Prevention and Intervention in the School Setting

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth J. D'Amico ◽  
Karen Chan Osilla ◽  
Stefanie A. Stern
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Middle School ◽  
Developmentally Appropriate ◽  
School Setting ◽  
The United States ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Prevention And Intervention ◽  
Intervention Programming

It is well known that the prevalence of alcohol and other drug (AOD) use in the United States increases during the middle school and high school years. The current chapter focuses on the effects of AOD use on youth, and risk and protective factors that may contribute to initiation and escalation of AOD use during this developmental period. The chapter also discusses the importance of creating developmentally appropriate prevention and intervention programming for this age group. The authors provide data on several middle school and high school prevention and intervention programs that have delivered curricula in the school setting to attempt to decrease AOD use. They focus on programs that had a student-only component for their program and had also published at least a 1-year follow-up. They also discuss potential future directions for prevention and intervention for this age group.

Adolescent Students Who Stutter: A Qualitative Exploration of School Experiences

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 1327-1336
Author(s):  
Tiffany R. Cobb ◽  
Derek E. Daniels ◽  
James Panico
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Middle School ◽  
Peer Relationships ◽  
Speech Therapy ◽  
School Setting ◽  
Image Data ◽  
School Experiences ◽  
Adolescent Students ◽  
Therapy Decision ◽  
Qualitative Phenomenological

Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore the ways in which adolescent students who stutter perceive their school experiences. Method This study used a qualitative, phenomenological research design. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 7 adolescent students who stutter (3 in middle school and 4 in high school). Participants were interviewed about their school experiences, including the effects of stuttering on academics, learning, teacher relationships, peer relationships, speech therapy experiences, and self-image. Data analysis consisted of transcribing interviews and analyzing them for emerging themes. Results Findings revealed that participants described a variety of experiences around the school setting. Participants reported less favorable middle school experiences. Middle school participants reflected more on teasing, bullying, and feelings of embarrassment, whereas high school participants revealed that teachers, staff, and peers were receptive and accepting of them and their stuttering. All participants reported that their speech therapy helped with classroom participation. Conclusions As a result of the participants' varied experiences, it is important to listen to and incorporate the voices of students who stutter into school, classroom, and therapy decision-making practices.

scholarly journals A Middle School Program to Prevent E-Cigarette Use: A Pilot Study of “CATCH My Breath”

2020 ◽  
Vol 135 (2) ◽  
pp. 220-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven H. Kelder ◽  
Dale S. Mantey ◽  
Duncan Van Dusen ◽  
Kathleen Case ◽  
Alexandra Haas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Middle Schools ◽  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
The United States ◽  
School Level ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
School Students ◽  
Cross Sectional

Objectives: From 2017 to 2018, electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use increased 78% among high school students and 48% among middle school students in the United States. However, few e-cigarette prevention interventions have been evaluated. We determined the feasibility and initial effectiveness of “CATCH My Breath,” an e-cigarette prevention program, among a sample of middle schools in central Texas. Methods: Twelve middle schools in Texas (6 intervention schools and 6 control schools) participated in the CATCH My Breath pilot program during 2016-2017. CATCH My Breath is rooted in social cognitive theory, consists of 4 interactive in-class modules, and is collaboratively administered via classroom and physical education teachers, student–peer leaders, and social messaging (eg, school posters). We collected 3 waves of data: baseline (January 2017), 4-month follow-up (May 2017), and 16-month follow-up (May 2018). Using school as the unit of analysis, we tested a repeated cross-sectional, condition-by-time interaction on e-cigarette ever use, psychosocial determinants of use, and other tobacco use behaviors. Analyses controlled for school-level sociodemographic characteristics (eg, sex, race/ethnicity, and percentage of students eligible for free or reduced-price lunch). Results: From baseline to 16-month follow-up, increases in ever e-cigarette use prevalence were significantly lower among intervention schools (2.8%-4.9%) than among control schools (2.7%-8.9%), controlling for covariates ( P = .01). Intervention schools also had significantly greater improvements in e-cigarette knowledge (β = 0.71; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.21-1.21; P = .008) and perceived positive outcomes (β = –0.12; 95% CI, –0.23 to –0.02; P = .02) than control schools, controlling for covariates from baseline to 16-month follow-up. Conclusion: Ever e-cigarette use was lower among middle schools that implemented the CATCH My Breath program than among those that did not. Replication of findings among a larger sample of schools, using a group-randomized, longitudinal study design and a longer follow-up period, is needed.

P5479Educational attainment is an independent predictor of adverse outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
B Z Ghazzal ◽  
H M Kelli ◽  
A Mehta ◽  
A S Tahhan ◽  
J H Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Middle School ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Graduate Education ◽  
College Education ◽  
Hazard Ratio ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Artery Disease

Abstract Background Educational attainment is an indicator of socioeconomic status and is inversely associated with cardiovascular risk factors and risk for incident coronary artery disease (CAD). Whether the level of educational attainment (EL) in patients with CAD influences outcomes remains understudied. Purpose To ascertain the relationship between EL and adverse outcomes in patients with CAD. We hypothesize that EL will be inversely associated with adverse outcomes in this high-risk patient population. Methods Subjects undergoing cardiac catheterization for known or suspected CAD were recruited in a cardiovascular biobank and had their highest level of educational attainment assessed using predefined options of elementary/middle school, high school, college, or graduate education. The primary outcome of interest was all-cause mortality and secondary outcomes included a composite of cardiovascular deaths and nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI) events, and nonfatal MI events during follow-up. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to analyze the association between EL and adverse outcomes after adjustment for demographic characteristics, cardiovascular risk factors, cardiovascular medication use, and estimated zip code-based annual family income. Results Among the 6,318 subjects (mean age 64 years, 63% male, 23% black) enrolled, 998 (16%) had received graduate or a higher qualification, 2,689 (43%) had received a college education, 2,403 (38%) had received a high school education, and 228 (3%) had received elementary/middle school education. During a median follow-up of 3 years,there were 1,110 deaths from all causes, 851 cardiovascular deaths/nonfatal MI, and 286 nonfatal MI events. After adjusting for covariates and compared to patients with graduate education or higher, those with lower EL (elementary/middle school, high school, or college education) had a higher risk of all-cause mortality [hazard ratio 1.66, (95% CI 1.08, 2.54), 1.58 (95% CI 1.22, 2.04), and 1.45 (95% CI 1.13, 1.57), respectively]. Similar findings were observed for secondary outcomes. EL dichotomized at graduate education was associated with all-cause mortality (hazard ratio 1.48, 95% CI 1.16, 1.88), but this relationship was significantly modified by sex (p-interaction 0.023) and the association was attenuated among male patients (hazard ratio 1.23, 95% CI 0.94, 1.61) but not female patients (hazard ratio 2.70, 95% CI 1.53, 4.77). Conclusions Lower educational attainment is an independent predictor of adverse outcomes in patients with CAD. The causal link between low education level and increased CV risk needs further investigation. Acknowledgement/Funding Dr. Quyyumi is supported by NIH grants 5P01HL101398-02, 1P20HL113451-01, 1R56HL126558-01, 1RF1AG051633-01, R01 NS064162-01, R01 HL89650-01, HL095479-0

scholarly journals 412. Estimating the Impact of School Classroom Sizes on the Probability of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 Infectivity or Exposure

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S307-S307
Author(s):  
Sanya J Thomas ◽  
Rebecca R Young ◽  
Ibukunoluwa Akinboyo ◽  
Michael J Smith ◽  
Tara Buckley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Cohort Size ◽  
Research Support ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Despite schools reopening across the United States in communities with low and high Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) prevalence, data remain scarce about the effect of classroom size on the transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-COV-2) within schools. This study estimates the effect of classroom size on the risk of COVID-19 infection in a closed classroom cohort for varying age groups locally in Durham, North Carolina. Total number of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections over a 28-day follow-up period for varying classroom reproduction number (R0) and varying classroom cohort sizes of 15 students, 30 students and 100 students in Durham County, North Carolina. Methods Using publicly available population and COVID-19 case count data from Durham County, we calculated a weekly average number of new confirmed COVID-19 cases per week between May 3, 2020 and August 22, 2020 according to age categories: < 5 years, 5-9 years, 10-14 years, and 15-19 years. We collated average classroom cohort sizes and enrollment data for each age group by grade level of education for the first month of the 2019-2020 academic school year. Then, using a SEIR compartmental model, we calculated the number of susceptible (S), exposed (E), infectious (I) and recovered (R) students in a cohort size of 15, 30 and 100 students, modelling for classroom reproduction number (R0) of 0.5, 1.5 and 2.5 within a closed classroom cohort over a 14-day and 28-day follow-up period using age group-specific COVID-19 prevalence rates. Results The SEIR model estimated that the increase in cohort size resulted in up to 5 new COVID-19 infections per 10,000 students whereas the classroom R0 had a stronger effect, with up to 88 new infections per 10,000 students in a closed classroom cohort over time. When comparing different follow-up periods in a closed cohort with R0 of 0.5, we estimated 12 more infected students per 10,000 students over 28 days as compared to 14 days irrespective of cohort size. With a R0 of 2.5, there were 49 more infected students per 10,000 students over 28 days as compared to 14 days. Conclusion Classroom R0 had a stronger impact in reducing school-based COVID-19 transmission events as compared to cohort size. Additionally, earlier isolation of newly infected students in a closed cohort resulted in fewer new COVID-19 infections within that group. Mitigation strategies should target promoting safe practices within the school setting including early quarantine of newly identified contacts and minimizing COVID-19 community prevalence. Disclosures Michael J. Smith, MD, M.S.C.E, Merck (Grant/Research Support)Pfizer (Grant/Research Support)

Students’ Knowledge and Behaviors for Active Living: A Cross-Sectional Survey Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 206-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Liu ◽  
Senlin Chen
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
High School ◽  
Middle School ◽  
Elementary School ◽  
Sedentary Behavior ◽  
The United States ◽  
School Level ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Active Living ◽  
And Behaviors

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to capture students’ essential knowledge and behaviors concerning active living. Methods: Students (N = 1,079) from elementary, middle, and high schools in the United States reported their knowledge of physical activity and fitness (PAF knowledge), and physical activity and sedentary behavior using grade-specific PE Metrics tests and Youth Activity Profile, respectively. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were used to address the research purposes. Results: The total PAF knowledge scores and scores in subareas varied by gender and school level. A declining trend for physical activity and an increasing trend for sedentary behavior were observed. PAF knowledge positively predicted physical activity in elementary school boys and middle school girls and negatively predicted sedentary behavior in middle school students and high school boys. Certain PAF knowledge subareas (e.g., elementary school PD#3: knowledge about the characteristics of health-enhancing physical activity; middle school PD#1: knowledge of physical activity participation as part of a healthful lifestyle; high school PD#4: monitoring and adjusting physical activity to meet fitness needs) also significantly predicted behaviors. Conclusion: The findings may guide teachers’ curricular and instructional actions to enhance students’ PAF knowledge through physical education.

scholarly journals Parental support and monitoring as associated with adolescent alcohol and tobacco use by gender and age

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosalina Mills ◽  
Michael J. Mann ◽  
Megan L. Smith ◽  
Alfgeir L. Kristjansson
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Middle School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Parental Support ◽  
Parental Monitoring ◽  
Age Group ◽  
School Students ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Older Adolescents

Abstract Background Parental support (PS) and parental monitoring (PM) are known protective factors against adolescent substance use (SU). However, little is known about whether PS and PM may affect SU outcomes differently by gender and age. This study examined the relationship between PS and PM and adolescent SU, specifically alcohol and tobacco use, stratified by gender and age group. Methods Middle and high school students (n = 2351, 48.5% Female) completed surveys of self-reported SU, perceived PS and PM, and socioeconomic background. Age group was defined dichotomously as grade 7–8 Middle school and grade 9–10 High school students. PS and PM were each measured using previously validated tools. SU was measured by lifetime and past 30 days cigarette/alcohol use. One-way ANOVA and binary logistic regression models were completed. Odds ratios and means were reported. Results PS and PM were significantly and negatively related to all outcome variables regardless of gender and age group. Mean differences in PS and PM were insignificant between age groups. Between genders, PM scores were significantly higher for girls (14.05) compared to boys (13.48) (p < 0.01). Odds Ratios of all four SU types (for alcohol and tobacco use) increased with higher age group, with ORs ranging from 1.45–2.61 (p < .05). Conclusions PS and PM were protective against SU for all participants, consistent with previous literature. Girls reported greater parental monitoring than boys, irrespective of age-group. While girls experienced higher levels of monitoring, they did not report lower SU than boys. This suggests that monitoring girls more closely than boys appears unnecessary in preventing adolescent SU. Finally, PS was a more significant factor in preventing SU for older adolescents (high school aged group) than for younger adolescents, irrespective of gender suggesting that PS may be more impactful and important as adolescents age. As children mature, particularly from middle school to high school, PS may play a larger role in preventing SU for older adolescents compared to younger ones.

scholarly journals An Exploratory, Preliminary Report on United States Weather Education Trends and General Population Links Between Weather Salience and Systemizing

2020 ◽  
pp. 54-63
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Bolton ◽  
H. Michael Mogil ◽  
Lara K. Ault
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
High School ◽  
Middle School ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
General Population ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
The United States ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Grade Levels ◽  
K 12

Meteorologists have been interested in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and math) education endeavors for many years. The present study’s authors recently observed an apparent trend in United States public schools away from weather content in physical science classes, especially at higher grade levels. Through the blending of multiple psychological theories, this study sought to examine when people in the United States are presented with educational weather content at the Kindergarten to Grade 12 (K-12) levels and also investigated links between two psychological constructs: Weather salience and systemizing. Recent evidence among people on the autism spectrum suggests that weather salience—psychological attention to weather—is linked to systemizing, a psychological process that involves attention-to-detail and pattern recognition, thus prompting an investigation of this relationship in the general population. Results preliminarily suggest that K-12 weather education in the United States occurs most often in the elementary and middle school years, but that people receiving weather education only in high school, and intriguingly a combination of elementary and high school, but not middle school, have the highest weather salience levels. There was also a positive relationship between weather salience and systemizing. Results are discussed in light of the weather salience, systemizing, and social cognitive career theories.

scholarly journals Prevalence of COVID-19 in Adolescents and Youth Compared with Older Adults in States Experiencing Surges

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara T. Rumain ◽  
Moshe Schneiderman ◽  
Allan Geliebter
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Middle School ◽  
Graduate School ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Population Demographics ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Considerable Controversy ◽  
Near Future

AbstractPURPOSEThere has been considerable controversy regarding susceptibility of adolescents (10-19 years) and youth (15-24 years) to COVID-19. However, a number of studies have reported that adolescents are significantly less susceptible than older adults. Summer 2020 provided an opportunity to examine data on prevalence since after months of lockdowns, with the easing of restrictions, people were mingling, leading to surges in cases.METHODSWe examined data from six U.S. states experiencing surges in the number of cases to determine prevalence of COVID-19, and two other measures, related to prevalence in adolescents and youth as compared to older adults. The two other measures were: (Percentage of cases observed in a given age group) ÷ (percentage of cases expected based on population demographics); and percentage deviation, or [(% observed - % expected)/ % expected] x 100.RESULTSPrevalence of COVID-19 for adolescents and for youth was significantly greater than for older adults (p<.00001), as was percentage observed ÷ percentage expected (p<.005). The percentage deviation was significantly greater in adolescents/youth than in older adults (p < 0.00001) when there was an excess of observed cases over what was expected, and significantly less when observed cases were fewer than expected (p< 0.00001).CONCLUSIONSOur results are contrary to previous findings that adolescents are less susceptible than older adults. The findings have implications for school re-openings. The age groups 10-19 and 15-24 are students in middle school, high school, college, and the first two years of professional/graduate school. The high prevalence in these age groups would argue against school re-openings in the near future.

scholarly journals Traumatic brain injury as a risk factor for dementia

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
E Mezzalira ◽  
B Stopa ◽  
A Khawaja ◽  
S Izzy ◽  
W Gormley
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
The United States ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Public Health Burden ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Introduction The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that there were 2.87 million cases of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the United States in 2014, 69 million worldwide. Some studies suggest a connection between TBI and increased risk of dementia, but it remains unclear whether the risk increases with age and TBI severity. Given our aging population, it is essential to better characterize the link between TBI and dementia. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of two major academic medical centers for years 2000-2015. We identified all patients with TBI, aged 45 and older. Variables included age, TBI severity, pre-existing dementia, dementia diagnosed after TBI, years to dementia, and follow-up time. TBI severity was determined by head/neck AIS score, using ICD-PIC software. Mild TBI was defined as AIS 0-2, and Moderate/Severe as AIS 3-6. Analysis was done in R.v.3.0.1 software. Results Overall, there were 14,199 patients with TBI, of which 9,938 (70%) were mild and 4,261 (30%) were moderate/severe. Mean age was 70.5 (±14.0). There were 1,422 cases (10%) of pre-existing dementia, and 850 (6%) cases of dementia diagnosed after TBI. The mean follow-up time was 1,129 (±1,474) days. The 75-84 age group had the highest incidence of TBI (28%). When compared by age group and TBI severity, the proportion of moderate/severe TBI increased with increasing age. The proportion of pre-existing dementia increased with age, as expected. Notably, there is increased incidence of dementia after TBI in patients aged 65 and older (7-10%, p &lt; 0.001). There was no observed effect of TBI severity on the risk of dementia after TBI. Conclusions Our results indicate that TBI is a risk factor for the development of dementia, especially in patients aged 65 and older. Given the global public health burden of these two diseases it is critical to develop effective TBI primary prevention strategies. Key messages TBI is a risk factor for the development of dementia. Need for public health measures to mitigate the risk of TBI in the patient population 65 and older.

Violence Typologies Among Youth: A Latent Class Analysis of Middle and High School Youth

2020 ◽  
pp. 088626052092236
Author(s):  
Laura Siller ◽  
Katie M. Edwards ◽  
Victoria Banyard
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Middle School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Middle School Students ◽  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Interpersonal Violence ◽  
Age Group ◽  
School Students ◽  
School Sample ◽  
School Youth

Research documents high rates of interpersonal violence (e.g., bullying, dating violence, sexual assault) among middle and high school youth, during which time dating and sexual relationships are emerging. Most research to date focuses on one type of violence at a time or examines the co-occurrence of violence within an age group. This study examined interpersonal violence victimization and perpetration (IVVP) within the context of middle and high school with data from 738 middle school students and 1,311 high school students. Results show distinct classes, or groups, of IVVP among middle and high school students. Three classes emerged for the middle school sample and included a normative class (66.8%; n = 493), a victim of bullying class (28.1%; n = 207), and a mixed/poly-victim class (5.2%; n = 38). Five classes emerged for the high school sample and included a normative class (66.7%; n = 975), a victim of bullying class (18.1%; n = 237), a homophobic bully–victim class (11.0%; n = 144), a poly-victim class (3.1%; n = 40), and a sexual assault perpetrator class (1.1%; n = 15). Demographic and adjustment indicators differentiated many of the classes in each age group. The findings illustrate that there are distinct differences between middle and high school student’s exposure to and perpetration of violence. Middle school students may be best served by programs that address victimization experiences while high school may be a developmental moment to introduce sexual assault prevention programs.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document