scholarly journals The Sesame Seed Cash Injection

2021 ◽  
pp. 177-193
Author(s):  
Dan Brockington
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Rural Society ◽  
Sesame Seed ◽  
Peasant Communities ◽  
Over Time

Tracking change in rural communities over time is difficult. It is also important. If one is to understand what forms of peasant poverty persist, or how and in what ways peasant communities can become richer, then one requires longitudinal studies. These are however few. It is difficult to access the data required for them. The chapter presents one case using assets to track growing prosperity that was built on a boom of sesame production in Rukwa Region in Tanzania. It traces the growth of prosperity that the boom caused and the limits of its spread in rural society.

Socioeconomic Change in Villages of Manchuria During the Ch'ing and Republican Periods: Some Preliminary Findings

1976 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 591-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramon H. Myers
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Rural Society ◽  
Conventional Wisdom ◽  
Common People ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
The Common ◽  
Over Time

A Great deal has been written about the Chinese state, but we still know very little about the common people, particularly peasants. How did they live? How did they found their communities? How did their socioeconomic status and property rights change over time. During the 1920s, 1930s and early 1940s, China's rural society and economy became the object of intense investigation by Chinese and foreign researchers. From this period dates our present, conventional wisdom of how rural communities were structured and had evolved since the nineteenth century.

scholarly journals Road Maintenance in Africa: Approaches and Perspectives

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 01005
Author(s):  
Mostafa Hassan M
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Dominant Mode ◽  
Poor Health ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Road Maintenance ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Institutional Reforms ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Over Time

In Africa, roads are the dominant mode of passenger and freight transport, for which the need is growing rapidly. It is noticeable that most of the African countries do not do enough to ensure the sustainability of road infrastructure as it has been widely reported that roads are affected, to varying degrees, by premature deterioration. Most of the African countries have adopted institutional reforms, notably entailing the creation of road funds and road agencies, and made significant progress on road maintenance. However, many challenges remain to be addressed in all of them to ensure appropriate maintenance. Although spending on road maintenance has increased over time in all African countries it remains insufficient to cover the needs. Poorly maintained roads constrain mobility, significantly raise vehicle operating costs, increase accident rates and their associated human and property costs, and aggravate isolation, poverty, poor health, and illiteracy in rural communities. This paper focuses, in particular, on road maintenance in some African countries considering types of road maintenance and the different approaches aiming at a comparison to reflect on similarities and differences.

scholarly journals Agritourism—A Business Reality of the Moment for Romanian Rural Area’s Sustainability

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 6313
Author(s):  
Ramona Ciolac ◽  
Tiberiu Iancu ◽  
Ioan Brad ◽  
Tabita Adamov ◽  
Nicoleta Mateoc-Sîrb
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Distribution Channels ◽  
Scientific Paper ◽  
Business Owners ◽  
The Future ◽  
Tourism Potential ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Managerial Experience ◽  
Over Time

The agritourism activity can be a characteristic reality of the present, considering rural area’s sustainability, being at the same time a business reality for rural entrepreneurs and a “must have” for rural communities that have tourism potential. It is a form of tourism, through which the tourist can receive a qualitative product at a reasonable price, but also a field that can ensure sustainable development over time, being at the same time environmentally friendly. The purpose of this scientific paper is to identify the aspects that make agritourism “a possible business reality of the moment”, for Romanian rural area’s sustainability. We take into account the following areas: Bran-Moieciu area—considered “the oldest” in terms of agritourism experience, and Apuseni Mountains area, with a great inclination and potential for this activity. The study conducted for these two areas is focused on several aspects: the degree of involvement in agritourism activities, considering the number of years and managerial experience, the analysis of the types of activities/experiences offered by agritourism structures, the identification of the main reasons/motivations for the orientation towards agritourism and the manner in which this field is perceived. Aspects related to the marketing-finance part of the agritourism business are also taken into account: customers, distribution channels, financial sources, shortcomings observed by agritourism business owners and possible action directions so as to improve the activity/agritourism product. Agritourism may be “a possible business reality of the moment” for the studied areas and not only, but in the future, the entrepreneur/farmer must be constantly updated because of the changing situations that appear on the market, be able to make sustainable decisions for his/her own business, which in the future will ensure its viability and obviously its long-term profitability and development, and in the same time rural area’s sustainability.

Long-Term Reactions to the Loss of a Close Friend in an Extreme Terror Incident

2018 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iren Johnsen ◽  
Kari Dyregrov ◽  
Stig Berge Matthiesen ◽  
Jon Christian Laberg
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Close Friend ◽  
Traumatic Death ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Grief Reactions ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Avoidant Behavior

This article presents results from one of the first longitudinal studies exploring the effects of losing a close friend to traumatic death, focusing on complicated grief over time and how this is affected by avoidant behavior and rumination about the loss. The sample consists of 88 persons (76% women and 24% men, mean age = 21) who lost a close friend in the Utøya killings in Norway on July 22, 2011.Quantitative data were collected at three time-points; 18, 28, and 40 months postloss. Main findings are that bereaved friends are heavily impacted by the loss and their grief reactions are affected negatively by avoidant behavior and rumination. This indicates that close bereaved friends are a group to be aware of and that there is a need for better strategies for identifying individuals in need for follow-up.

scholarly journals Rurification of Religion. Foci and Suggrundaria at the Roman Vicus of Falacrinae (Cittareale, Rieti, Italy)

2021 ◽  
pp. 131-171
Author(s):  
Valentino Gasparini
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Archaic Period ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Late Neolithic ◽  
Religious Traditions ◽  
North East ◽  
Urban Patterns ◽  
Urban Contexts ◽  
Over Time

The results of the archaeological exploration of the Roman vicus of Falacrinae, placed in the Upper Sabina 78 miles north-east of Rome, represent excellent first-hand material for testing the concept of “rurification” of religion.  The frequentation of the area goes back over time at least to the late Neolithic, but it is only in the Archaic period that a temple was built, soon converting itself into a sort of pole of attraction of the local community. After the Roman conquest (290 BCE), an entire village gradually arose around the monument. 129 sacrificial foci, dated between the late 3rd and the second half of the 1st cent. BCE (probably linked with the festivals of the Feriae Sementivae, Paganalia or Compitalia), and few burials (suggrundaria) belonging to perinatal foetuses of 30/40 weeks of gestation, dated during the 2nd and the first half of the 1st cent. BCE, are the most intriguing ritual practices that the excavations have been able to identify. The analysis of these practices encourages to conclude that the local rural communities: 1) adopted group-styles of religious grouping significantly different from those taking place in urban contexts; 2) could strongly modify hierarchies and rituals performed in the cities; 3) cannot necessarily be considered as “deviant” from the normative point of view; 4) could easily negotiate between local religious traditions and urban patterns.

Why Do People Migrate?

On the Move ◽  
2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filiz Garip
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Family Ties ◽  
Small Minority ◽  
The Third ◽  
Majority Group ◽  
First Time ◽  
Over Time

This chapter provides an overview of the migration field, and a brief review of Mexico–U.S. migration flows up to 1965, the year the analysis here begins. It describes the data and methods that led the author to discover four groups among first-time migrants from Mexico to the United States between 1965 and 2010. The first cluster—mostly uneducated and poor men from rural communities—was the majority in the 1970s but dropped to a small minority by the 1990s. The second cluster—many of them teenage boys from relatively better-off families—peaked in the 1980s, becoming the majority group at that time, but declined consistently in size thereafter. The third cluster—mostly women with family ties to former migrants—was increasing slowly in size until it experienced a sudden spike in the early 1990s. And the fourth cluster—mostly educated men from urban areas—grew persistently over time, grabbing the majority status among all first-time migrants in the early 1990s.

Investigating emergent coordination in small music groups

2021 ◽  
pp. 45-53
Author(s):  
Nicola Pennill ◽  
Jane W Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Observational Methods ◽  
Creative Collaboration ◽  
Behavioral Interactions ◽  
Coding Schemes ◽  
High Level ◽  
Emergent Coordination ◽  
Over Time

It is people that make group music work. For researchers, this provides many interesting and diverse opportunities for study. This chapter focuses on ways in which musicians establish coordination in musical contexts with particular consideration of methods of investigation. It takes a high-level view of coordination relating to the alignment of ideas, intentions, and actions in creative collaboration processes. It outlines observational methods for real-life contexts, coding schemes for group behaviors, and the increased employment of mixed-methods that observe and measure interaction in lab and ecological settings. The chapter closes with a consideration of the relevance of longitudinal studies of ensembles that showcase emergent coordination, and an example is offered of an investigation of the development of behavioral interactions over time in two vocal quintets.

Guidance for Custom Alarm Design: You Don’t Have to “Crank it up to 11”

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-145
Author(s):  
Morgan E. Reynolds ◽  
Michael F. Rayo ◽  
Morgan Fitzgerald ◽  
Mahmoud Abdel - Rasoul ◽  
Susan D. Moffatt - Bruce
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
First Impressions ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Daily Exposure ◽  
Real Work ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

Changes in alarm perception and response after prolonged daily exposure is not well studied due to the difficulties in setting up rigorous longitudinal studies in real work domains. A prime example of this is the absence of research studying how conveyed urgency and identifiability of auditory alarms change over time. We conducted a three-year study to understand how alarm performance with respect to these two measures changed over time, ostensibly due to prolonged nurse exposure. Gaining a better understanding of the relationship between these two aspects of a sound’s sensory dimension could be extremely valuable to acoustical alarm designers, as it allows them to anticipate changes in the sounds’ sensory performance over time, and not be overly sensitive to first impressions of the auditory alarm set.

Trajectories of major depression disorders: A systematic review of longitudinal neuroimaging findings

2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 441-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina Dohm ◽  
Ronny Redlich ◽  
Pienie Zwitserlood ◽  
Udo Dannlowski
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Mood State ◽  
Sample Sizes ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Course Of Depression

Objective: Structural and functional brain alterations in major depression disorder (MDD) are well studied in cross-sectional designs, but little is known about the causality between onset and course of depression on the one hand, and neurobiological changes over time on the other. To explore the direction of causality, longitudinal studies with a long time window (preferably years) are needed, but only few have been undertaken so far. This article reviews all prospective neuroimaging studies in MDD patients currently available and provides a critical discussion of methodological challenges involved in the investigation of the causal relationship between brain alterations and the course of MDD. Method: We conducted a systematic review of studies published before September 2015, to identify structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies that assess the relation between neuronal alterations and MDD in longitudinal (⩾1 year) designs. Results: Only 15 studies meeting minimal standards were identified. An analysis of these longitudinal data showed a large heterogeneity between studies regarding design, samples, imaging methods, spatial restrictions and, consequently, results. There was a strong relationship between brain-volume outcomes and the current mood state, whereas longitudinal studies failed to clarify the influence of pre-existing brain changes on depressive outcome. Conclusion: So far, available longitudinal studies cannot resolve the causality between the course of depression and neurobiological changes over time. Future studies should combine high methodological standards with large sample sizes. Cooperation in multi-center studies is indispensable to attain sufficient sample sizes, and should allow careful assessment of possible confounders.

How Passion in Entrepreneurship Develops Over Time: A Self-Regulation Perspective

2020 ◽  
pp. 104225872092989
Author(s):  
Maike Lex ◽  
Michael M. Gielnik ◽  
Matthias Spitzmuller ◽  
Gabriel H. Jacob ◽  
Michael Frese
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Time Horizons ◽  
Identity Centrality ◽  
Positive Feelings ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Over Time

We adopt a self-regulation perspective to present a model of the development of passion in entrepreneurship. We argue that entrepreneurial self-efficacy and performance influence the two components of passion—positive feelings and identity centrality—over shorter and longer time horizons, respectively. Furthermore, we argue for the recursive effects of passion on entrepreneurial self-efficacy and performance. Three longitudinal studies with measurements over three weeks ( n = 65) and three months ( n = 150 and n = 180) support our hypotheses. We contribute to a theory of passion that integrates the different time horizons over which the components of passion change.

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