scholarly journals On the electricity of rain and snow

1910 ◽  
Vol 83 (564) ◽  
pp. 394-404 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
Potential Gradient ◽  
Rain Gauge ◽  
Fine Weather ◽  
Electrical Capacity ◽  
Suitable Site ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Normal Potential ◽  
Made In

In connection with a theory of the electricity of thunderstorms published in the ‘Philosophical Transactions,’ measurements of the charges of rain were made in 1908, and it appeared advisable that these should be continued for a second year. 1. The removal of the Simla Meteorological Office near the end of 1908 offered a suitable site, and the hut containing the apparatus was accordingly dismantled and set up afresh in the grounds of the new building. In all essentials the arrangement of the instruments remained as described in the previous paper, but it was found after the removal and readjustment of the instruments that the electrical capacity of the rain receiver had changed from 141 cm. to 150 cm. The rain gauge was also readjusted so that each tip of the bucket now corresponded to 0·11 mm. of rain instead of 0·14, as before the alteration. The apparatus for recording the potential gradient was modified so that it could be used during fine weather for registering the normal potential gradient. This was effected by fixing a more powerful radium collector to the insulated rod passing out into the open. The new site was found to be much less frequented by spiders than the old, so that practically no difficulty was experienced from discharging of the apparatus by their webs. All the instruments worked satisfactorily throughout the rainy season and only a very few periods of rain were not successfully investigated.

THE ATMOSPHERIC POTENTIAL GRADIENT AT OTTAWA, CANADA

1937 ◽  
Vol 15a (8) ◽  
pp. 119-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Rose
Keyword(s):  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Potential Gradient ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
Fine Weather ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Set Up ◽  
A Site

The atmospheric potential gradient was observed continuously at the National Research Laboratories at Ottawa for a year ending December 1, 1935, and at a country station about nine miles northwest of Ottawa, for four months ending November 1, 1936. The country station was set up on a site as free as possible from man-made pollution of the atmosphere. The records were studied from two points of view, the diurnal variation and disturbances in the normal fine weather value of the potential gradient. The results indicate that the diurnal variation is similar to that of other similarly situated stations. The study of disturbances in the potential gradient shows that all disturbances can be correlated with local meteorological conditions. The disturbances were for the most part associated with the stormy conditions usual at the passage of a front. The effect of city pollution on potential gradient records is clearly shown.

On white marble half-lotus meditation statues carved in Wuding Era of the Eastern Wei Dynasty

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 182-194
Author(s):  
Hyun-Sook So
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Metropolitan Museum ◽  
White Marble ◽  
City Area ◽  
Metropolitan Museum Of Art ◽  
Right Hand ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Made In ◽  
Wei Dynasty

Abstract In 2012, large amounts of white marble Buddhist statues of the Eastern Wei and Northern Qi Dynasties were unearthed from the Buddhist sculpture hoard at Bei Wuzhuang in Ye City Site. This paper makes a comparative study on a bodhisattva statue in meditation seated in half-lotus posture (resting right ankle on the knee of pendent left leg and holding right hand upward) among them and another sculpture of the same type and made in the same period unearthed at the Xiude Monastery site in Dingzhou; from the double-tree, stupa and coiling dragon designs shown by them, this paper explores the commonalities and differences of the Buddhist arts in these two areas. Moreover, this paper reveals that this motif emerged earlier in the Ye City area than in the Dingzhou area, and diffused to the latter after it became popular in the Ye City area. By these conclusions, this paper infers that the white marble meditating statue seated in half-lotus position with the date of the second year of Wuding Era (544 CE) in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, USA was produced in Ye City area.

Majolica in the Early Colonial Andes: The Role of Panamanian Wares

2001 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross W. Jamieson
Keyword(s):  
Spanish Colonial ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Early Colonial ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Elite Status ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The City ◽  
Made In

As one of the most common artifact categories found on Spanish colonial sites, the wheel-made, tin-glazed pottery known as majolica is an important chronological and social indicator for archaeologists. Initially imported from Europe, several manufacturing centers for majolica were set up in the New World by the late sixteenth century. The study of colonial majolica in the Viceroyalty of Peru, which encompassed much of South America, has received less attention than ceramic production and trade in the colonial Caribbean and Mesoamerica. Prior to 1650 the Viceroyalty of Peru was supplied with majolica largely produced in the city of Panama Vieja, on the Pacific. Panama Vieja majolica has been recovered from throughout the Andes, as far south as Argentina. Majolica made in Panama Vieja provides an important chronological indicator of early colonial archaeological contexts in the region. The reproduction of Iberian-style majolica for use on elite tables was symbolically important to the imposition of Spanish rule, and thus Panamanian majolicas also provide an important indicator of elite status on Andean colonial sites.

INFANT FEEDING PRACTICES IN ISRAEL

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-330
Author(s):  
Jenny Thaustein ◽  
Haim Shalom Halevi ◽  
George Mundel
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Complementary Feeding ◽  
Complementary Food ◽  
Healthy Development ◽  
Quantitative Measurements ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Breast Fed ◽  
Made In ◽  
The Way

Almost 100% of mothers in Israel, irrespective of their cultural background, start breast feeding their infants. This is in accordance with the accepted policy of the medical and nursing professions in Israel. Complete breast feeding is continued only for a relatively short period. At the end of the second month of life, half the infants already receive complementary food, and only 5% are exclusively breast-fed during their fifth month. Partial breast feeding is continued in 50% of the infants until the ninth month, and for a small fraction of the sample (mainly Sepharadim and Arabs) this continues until the middle of the second year of life. The complementary food contains all the essential nutrients for the healthy development of infants, although no quantitative measurements were made in this study. The intakes of protein supplement and vitamins A and D lag behind the recommended schedules, especially among the groups of oriental origin. There are no striking differences in the pattern of feeding and weaning in the various groups. Apparently the different patterns of feeding "imported" by immigrants from the various countries rapidly become integrated in Israel; there is an impression that a national pattern is evolving. The guidance given by the preventive services for mothers is particularly instrumental in this direction. This guidance is especially evident in the way complementary feeding is introduced and in the way the decision on weaning is made.

scholarly journals NATURE OF THE ACTION CURRENT IN NITELLA

1946 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. V. Osterhout
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Ionic Mobility ◽  
Complex Action ◽  
Action Current ◽  
Small Magnitude ◽  
Gradual Loss ◽  
Aqueous Surface ◽  
Aqueous Layer ◽  
Normal Potential ◽  
Made In

The experiments indicate that the protoplasm of Nitella consists of an aqueous layer W with an outer non-aqueous surface layer X and an inner non-aqueous surface layer Y. The potential at Y is measured by the magnitude of the action curve and the potential at X by the distance from the top of the action curve to the zero line. These potentials appear to be due chiefly to diffusion potentials caused by the activity gradients of KCl across the non-aqueous layers X and Y. The relative mobilities of K+ and Cl- in X and in Y can be computed and an estimate of the activity of KCl in W can be made. In the complete resting state the mobilities of K+ and Cl- in X are not very different from those in Y. The action curve is due to changes in Y which suddenly becomes very permeable, allowing potassium to move from the sap across Y into W, and thus losing its potential. A gradual loss may be due to changes in ionic mobility in Y. When recovery is incomplete and Y has not yet regained its normal potential a stimulus may cause a loss of the potential at Y giving an action curve of small magnitude. The magnitude may vary in successive action curves giving what is called a complex pattern in contrast to the simple pattern observed when recovery is complete and all the action curves are alike. Complex patterns occur chiefly in cells treated with reagents. Untreated cells usually give simple patterns. A variety of complex action patterns is discussed. It is evident that the cells of Nitella show much more variation than such highly specialized cells as muscle and nerve which give stereotyped responses. In some cases it may be doubtful whether the all-or-none law holds.

XXXVIII.—Observations with a Current Meter in Loch Ness

1909 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 619-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Wedderburn ◽  
W. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Fixed Point ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
Large Lake ◽  
Deep Lakes ◽  
Small Lake ◽  
Stormy Weather ◽  
Set Up ◽  
A Current ◽  
Made In

One of the authors having made an experimental investigation on the currents produced in a trough of water by a blast of air driven along the surface of the water, it was desired to test the correctness of his deductions by actual observations in a large lake. Loch Ness was chosen on account of its length and uniformity of basin, as it was thought that the length and narrowness of the loch would lead to clearly defined currents being set up in the lake. The sequel showed, as in the case of observations on seiches, that it would have been better to confine attention to a smaller lake, for a twofold reason, (1) because in a large lake the difficulties of observations are much greater than in a small lake during stormy weather, and in very deep lakes the difficulties in the way of obtaining a fixed point from which to use the current meter are formidable, and (2) because it would seem from a few observations made in Loch Garry (Ness Basin) that currents are more defined and more regular in small than in great lakes.

scholarly journals Productivity of wheat grown in conditions of unconventional agriculture

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (29) ◽  
pp. 39-45
Author(s):  
Vesselin Dochev ◽  
◽  
Atanas Atanassov ◽  
Krasimira Uzunova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Combined Treatment ◽  
First Year ◽  
Positive Difference ◽  
Spike Number ◽  
Common Variety ◽  
Modern Wheat ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Biodynamic Preparations ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Made In

The production of clean, healthy and high quality agricultural products is becoming increasingly important. In modern wheat agriculture, research with biological and biodynamic preparations is increasingly presented. With the common variety of winter wheat Venka 1, a study was conducted in the period 2019 - 2020 on carbonate, chernozem soil type, in the experimental field of Agricultural Institute Shumen. The experiment is based on the block method, in four replications with the size of the experimental plot 10 m2. Sowing was carried out in October with a sowing rate of 500 sprouts / m2 after the predecessor sugar flower. In the appropriate periods, treatments were made in 4 variants: 1) Control – untreated variant; 2) Treatment with biodynamic preparations: Preparation 500 + Fladen preparation + preparation 501; 3) Treatment with biological preparations: Heliosulfur + Free N; 4) Combined treatment with the same biodynamic and biological preparations. After the readings of the biometric indicators and the statistical analysis for the first year of the study, a proven positive difference was found in the variant treated with biological preparations on the length of the spike, number and weight of grains per spike. In the second year, a proven positive difference was obtained in the variants treated with biological and biodynamic preparations and in their combination on the length of the spike, number and weight of grains per spike. A difference in the number of spikelets per spike was substantially demonstrated only in the variant treated with biological preparations in the second year of the study. For a proven positive effect in the variant treated with biodynamic preparations, technological time is needed in order to show the real effect of their action on the yield in wheat.

scholarly journals Production of grazed tropical grasses in different agroecosystems in Puerto Rico. III. Semiarid

1969 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-219
Author(s):  
Luis E. Tergas ◽  
Jaime Vélez-Santiago ◽  
Angel V. Méndez-cruz
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Semiarid Region ◽  
First Year ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Tropical Grasses ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Cynodon Nlemfuensis

A field experiment was conducted at the Lajas Experiment Substation in the semiarid region of Puerto Rico to evaluate the production and persistence of 8 tropical grasses, Cynodon nlemfuensis Star, C. dactylon Coastcross-1, C. plectostachyus Star, Panicum maximum USDA Pl291047, Makueni, Guinea and P. maximum USDA PI 259553, and the naturalized pasture Dichanthium annulatus pajon. Small plots were grazed at 3- to 5-week intervals for 2 years. P. maximum USDA PI 259553 and Makueni were highly productive in the semiarid,.region, as well as in previous experiments in humid regions in Puerto Rico. They are highly recommended for grazing trials. P. maximum Makueni and USDA PI 291047 were the most productive during the first year, although they were not significantly different (P=0.05) from P. maximum USDA PI 259553 and Common Guinea, and Cynodon plectyostachyus Star. The production of C. nlemluensis Star was similar to that of Dichanthium annulatus but higher than that of C. dactylon Coastcross-1 (P=0.05). The average production for all grasses declined at the beginning of the year, during the cool short days in February and March, 1983, without any significant difference (P=0.05) among species and cultivars. Production increased at the beginning of the rainy season, but it was low at the peak of the rainy season because of trampling in poorly aerated and compact soils. C. plectostachyus Star was the most productive grass during the second year of experiment, although it was not significantly different (P=0.05) from P. maximum USDA PI 291017 and 259553 and cultivar Makueni. The production of Common Guinea and that of D. annulatus were. similar and higher than that of C. nlemfuensis Star and C. dactylon Coastcross-1 (P=0.05), which did not persist at the end of the experiment. Forage production during the second year was lower than in the first year because of less rainfall in 1983. The mean CP content of all grasses varied from 11.29 to 14.05, except that of D. annulatus, which was only 9.73%. CP content was lower during the periods of maximum forage production.

scholarly journals Device for calibration of low pressure gauges development

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 189-195
Author(s):  
Z.D. Nikitovic
Keyword(s):  
High Vacuum ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Calibration Procedure ◽  
Vacuum System ◽  
Molecular Collision ◽  
Gas Discharges ◽  
Dry Air ◽  
Vacuum Region ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Made In

Vacuum system set-up is presented and used for calibration of pressure gauges in the region of rough vacuum, from 103 mbar to 10-1 mbar, with dry air. The capacitance manometer is used for the calibration of piezoresistant manometer, oil, mercury and mercury micrometers U manometers. The applicability of the experimental set-up and obtained results for the low pressure gauges calibration in the medium and high vacuum region is approved. It was shown how calibration of some cheaper pressure gauges might be performed and reliable measurements of the pressure may be made in the region that is of interest for atomic and molecular collision physics and low-pressure gas discharges. It was also shown that mentioned calibration procedure could be used for calibration of different U manometer types in order to renormalize older atomic and molecular collision data.

D Minus Months: Strategic Planning for Weather-Sensitive Decisions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva D. Regnier ◽  
Joel W. Feldmeier
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Analysis ◽  
Weather Forecasting ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Strategic Decisions ◽  
Sequential Decisions ◽  
Weather Forecasts ◽  
Current State ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Made In

General Eisenhower’s decisions to postpone and, one day later, to launch the “D-Day” invasion of Normandy are a gripping illustration of sequential decisions under uncertainty, suitable for any introductory decision analysis class. They’re also the archetypal example of weather-sensitive decision making using a forecast. This paper develops a framework for analyzing weather-sensitive decisions with a focus on the less-familiar strategic decisions that determine how forecasts are produced and what operational alternatives are available so that decision makers can extract value from forecasts. We tell the story of the decisions made in the months before D-Day regarding how to set up the forecasting process and the myriad decisions implicating nation-level resources that prepared Allied forces not just to invade, but to hold open that decision until the last possible hour so that Eisenhower and his staff could use the critical forecasts. Finally, we overview the current state of the weather-forecasting enterprise, the current challenges of interest to decision analysts, and what this means for decision analysts seeking opportunities to help the weather enterprise improve forecasts and to help operational decision makers extract more value from modern weather forecasts.

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