Taxation and the Quality of Government

2021 ◽  
pp. 700-722
Author(s):  
Steven M. Karceski ◽  
Edgar Kiser
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Tax Policy ◽  
Path Dependence ◽  
The State ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Important Interaction ◽  
State Size ◽  
Historical Periods

In this chapter we explore the connection between taxation and quality of government. Taxation represents an important interaction between citizens and the state, thus the way in which tax policies are organized has important implications for the quality of government. The first part of the chapter describes three different perspectives on quality of government: The first relates to administrative impartiality, the second to state size and economic growth, and the last to democracy. It then explores how each perspective holds distinct prescriptions for the design of tax policy. The latter part of the chapter applies the conclusions on the three perspectives to discuss exemplary cases of each over different historical periods. It concludes with a discussion of path dependence and the difficulty of maintaining a high quality of government in the long run.

Brazil and Russia: Different Trajectories of Development?

2012 ◽  
pp. 92-104
Author(s):  
G. Irishin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Social Development ◽  
Brics Countries ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Main Emphasis ◽  
The World

This publication represents the materials of the regular academic seminar “The current problems of development” conducted by the Center of the problems of development and modernization within IMEMO. The attention of the key speakers and other seminar participants is focused on the comparison of the two BRICS countries – Brazil and Russia. The main emphasis is made on the analysis of the trends of social development. The point is that the quality of human capital determines the quality of economic growth, as well as the country's place in the world in the long run.

scholarly journals Directionality of Education – Balanced Education and Integration of Educational Systems in the National Economy

Equilibrium ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-113
Author(s):  
Wiktor Morohin ◽  
Aleksandrs Rubanovskis
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Educational Systems ◽  
High Quality ◽  
National Economic ◽  
The World ◽  
National Economic Development

The quality of the workforce is a precondition for economic growth of a society. One of the main indicators of these preconditions is education. The effectiveness of economies of developed countries is based on the high quality of knowledge. As a resutl the quality and balanced education determines the rating of a state in the world and serves as a driving force of national economic development. The aim of the article is to identify opportunities that will allow integrating the balanced education in the educational systems of the national economy.

SHORTCOMINGS OF COMMONLY USED METHODS OF MEASURING THE ECONOMIC ACTIVITY OF THE COUNTRY

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-111
Author(s):  
Łukasz Wojciechowski ◽  
Tomasz Wołowiec
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
State And Society ◽  
State Of The Environment

The article analyzes the flaws of the classical measures of economic growth. It is based on the assumption that, while not questioning the quality of the GDP indicator as a tool for measuring economic activity, it points out that the way this indicator is constructed influences the actions of governments, citizens and other actors, affecting also non-productive areas. What we measure affects what we do - if production is measured, then the criterion determining the success of the state and society will be the growth of production, and not the level of education, health or state of the environment. Gross domestic product in many cases includes production that, from the point of view of the community, indicates unfavorable processes. These are the so-called anti-goods, i.e., phenomena that increase GDP, although they worsen well-being and are socially undesirable).

scholarly journals Dialogue Generation: From Imitation Learning to Inverse Reinforcement Learning

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 6722-6729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziming Li ◽  
Julia Kiseleva ◽  
Maarten De Rijke
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Imitation Learning ◽  
Local Optimum ◽  
Inverse Reinforcement Learning ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Overall Performance

The performance of adversarial dialogue generation models relies on the quality of the reward signal produced by the discriminator. The reward signal from a poor discriminator can be very sparse and unstable, which may lead the generator to fall into a local optimum or to produce nonsense replies. To alleviate the first problem, we first extend a recently proposed adversarial dialogue generation method to an adversarial imitation learning solution. Then, in the framework of adversarial inverse reinforcement learning, we propose a new reward model for dialogue generation that can provide a more accurate and precise reward signal for generator training. We evaluate the performance of the resulting model with automatic metrics and human evaluations in two annotation settings. Our experimental results demonstrate that our model can generate more high-quality responses and achieve higher overall performance than the state-of-the-art.

scholarly journals Social capital, economic growth and well-being

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Sarracino
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Social Capital ◽  
Social Comparisons ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

In the long run economic growth does not improve people's well-being. Traditional theories – adaptation and social comparisons – explain this evidence, but they don't explain what shapes the trend of subjective well-being and its differences across countries. Recent research identified in social capital a plausible candidate to explain the trends of well-being. This dissertation adopts various econometric techniques to explore the relationship over time among social capital, economic growth and subjective well-being. The main conclusion is that social capital is a good predictor of the trend of subjective well-being, both within and across countries. Hence, policies for well-being should aim at preserving and enhancing social capital for the quality of the social environment matters.

scholarly journals Prospects for Social and Economic Development of Krasnodar Krai in the Context of National Transport Infrastructural Projects

2020 ◽  
pp. 122-130
Author(s):  
Olga Patrakeeva
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Western China ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Accident Rate ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Krasnodar Krai ◽  
The Road ◽  
Comprehensive Plan

The discrepancy between the pace of economic growth rates, needs of enterprises and population for transportation, quality of the road network is a significant infrastructural limitation for growth. The paper is devoted to the analysis of large scale investment projects aimed at the removal of infrastructural restrictions, i.e. the national project “Secure and High-Quality Roads” and “Comprehensive Plan for the Modernization and Expansion of Main Infrastructure”. It is noted that the project “Secure and High-Quality Roads” for Krasnodar Krai will become a prerequisite for the effectiveness of transport infrastructure. “Comprehensive Plan for the Modernization and Expansion of the Main Infrastructure” including such federal projects as “Europe – Western China”, “Sea Ports of Russia”, “Northern Sea Route”, “Railway Transport and Transit”, “Transport and Logistics Centers”, “Communications Between the Centers of Economic Growth”, “Development of Regional Airports and Routes”, “High-Speed Rail Links”, “Inland Waterways” will increase the investment activity in the transport sector of the region. The paper presents the results of statistical analysis aimed at the identification of significant economic effect from capital investments in the road infrastructure of Krasnodar Krai. It is revealed that investments into transport and communications stimulate the economic growth and also reduce the accident rate on highways in the long run. In addition, the increase in the density of paved public roads stimulates the passenger turnover in the short run and is also a significant factor in the reduction of the accident rate. The downward trend of paved roads in the total length of roads indicates the necessity to invest in the improvement of the quality of existing roads. The author emphasizes that in order to achieve the goals mentioned in the infrastructural projects under analysis, it is necessary to improve the monitoring system of content and development of the infrastructural frame of the territory, evaluate the effectiveness of administrative decisions for the accomplishment of the goals indicated in the infrastructural projects under analysis.

scholarly journals Government Size and Quality of Governance: Does State Size Matter?

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 7-14
Author(s):  
Primož Pevcin
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
The State ◽  
Small States ◽  
Small State ◽  
Size Of Government ◽  
Quality Of Governance ◽  
The Government ◽  
State Size ◽  
Size Matter

Purpose: Small state studies has emerged as a discipline, and this discipline has been initially dominated mainly by the issues of vulnerability and a lack of capacities of small states, although these issues have been gradually replaced by the discussions on the potential opportunities of small states, not just their challenges. Within this framework, the consideration needs to be done also on the effect of the state size on the economics, governance and public management, among others. Design/methodology/approach: The current theorizing in small state studies focuses on the specifics of the small economy modelling and governance. The existing economic literature has occasionally stressed the relations between the size of the state and size of government, but with rather mixed empirical results. Moreover, relations between state size and quality of governance has also been emerging issue. This study would like to integrate both approaches. The empirical research utilizes cross-national comparative investigation based on the data for 44 European states; and we specifically assess, in addition to the existing approaches, how budgetary and non-budgetary scope of government differentiates among smaller and larger states. Findings: The results of the study suggest that the effect of the size of the state does not necessary favour larger states in respect to the smaller size of government and quality of governance. Thus, although potential scale economies matter regarding the public services’ provision, the structure of spending, institutional context, and innovations in public service delivery modes also have the role in shaping scope and functions of the government, whereas quality of governance seems to be independent regarding the state size, at least in the European context. Research limitations/implications: Analysis is limited to the cluster of European states, and the results should be interpreted within this context. Originality/value: After the World War II the number of states has increased substantially, in fact, it has tripled. We are currently living in the era of small states, as more than one third of the existing two hundred and more states around the globe are actually small, if we assess the multiple criteria combination. In this context, this paper would like to add to the development of the field of small state studies.

scholarly journals Economic growth and quality of institutions in 27 postsocialist economies

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 769-787
Author(s):  
Constantinos Alexiou ◽  
Sofoklis Vogiazas ◽  
Nikita Solovev
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Panel Cointegration ◽  
Institutional Quality ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Causality Analysis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Quality Of Institutions ◽  
The Relationship

PurposeThe relationship between institutional quality and economic growth is revisited.Design/methodology/approachA panel cointegration methodology and causality analysis are applied to 27 postsocialist economies over the period from 1996 to 2016.FindingsUtilizing the Worldwide Governance Indicators as a means of assessing the quality of institutions, it is found that in the long run, economic growth is positively associated with the rule of law and voice and accountability. In the short run, regulatory quality retains a positive effect, but voice and accountability demonstrate a puzzling negative effect on economic growth that merits further analysis. In exploring the causal dimension of our variables, supporting evidence of the strong links between the quality of institutions and economic growth is provided, hence rendering robust results.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, it is the first time that an ARDL methodological framework, which addresses potential endogeneity issues, is used to investigate the relationship between institutional quality and growth in the context of postsocialist economies.

The interactive relationship between water environmental pollution and the quality of economic growth in China: An empirical research based on the dynamic simultaneous equations model

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Qiyuan Hu ◽  
Enjian Han ◽  
Wenxiu Wang ◽  
Xinyu Wang ◽  
Zelong Li
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Regional Economy ◽  
Water Environment ◽  
Simultaneous Equations ◽  
Regional Economic Growth ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Interactive Relationship

As the Chinese economy enters the stage of new normal, high-quality economic development has become the current priority. Economic development should not be achieved at the cost of environment and resources. Clarifying the interactive relationship between water environment pollution and the quality of economic growth can help realize water environment protection and sustainable economic development. Based on the data of 30 provinces and cities in China, this paper studies the bidirectional mechanism between water environmental pollution and the quality of economic growth with the dynamic simultaneous equations model. The paper concludes that environmental pollution and the quality of regional economy growth have strong hysteretic nature; And that water environmental pollution and the development of regional economy display the relationship of bidirectional feedback. Discharge of pollutants into the water environment can inhibit high-quality development of regional economy. As the intensity of water environmental pollution increases by 1%, the quality of regional economic growth decreases by 0.0230%; Hence as the quality of regional economic growth increases by 1%, the intensity of water environmental pollution increases by 0.148%. Therefore, sustainable economic development should be attached with due significance, by removing the factors of environmental pollution, timely adjusting environmental policies, and promoting harmony between ecological environment and economic growth.

INFRASTRUCTURAL CHALLENGES OF THE UNITED TERRITORIAL COMMUNITIES OF UKRAINE

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryna Skoryk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Local Development ◽  
The State ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Land Resource ◽  
New Production ◽  
Decentralization Reform

The article summarizes the main infrastructural challenges that have arisen before united territorial communities, in the course of decentralization reform in Ukraine. In particular, the low quality of local government staff, which reduces the chances of communities for economic efficiency; social infrastructure; transport infrastructure; land resource. In the process of decentralization reform, the concept of infrastructure is concretized in connection with the creation united territorial communities, where the infrastructure includes housing, transport, health care, culture and sports, social protection. After all, if there are "failures" in the infrastructure of the community, it will quickly lead to disruption of the stable functioning of the whole community, respectively, will negatively affect the quality of life and productivity of the community, and modernization will promote economic growth and increase welfare. Also, in the article the author describes the powers and resources that the united territorial communities received today in the conditions of decentralization, and highlights that for the united territorial communities is of primary interest to the state - it's transfers such as basic grants, educational and medical subventions and capital transfers. City budgets began to be filled much more actively. That is, having a leader interested in development, united territorial communities have good financial opportunities for development. Communities cease to be ordinary "cash registers" for the payment of salaries to state employees, they become really interested in economic growth in their territory. It was noted that for development local governments should be involved in various projects (Joint program organization of common nationalities women, U-LEAD, DESPRO, EU / PRON, DOBRE, PROMIS / PLEDOG), in projects proposed by the State Fund for Regional Development. In the current economic environment, it is important that local authorities actively attract state support and, combining them with their own resources, direct to the implementation of regional and local development strategies, implement various infrastructure projects that support innovation, new production, small and medium business.

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