Demystifying China's Innovation Machine

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Zhang ◽  
Mark Dodgson ◽  
David Gann
Keyword(s):  
Basic Research ◽  
Natural Ecosystem ◽  
Market Mechanisms ◽  
Digital Platforms ◽  
Interdependent System ◽  
Future Success ◽  
The Face ◽  
Best Fitting ◽  
Massive Number ◽  
Innovation Clusters

China’s extraordinary economic development is explained in large part by the way it innovates. This book explains how it innovates, which has important implications not only for China but also for the rest of the world. Contrary to widely held views, China’s innovation machine is not created and controlled by an all-powerful government. Instead, it is a complex, interdependent system composed of hundreds of millions of elements, involving bottom-up innovation driven by innovators and entrepreneurs and highly pragmatic and adaptive top-down policy. Using case studies of leading firms and industries, statistics, and policy analysis, the book argues that China’s innovation machine is similar to a natural ecosystem. Innovations in technology, organization, and business model resemble genetic mutations which are random, self-serving and isolated initially, but the best fitting are selected by the market and their impacts are amplified by the innovation machine. This machine draws on China’s massive number of manufacturers, supply chains, innovation clusters, and digitally literate population, connected through supersized digital platforms. China’s innovation suffers from a lack of basic research and reliance upon certain critical technologies from overseas; its scale (size) and scope (diversity) possess attributes that make it self-correcting and stronger in the face of challenges. China’s innovation machine is most effective in a policy environment where the market prevails; policy intervention plays a significant role when market mechanisms are premature or fail. The book concludes that the future success of China’s innovation will depend on continuing policy pragmatism, mass entrepreneurship and innovation, and the development of the ‘new infrastructures’.

scholarly journals Implementation of Accelerated Policy-Driven Sustainability Transitions: Case of Bharat Stage 4 to 6 Leapfrogs in India

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 4339
Author(s):  
Aditi Khodke ◽  
Atsushi Watabe ◽  
Nigel Mehdi
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Sustainability Transitions ◽  
Market Mechanisms ◽  
Multimodal Discourse ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Government ◽  
Incumbent Regime

In the face of pressing environmental challenges, governments must pledge to achieve sustainability transitions within an accelerated timeline, faster than leaving these transitions to the market mechanisms alone. This had led to an emergent approach within the sustainability transition research (STR): Accelerated policy-driven sustainability transitions (APDST). Literature on APDST asserts its significance in addressing pressing environmental and development challenges as regime actors like policymakers enact change. It also assumes support from other incumbent regime actors like the industries and businesses. In this study, we identify the reasons for which incumbent industry and business actors might support APDST and whether their support can suffice for implementation. We examine the actor strategies by drawing empirical data from the Indian national government policy of mandatory leapfrog in internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicle emission control norms, known as Bharat Stage 4 to 6. This leapfrogging policy was introduced to speed up the reduction of air pollutants produced by the transport sector. A mixed-methods approach, combining multimodal discourse analysis and netnographic research, was deployed for data collection and analysis. The findings show that unlike the status quo assumption in STR, many incumbent industry and business actors aligned with the direction of the enacted policy due to the political landscape and expected gains. However, the degree of support varied throughout the transition timeline and was influenced by challenges during the transitioning process and the response of the government actors. The case suggests we pay more attention to the actors’ changing capacities and needs and consider internal and external influences in adapting the transition timelines. This study contributes to the ongoing discussion on the implementation of APDST, by examining the dynamism of actor strategies, and provides an overview of sustainability transitions in emerging economies.

First International Lvov Forum

2021 ◽  
pp. 155-162
Author(s):  
Svetlana L. Sazanova
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Economic System ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
System Development ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Economic Science ◽  
Economic Knowledge ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Russian Scientific ◽  
The Face

The article is devoted to the analysis of the content and results of the First International Lvov Forum, dedicated to the 90th anniversary of the birth of Academician D. S. Lvov (1930–2007). The forum was held on October 20–21, 2020 at the State University of Management with the support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR), project No. 20-010-22058. Major Russian and foreign scientists, academicians and corresponding members of the Russian Academy of Sciences, leading Russian universities, universities of the Czech Republic, France, Bulgaria and other countries took part in the First Lvov Forum. The Forum discussed fundamental problems of modern Russian and world economic science, including: the problem of the crisis of the paradigm of economic theory; the problem of the relationship between philosophical and economic knowledge; the need to form a new paradigm of economic science; the problem of interaction between society, state and business at the micro, meso and macro levels in the face of modern challenges; place and role of Russia in the world socio-economic system; development strategy of the Russian socio-economic system in the context of the new paradigm of economic science in the context of modern challenges. The discussion of the above fundamental problems was on the basis of a synthesis of the principle of dichotomy and a systematic approach. The First Lvov Forum took a significant place among such major Russian scientific events as the Gaidar Economic Forum, the Krasnoyarsk Economic Forum, the Moscow Economic Forum, etc. due to the relevance of the problems considered at the Forum, the novelty of the methods proposed for their solution. The ideas of Russian and foreign scientists presented at the Forum can be used for the further development of modern economic theory, as well as for the development of programs for the development of the Russian economy at the micro, meso and macro levels.

scholarly journals Polish Employment Law in the Face of Digitization and New Technologies

2019 ◽  
pp. 118-131
Author(s):  
Ewa Suknarowska-Drzewiecka
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Employment Relationship ◽  
Digital Platforms ◽  
Digital Revolution ◽  
Personal Rights ◽  
The Face ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Control Work

The digital revolution, also called the fourth industrial revolution, constitutes another era of change, caused by the development of computerisation and modern technologies. It is characterised by rapid technological progress, widespread digitisation and an impact on all areas of life, including the provision of work. The changes affecting this area are so significant that there are proposals to remodel the definition of the employment relationship in the Labour Code. New forms of employment, which do not fit the conventional definition of an employment relationship, are emerging and gaining importance. An example could be employment via digital platforms. At the same time, there are also employment forms that do fit that definition, but deviate from the conventional understanding of the terms and conditions for performing work, which have undergone modification due to the use of new technologies. Teleworking, or working outside the employer’s premises, are examples of that. Employers get further opportunities to organise and control work, which often raises concerns due to the employee’s right to privacy, the protection of personal rights and personal data.

Enlichenment

AI Matters ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 10-11
Author(s):  
Carolyn P. Rosé
Keyword(s):  
Basic Research ◽  
Achievement Gaps ◽  
Learning Loss ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Face ◽  
Future Of Education

This column raises the question, as we begin to emerge from COVID 19, what is the role of the field of AI in this emerging reality? We specifically consider this in the face of tremendous learning loss and widening achievement gaps. In this wake, what specifically is the role of AI in the future of education as we move forward? This question bridges the worlds of basic research and the seemingly distant worlds of policy and practice.

Ensino remoto na enfermagem em meio a pandemia da covid-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (32) ◽  
pp. 358-366
Author(s):  
Igor De Sousa Nóbrega ◽  
José Aderivaldo Batista Ferreira Filho ◽  
Maria Luísa Cabral da Cunha ◽  
Tamires Paula Gomes Medeiros ◽  
Cláudia Quézia Amado Monteiro Leal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Classroom Environments ◽  
Remote Education ◽  
Digital Platforms ◽  
The Face ◽  
On Line ◽  
Online Access ◽  
Teaching Modality ◽  
Education Nursing

Relatar a vivência docente e discente e suas percepções sobre o ensino remoto na enfermagem frente à pandemia da COVID-19. Trata-se de um relato de experiência a respeito do ensino remoto emergencial, experienciado por discentes e docentes do curso superior de enfermagem em meio a pandemia pela COVID-19. A forma de adesão das aulas remotas deu-se mediante a plataformas digitais de acesso on-line com a criação de ambientes de sala de aula por chamadas de vídeo em tempo real. A modalidade de ensino remoto trouxe consigo aspectos positivos bem como desafios importantes acerca do processo de aprendizagem em enfermagem. A experiência com o ensino remoto em meio a pandemia do COVID-19 tem demonstrado inúmeros desafios para formação do enfermeiro, porém é considerada uma alternativa temporária de caráter emergencial eficaz para minimização de danos sociais e educacionais no período crítico atual.Descritores: Educação em Enfermagem, Enfermagem, Ensino, Pandemias. Remote teaching in nursing among the covid-19 pandemicAbstract: To report the teaching and student experience and their perceptions about remote teaching in nursing in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. This is an experience report about emergency remote education, experienced by students and professors of higher education in the midst of a pandemic by COVID-19. The form of adherence to remote classes took place through digital platforms for online access with the creation of classroom environments by video calls in real time. The remote teaching modality brought with it positive aspects as well as important challenges regarding the learning process in nursing. The experience with remote education in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic has shown numerous challenges for the training of nurses, but it is considered a temporary alternative of an effective emergency nature to minimize social and educational damage in the current critical period.Descriptors: Education, Nursing, Nursing, Teaching, Pandemics. Enseñanza remota en enfermería entre la pandemia covid-19Resumen: Reportar la experiencia docente y estudiantil y sus percepciones sobre la enseñanza remota en enfermería ante la pandemia de COVID-19. Este es un reporte de experiencia sobre educación remota de emergencia, experimentado por estudiantes y profesores del curso de enfermería en medio a la pandemia por COVID-19. La forma de adhesión a las clases remotas fueran mediante plataformas digitales de acceso en línea, con la creación de entornos de clases mediante videollamadas en tiempo real. La modalidad de enseñanza remota trajo consigo aspectos positivos y desafíos importantes con respecto al proceso de aprendizaje en enfermería. La experiencia con educación remota en medio de la pandemia de COVID-19 ha mostrado numerosos desafíos para la formación de enfermeras, pero se considera una alternativa temporal efectiva para minimizar el daño social y educativo en el período crítico actual.Descriptores: Educación en enfermeira, Enfermería, Enseñanza, Pandemias.

Transmitted Wounds

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amit Pinchevski
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Media Theory ◽  
Moral Concern ◽  
Media Technology ◽  
Digital Platforms ◽  
Friedrich Kittler ◽  
The Face ◽  
Material Conditions ◽  
Human Failure ◽  
Bear Witness

In Transmitted Wounds, Amit Pinchevski explores the ways media technology and logic shape the social life of trauma both clinically and culturally. Bringing media theory to bear on trauma theory, Pinchevski reveals the technical operations that inform the conception and experience of traumatic impact and memory. He offers a bold thesis about the deep association of media and trauma: media bear witness to the human failure to bear witness, making the traumatic technologically transmissible and reproducible. Taking up a number of case studies--the radio broadcasts of the Eichmann trial; the videotaping of Holocaust testimonies; recent psychiatric debates about trauma through media following the 9/11 attacks; current controversy surrounding drone operators' post-trauma; and digital platforms of algorithmic-holographic witnessing and virtual reality exposure therapy for PTSD--Pinchevski demonstrates how the technological mediation of trauma feeds into the traumatic condition itself. The result is a novel understanding of media as constituting the material conditions for trauma to appear as something that cannot be fully approached and yet somehow must be. While drawing on contemporary materialist media theory, especially the work of Friedrich Kittler and his followers, Pinchevski goes beyond the anti-humanistic tendency characterizing the materialist approach, discovering media as bearing out the human vulnerability epitomized in trauma, and finding therein a basis for moral concern in the face of violence and atrocity. Transmitted Wounds unfolds the ethical and political stakes involved in the technological transmission of mental wounds across clinical, literary, and cultural contexts.

Common Molecular Pathways for Patterning of the Body Axis, Limbs, Central Nervous System, and Face during Embryonic Development

1995 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 525-527
Author(s):  
Claudio D. Stern
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Recombinant Dna ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Axis ◽  
Recombinant Dna Technology ◽  
The Face ◽  
Single Cell Type

Many congenital anomalies affecting the face are known to appear as syndromes or associations, in combination with other defects. Often, these involve the limbs, eyes, central nervous system, and body axis. A general, and understandable, tendency among clinical researchers has been to seek a single cell type or definable embryologic process on which to ascribe the etiologic basis for such associations. The possibility of a gene, or group of genes, under coordinate control has not received much attention until recently. With the advent of recombinant DNA technology and the current explosion in basic research on the molecular bases of embryonic development, however, several possibilities are beginning to emerge. Here, I will list a few genes whose expression during development suggests that the molecules they encode are used as part of a coordinate molecular pathway, and that they play a role in the development of systems that often appear together in congenital associations or syndromes.

scholarly journals Adaptive Control of Fishing Systems

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl J. Walters ◽  
Ray Hilborn
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Optimization Methods ◽  
Fishing Effort ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
The Face ◽  
Stock Recruitment ◽  
Best Fitting ◽  
Uncertainty Parameter ◽  
Recruitment Model

This paper discusses some formal techniques for deciding how harvesting policies should be modified in the face of uncertainty. Parameter estimation and dynamic optimization methods are combined for the Ricker stock-recruitment model to show how exploitation rates should be manipulated to give more information about the model parameters; in general, harvesting rates should be lower than would be predicted by the best fitting recruitment curve unless this curve predicts that the stock is very productive. A decision procedure is developed for comparing alternative stock-recruitment models; when applied to the Fraser River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), the procedure indicates that an experimental increase in escapements would be quite worthwhile. It appears that there is considerable promise for extending these methods and procedures to cases where the stock size is unknown and where fishing effort is poorly controlled.

scholarly journals Relatório Macbride: Releitura à luz de ameaças ao direito à comunicação nas plataformas digitais.

2021 ◽  
pp. 62-78
Author(s):  
Lilian Bartira Santos Silva ◽  
◽  
Carla Azevedo de Aragão ◽  
Nelson De Luca Pretto
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Open Architecture ◽  
Digital Networks ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Digital Platforms ◽  
Digital Network ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Right ◽  
Communication Policies ◽  
American Authors

With the digital network environments, the possibilities for interaction and participation have expanded significantly, inaugurating a significant and decentralized shift in the production and publication of narratives. The promise of horizontalization reveals the opening of communication channels pari passu to the idealization of a narrative counterpoint in the face of the centralization of traditional media, that is, a harbinger of the promotion of the human right to communication. However, the internet, which is born under the proposal of open architecture, is soon overtaken by business conglomerates. By appropriating digital networks, the proprietary capitalist policy complexifies the scenario, posing us with a question: would we be losing the possibilities of democratizing communication in digital spaces? Therefore, this work problematizes the (im) possibilities of promoting the right to communication on digital platforms. The theoretical discussion revisits the MacBride Report, prepared 40 years ago by UNESCO, which proposes the reduction of commercial influences in the organization of communications, defends national communication policies and ratifies communication as a human right, pointing out its prognoses about the impacts of technology and its setbacks in countries considered underdeveloped, demarcating congruences with theories of communication developed by leading Latin American authors in the debate on the human right to communication: Bordenave (1989), Freire (2005), Peruzzo (2005) and Marques de Melo ( 2008) and theorists of digital sociology, among them, Lupton (2015), Selwyn (2019), Morozov (2018) and Silveira (2019).

scholarly journals Platform philanthropy, ‘public value’, and the COVID-19 pandemic moment

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 242-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Cinnamon
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Data ◽  
Public Value ◽  
Google Maps ◽  
Digital Platforms ◽  
Political Position ◽  
The Face

This commentary examines the COVID-19 pandemic as a moment of strategic advancement for digital platforms. Focusing on the redeployment of Google Maps data for tracking adherence to mobility restrictions, I argue that demonstrating such ‘public value’ uses of Google’s vast geolocation and behavioral data forms part of a larger effort to strengthen their economic and political position in the face of two existential threats—declining advertising revenues and platform regulation.

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