs1_TM, and Roccustyrna_fr1_TM ligands with Preferred IUPAC Names of (7aR)‐5‐amino‐N‐[(S)‐ {2‐[(S)‐[(E)‐(amino methylidene)amino](cyano)methyl]hydrazin‐1‐yl} (aziridin‐1‐yl)phosphoryl]‐ 1‐[(2E)‐2‐ [(fluoromethanimidoyl) imino]acetyl]‐7‐oxo‐1H,7H,7aH‐pyrazolo[4,3‐d]pyrimidine‐3‐carboxamide; N‐{[(2‐ amino‐6‐oxo‐6,9‐dihydro‐1H‐purin‐9‐yl)amino]({1‐[5‐({[cyano({1‐[(diamino methylidene)amino] ethenyl})amino]oxy}methyl)‐3,4‐dihydroxyoxolan‐2‐yl]‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐yl}formamido)phosphoryl}‐6‐fluoro‐3,4‐dihydropyrazine‐2‐carboxamide;[3‐(2‐amino‐5‐sulfanylidene‐1,2,4‐triazolidin‐3‐yl)oxaziridin‐2‐yl]({3‐sulfanylidene‐1,2,4,6‐tetraazabicyclo[3.1.0]hexan‐6‐yl})phosphoroso1‐(3,4,5‐trifluorooxolan‐2‐yl)‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazole‐3‐carboxylate targeting the COVID-19-SARS-COV-2 SPIKE D614G mutation using Chern-Simons Topology Euclidean Geometric in a Lindenbaum-Tarski generated QSAR automating modeling and Artificial Intelligence-Driven Predictive Neural Networks.

scholarly journals Malnutrition Rates in Chile from the Nitrate Era to the 1990s

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (24) ◽  
pp. 13112
Author(s):  
Manuel Llorca-Jaña ◽  
Diego Barría Traverso ◽  
Diego del Barrio Vásquez ◽  
Javier Rivas
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Sharp Decline ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Chilean Population ◽  
Very High ◽  
Over Time

Following Salvatore and the WHO, in this article, we provide the first long-term estimates of malnutrition rates for Chile per birth cohort, measured through stunting rates of adult males born from the 1870s to the 1990s. We used a large sample of military records, representative of the whole Chilean population, totalling over 38 thousand individuals. Our data suggest that stunting rates were very high for those born between the last three decades of the nineteenth century and the first two decades of the twentieth century. In addition, stunting rates increased from the 1870s to the 1900s. Thereafter, there was a clear downward trend in stunting rates (despite some fluctuations), reaching low levels of malnutrition, in particular, from the 1960s (although these are high if compared to developed countries). The continuous decrease in stunting rates from the 1910s was mainly due to a combination of factors, the importance of which varied over time, namely: Improved health (i.e., sharp decline in infant mortality rates during the whole period); increased energy consumption (from the 1930s onwards, but most importantly during the 1990s); a decline in poverty rates (in particular, between the 1930s and the 1970s); and a reduction in child labour (although we are less able to quantify this).

scholarly journals Cardiovascular risk management in antiphospholipid syndrome: trends over time and comparison with rheumatoid arthritis and diabetes mellitus

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. e000579
Author(s):  
Eleana Bolla ◽  
Nikolas Tentolouris ◽  
Petros P Sfikakis ◽  
Maria G Tektonidou
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Risk Patients ◽  
Esc Guidelines ◽  
Trends Over Time ◽  
Very High ◽  
Over Time

ObjectiveAntiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is characterised by increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, related to thrombo-inflammatory and atherogenic mechanisms. We examined the achievement of traditional cardiovascular risk factor (CVRF) therapeutic goals in APS versus other high cardiovascular risk disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and diabetes mellitus (DM), and trends over time.Methods122 patients with APS (74 primary APS, female 68%, mean age 44.5±11.3) were classified according to their first visit (2011–2015 and 2016–2020 APS subgroups, 61 patients in each subgroup) and matched 1:1 for age/sex with patients with RA and DM. Cardiovascular risk was estimated by the Systemic Coronary Risk Evaluation, and the CVRF therapeutic targets were defined according to the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines. Individual and multiple CVRF control was compared between APS subgroups, and in APS versus RA and DM.ResultsWe found a comparable or higher prevalence of CVRFs between APS and age-matched/sex-matched patients with RA and DM but low CVRF target attainment in APS according to the ESC guidelines. Despite improving trends between 2011–2015 and 2016–2020, CVRF control in high/very high-risk patients with APS was 12%, 18%, 24% and 35% for low-density lipoprotein, waist circumference, exercise and body mass index, respectively, and 59%–65% for triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and blood pressure, in 2016–2020 subgroup. CVRF control was worse in APS versus RA for smoking (p=0.014), HDL (p<0.001), waist circumference (p=0.042) and five CVRFs (p=0.030), and versus DM for exercise (p=0.077). Similar results were found in the sensitivity analysis.ConclusionsComparable prevalence of modifiable CVRFs to RA and DM but suboptimal CVRF target achievement was observed in APS, especially in high/very high-risk patients, highlighting the need for CVRF management strategies.

scholarly journals Improvement in A1c levels in early adulthood in the T1D Exchange: Impact of racial, socioeconomic, and clinical factors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Toschi ◽  
Ryan J Bailey ◽  
Kellee M Miller ◽  
Peter M Calhoun
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Glycemic Control ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Stable Group ◽  
Gradual Decline ◽  
Slow Decline ◽  
High Hba1c ◽  
Very High ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Context Glycemic control in adolescents with type 1 diabetes is poor; yet, it typically improves during early adulthood. Factors related to improvement of glycemic control are unclear. Objective Examine how demographic and clinical variables may impact trajectories of glycemic control over time. Design Retrospective observational. Setting T1D Exchange clinic registry. Patients or Other Participants A total of 1,775 participants ages 18-30 years at enrollment. Main Outcome Measures Latent class trajectory modeling was used to determine sub-groups following a similar HbA1c trajectory over time. Results Five distinct trajectories of HbA1c classes were identified: “low-decline” and “moderate-decline” Groups had low or moderate HbA1c with a gradual decline, the “high-stable” Group had high HbA1c and remained stable, and the “very high-rapid decline” and “very high-slow decline” Groups had very high HbA1c with rapid or gradual decline. Compared with the “high-stable” Group, the “low-decline” and “moderate-decline” Groups were more likely to be male (P=0.009), white non-Hispanic (P=0.02), non-smokers (P&lt;0.001), check self-monitoring blood glucose (SMBG) more frequently (P&lt;0.001), and have higher education (P&lt;0.001), lower BMI (P=0.02), and lower daily insulin dose (P&lt;0.001). Compared with the “very high-rapid decline” and “very high-slow decline” Groups, “low-decline” and “moderate-decline” Groups were more likely to be male (p=0.02), have higher education (p&lt;0.001), use insulin pumps (p=0.01), be non-smokers (p&lt;0.001), and have a higher number of SMBG checks per day at enrollment (p&lt;0.001). Conclusions We determined 5 distinct patterns of glycemic control from early adulthood into adulthood. Further evaluation into the modifiable factors associated with a declining HbA1c trajectory would aid in the development of targeted interventions.

scholarly journals High Risk of Sustained Ventricular Arrhythmia Recurrence After Acute Myocarditis

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 848
Author(s):  
Laurent Rosier ◽  
Amir Zouaghi ◽  
Valentin Barré ◽  
Raphaël Martins ◽  
Vincent Probst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Ventricular Arrhythmia ◽  
Ventricular Arrhythmias ◽  
Acute Myocarditis ◽  
University Hospitals ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Acute Group ◽  
Very High ◽  
Over Time

Acute myocarditis is associated with cardiac arrhythmia in 25% of cases; a third of these arrhythmias are ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF). The implantation of a cardiac defibrillator (ICD) following sustained ventricular arrhythmia remains controversial in these patients. We sought to assess the risk of major arrhythmic ventricular events (MAEs) over time in patients implanted with an ICD following sustained VT/VF in the acute phase of myocarditis compared to those implanted for VT/VF occurring on myocarditis sequelae. Our retrospective observational study included patients implanted with an ICD following VT/VF during acute myocarditis or VT/VF on myocarditis sequelae, from 2007 to 2017, in 15 French university hospitals. Over a median follow-up period of 3 years, MAE occurred in 11 (39%) patients of the acute myocarditis group and 24 (60%) patients of the myocarditis sequelae group. Kaplan–Meier MAE rate estimates at one and three years of follow-up were 19% and 45% in the acute group, and 43% and 64% in the sequelae group. Patients who experienced sustained ventricular arrhythmias during acute myocarditis had a very high risk of VT/VF recurrence during follow-up. These results show that the risk of MAE recurrence remains high after resolution of the acute episode.

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