From Land Tenure Changes to Land-Grabs

Author(s):  
Peer Ghulam Nabi Suhail

This chapter provides a historical account of land rights and land tenure changes in Kashmir. It also explains land reforms in Kashmir, and how these land reforms look like. It further discusses how these land reforms took place and how the rights of the peasants were affected due to land reforms. The chapter discusses, that while land reforms provided land to the tiller, they did not stop them from getting dispossessed and displaced during the current wave of land-grabbing. It also explains the historical background of Badwan and Khopri, besides presenting the geographical, administrative, and a brief socio-economic sketch of the two villages. The functioning of NHPC in the state, the process of land acquisition, and the arrival of external capital in Gurez has also been explained.

Author(s):  
Yogi Maron ◽  
Ismansyah Ismansyah ◽  
Azmi Fendri

<p align="center"> </p><p><em>As happened to the Notary Eli SatriaPilo, S.H, Mkn, who was appointed as the Notary who made the Deed of Relinquishment of Land Rights in the Land Acquisition activities for the Construction of Campus III of the State Islamic Institute (IAIN) of Padang which was located in Sungai Bangek District, Padang</em><em> </em><em>in 2010. The method used was descriptive, in which describing the applicable legislation associated with legal theory in the facts and realities about the Notary’s Responsibility in Making Deed of Land Acquisition for the construction of Campus III of IAIN Padang in Sungai</em><em> </em><em>Bangek. This study used a Normative Juridical approach, in which researching by using and processing secondary data or literature related to the</em><em> </em><em>study. The data collected were in the form of primary data obtained from the District Court of Padang, secondary data obtained from secondary legal materials and primary legal materials. Based on the study, it was found that the role of Notary Eli</em><em> </em><em>Satria</em><em> </em><em>Pilo, in the land acquisition of campus III IAIN was proven to have misused the authority resulting in violation of the Notary Ethics Code and was responsible for accepting termination disrespectfully. Furthermore, he was also shown to be committing a Criminal Corruption made based on the Deed of Relinquishment of Land Rights in the land acquisition for the construction of Campus III of IAIN Padang, so that the State incurred losses of Rp. 1</em><em>.</em><em>946</em><em>.</em><em>701</em><em>.</em><em>050 (one billion nine hundred forty-six million seven hundred one thousand and fifty rupiahs). And he was responsible for receiving and carrying out the sentence that had been handed down by the District Court of Padang, a prison sentence of 4 (four) years, and paying a fine of Rp. 200</em><em>.</em><em>000</em><em>.</em><em>000 (two hundred million rupiahs)</em><em>.</em></p><p> </p>


Cepalo ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Natasha Marcella Geovanny ◽  
Marchelina Theresia ◽  
Devina Felicia Widjaja

The control of land by the state is stated in Article 33 paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia (UUD 1945). Based on this article, it means that the State has authority over land tenure, this encourages the writing of a journal on the application of social functions and the determination of compensation that occurs in the land sector. This research was conducted because the authors see that there are still many disputes related to the implementation of the social function itself and the application of the determination of compensation as stipulated in the provisions relating to this matter it is caused because the application in real life has not been running optimally. This study aims to find out how the government’s authority should be for land tenure and its relation to social functions and the determination of compensation. The location used as a case study is located in Batu Jaya Village, Tangerang City. Data collection is done by interviewing several related parties and also conducting a literature study by finding sources related to government authority over land tenure, the concept of social functions, and the determination of compensation. The results of this study indicate that the government has the power to grant land rights and revoke land rights in the public interest.


2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pusat Kajian Agraria FH UBB

The title of land rights in the form of letters made by notaries or sub-district heads with a variety of forms intended to create written evidence of lands controlled by citizens. The issuance of evidence of land acquisition there is made on the land that has not been converted or the lands controlled by the State and then the land is occupied by the community either intentionally or regulated by the Village Head and authorized by the Camat, as if the land has been Is a person's right or belongs to the category of customary rights. In its development the land title is known as Land Certificate. The subdistrict certi fi cate of the land is required as a basis for the rights to the transfer of uncertified lands which are still State lands which may be diverted or disadvantaged by or in the presence of the camat commonly referred to as a waiver of compensation. The camat's certificate of land is the base of the right to be used when it will be proposed to improve the status of the land into a certificate of land right at the local Land Office


2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-119
Author(s):  
Happy Trizna Wijaya

Since September 24, 1960 Law No. 5/1960 was stipulated regarding Basic Regulations on Agrarian Principles or often referred to as the Basic Agrarian Law (UUPA), adopting legal unification and based on customary law. Customary land law is original law, has a unique characteristic, where individual rights to land are personal rights but in it contain togetherness. Land controlled by customary law communities is known as ulayat rights. Although customary law is the basis of the LoGA, problems with ownership rights to customary land often occur due to unclear land boundaries and customary land tenure by the government without any release of land. The results of this study revealed that the procedure for controlling customary land by the local government through the mechanism of land acquisition as stipulated in Permendagri No. 15 of 1975 provides more opportunities for the Government to control land rights, while the owner / holder of land rights has a very weak position because many rights to land are neglected so that it violates the human rights of land rights holders. With the issuance of Presidential Decree No. 55 of 1993 concerning Land Procurement for the Implementation of Development for the Public Interest in lieu of Permendagri No. 15 of 1975, which provides a protection to holders of land rights to be able to defend their rights. This is also the case with Perpres No. 36 of 2005 Jo Perpres No. 65 of 2006 issued as a substitute for Presidential Decree No. 55 of 1993, far more provide protection to the community to defend their rights, while the government is increasingly limited in obtaining land. So Perpres No. 65 of 2006 provides a guarantee of legal certainty to holders of land rights to be able to defend their rights.Sejak 24 September 1960 ditetapkan Undang-undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1960 tentang Peraturan Dasar Pokok-pokok Agraria atau sering disebut Undang-undang Pokok Agraria (UUPA), menganut unifikasi hukum dan berdasarkan hukum adat. Hukum tanah adat merupakan hukum asli, mempunyai sifat yang khas, dimana hak-hak perorangan atas tanah merupakan hak pribadi akan tetapi didalamnya mengandung unsur kebersamaan. Tanah-tanah yang dikuasai oleh masyarakat hukum adat dikenal dengan sebutan hak ulayat. Walaupun hukum adat merupakan dasar dari UUPA tetapi permasalahan terhadap hak kepemilikan atas tanah adat seringkali terjadi karena penentuan batas tanah hak ulayat yang tidak jelas, maupun karena penguasaan hak atas tanah adat oleh pemerintah tanpa ada pelepasan tanah. Hasil penelitian ini mengungkapkan bahwa Prosedur penguasaan tanah ulayat oleh Pemda melalui mekanisme pembebasan tanah yang tertuang dalam Permendagri No. 15 Tahun 1975 lebih memberikan kesempatan kepada pihak Pemerintah untuk menguasai hak atas tanah, sedangkan pemilik/pemegang hak atas tanah mempunyai kedudukan yang sangat lemah karena banyak hak atas tanah yang diabaikan sehingga sangat melanggar hak asasi pemegang hak atas tanah. Dengan diterbitkannya Kepres No. 55 Tahun 1993 mengenai Pengadaan Tanah Bagi Pelaksanaan Pembangunan Untuk Kepentingan Umum sebagai pengganti Permendagri No. 15 Tahun 1975, yang memberikan suatu perlindungan kepada pemegang hak atas tanah untuk dapat mempertahankan haknya. Begitu juga halnya dengan Perpres No. 36 Tahun 2005 Jo Perpres No. 65 Tahun 2006 yang dikeluarkan sebagai pengganti Kepres No. 55 Tahun 1993, jauh lebih memberikan perlindungan kepada pihak masyarakat untuk membela haknya, sedangkan pihak pemerintah semakin terbatas dalam memperoleh tanah. Sehingga Perpres No. 65 Tahun 2006 memberikan suatu jaminan kepastian hukum kepada pemegang hak atas tanah untuk dapat mempertahankan haknya.


2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Rezky Dellah Ramadhani ◽  
M Nazir Salim

In 1988, PT. BMS Acquired Cultivation Rights Title (CRT/HGU) for 6.925 acres in Kabupaten Rejang Lebong. The land acquisition process after CRT has been given through land relinquishment, however PT. BMS only able to relinquish people’s land for 2.046 acres. This condition caused uncertainty of land rights upon community. Later on, the condition caused overlapping of land ownership and authorization of PT. BMS CRT, ended by the reclaiming and cancellation upon the land right. Formal legal perspective and descriptive analytic study describe several issues related to the constraints of the right and status of land for the farmers. This study found some fundamental issues, first related to objects of CRT as state land. Legally, it was considered flawed because the company only released less than half of the rights, triggering reclaimings by the residents who assumed that it was their land. Therefore, the state should seek ways to strengthen the rights of peasants with the scheme of redistribution or the reinforcement of the right to avoid land right conflicts. This review offers main alternative policy solution scheme: Redistribution, the granting of a Right License, or a plasma core plantation scheme. Pada tahun 1988, PT BMS memperoleh Hak Guna Usaha seluas 6.925 Ha di Kabupaten Rejang Lebong. Proses perolehan tanah HGU-nya lewat pembebasan lahan masyarakat, namun PT BMS hanya mampu membebaskan tanah masyarakat 2.046 Ha sehingga menimbulkan ketidakpastian hak atas tanah masyarakat. Kondisi tersebut kemudian mengakibatkan terjadinya tumpang tindih pemilikan dan penguasaan tanah pada areal HGU PT BMS yang berakhir dengan reklaiming dan pembatalan hak atas tanah. Perspektif legal formal dan deskriptif analitis kajian ini menjelaskan beberapa hal terkait kendala kedudukan hak dan status bagi petani penggarap. Kajian ini menemukan beberapa hal mendasar, pertama terkait obyek HGU sebagai tanah negara yang cacat hukum karena perusahaan hanya membebaskan kurang dari separo hak yang diberikan, sehingga menimbulkan gelombang reklaiming oleh warga yang merasa lahan tersebut adalah miliknya. Oleh karena itu, negara semestinya berupaya memberikan penguatan hak bagi petani penggarap dengan skema redis atau penguatan hak untuk menghindari konflik ketidakpastian hak garapannya. Kajian ini menawarkan skema solusi alternatif kebijakan utamanya: Redistribusi, pemberian Surat Izin Hak Garap, atau skema perkebunan inti plasma. 


2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 192
Author(s):  
Ayang Fristia Maulana

State land is land directly controlled by the state as stated in Government Regulation No. 24 of 1997 on Land Registration. State land is not an object of Mortgage Rights, the object of mortgage is the right to land with the status of “Right of Ownership”,” Right to Exploit”, Right to Build” and “Rights to Use” as described in Article 51 of BAL in Article 4 UUHT. Because state land is not the object of mortgage rights, it is not justified if the state land is guaranteed as the repayment of debtor's debt which is tied up with Power of Attorney Charging the Deposit Rights. In this case, the debtor is a legal entity of a Limited Liability Company engaged in real estate which has located permission for land acquisition. The land to be acquired has the right of ownership status which is then released by the owner with the provision of compensation. After the release of the land rights, the released land will become state land as set forth in Article 19 of the BAL. This is the land which is released as collateral by the debtor to the creditors.


2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-207
Author(s):  
Iga Gangga Santi Dewi

Abstract: The phenomenon of substantive injustice related to the kingdom land policy of in the Dictum IV letter A of the UUPA which states that “The rights and authorities of the land and water of the Swapraja or former Swapraja (kingdom) which still exist at the time of entry into force of this law are removed and transferred to the State”, is an injustice felt by former kingdom, considering that land rights are private rights that cannot be taken arbitrarily. This happened also because there was no proper compensation for the loss of the rights of their comfort in life due to arbitrary land acquisition by the state. Land Office must be a progressiveminded office which is able to interpret which laws need to be applied to realize substantial justice and which laws already contain justice. The ideal new construction of the concept of justice in former kingdom land policies based on progressive law is nothing but to realize substantial justice. The whole process of the operation of the legal implementation instrument (Land Office) must be verifiable into the factors of justice, welfare, concern for the people and others, all of which has been contained in the values   of Pancasila. Intisari: Fenomena ketidakadilan substantif terkait kebijakan tanah eks kerajaan dalam Diktum IV huruf A UUPA bahwa “Hak-hak dan wewenang-wewenang atas bumi dan air dari Swapraja atau bekas Swapraja (kerajaan) yang masih ada pada waktu mulai berlakunya undang-undang ini hapus dan beralih kepada Negara”, merupakan ketidakadilan yang dirasakan oleh pihak eks kerajaan mengingat hak atas tanah adalah hak pribadi yang tidak boleh diambil sewenang-wenang. Hal ini terjadi juga karena tidak diberikannya ganti rugi yang layak atas kehilangan hak-hak kenyamanan kehidupan mereka akibat pengambilalihan tanah secara sewenang-wenang oleh negara.  Kantor Pertanahan harus berpikiran progresif yang mampu menafsirkan mana hukum yang perlu diterapkan untuk mewujudkan keadilan substansial dan mana hukum yang sebenarnya sudah mengandung keadilan. Konstruksi baru yang ideal yaitu  konsep keadilan dalam kebijakan tanah eks kerajaan berbasis hukum progresif, tidak lain adalah untuk mewujudkan keadilan substansial. Seluruh proses bekerjanya instrumen pelaksana hukum (Kantor Pertanahan) tersebut harus bisa diverifikasi ke dalam faktor-faktor keadilan, kesejahteraan, kepedulian kepada rakyat, yang kesemuanya itu telah terkandung dalam nilai-nilai Pancasila. 


2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 510-527
Author(s):  
Thembela Kepe ◽  
Ruth Hall

This paper uses the case of South Africa’s latest land redistribution strategy known as the Proactive Land Acquisition Strategy, to explore whether, and how, research can have direct and positive impacts on beneficiaries of land reform. The study is situated within the practice of action research: to explore how it can generate knowledge that can be shared back and forth between stakeholders, as well as how it may ignite changes that the participants desire. The findings are that Proactive Land Acquisition Strategy is not meeting the overall goals land reform. But action research has allowed the beneficiaries to emerge from the process with new knowledge about their rights, as well as what options they have to move forward in their fight for secure land rights and decent livelihoods. We introduce a concept of a ‘learning and action space’ to explain our practice of action research. The paper concludes that action research is a desirable approach for land reform, but while it succeeded in educating beneficiaries, it is only one ingredient in ongoing struggles to challenge power relations among citizens and between citizens and the state.


2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. e59810616552
Author(s):  
. Suwardi ◽  
Auriga Pradipta

Basically, the state has the authority to regulate the use of land rights in the territory of Indonesia. However, the problem that often occurs is the disagreement between the Land Acquisition Committee and the holders of land rights in determining the amount of compensation, resulting in problems such as what happened in Palu after the earthquake which flattened housing buildings and required a plot of land for housing construction. Therefore, the aim of this research is to explore legal efforts for land rights that are affected by the acquisition for the construction of permanent housing to meet housing needs after the earthquake in Palu. The research method that used is legal research, while the approach that used in this research is statute approach. The results of data analysis shows the legal action of land rights holders that are affected by land acquisition for the construction of permanent housing by means of certificate cancellation, the cancellation of the certificate is based on law. Land acquisition for the public interest, including the interests of the nation and the State as well as the common interest of the people, can revoke land rights by giving compensation.


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