scholarly journals On the leaves of calamites ( Calamocladus section )

In spite of the great progress which has been made in the study of Coal Measure plants, the subject of leaf structure has been largely neglected. The author is investigating the structure of the leaves of the principal groups of palæozoic plants with the view of determining their morphological and biological characters, and also of obtaining some knowledge of the conditions under which they grew. The speimens of Calamite leaves described in this paper have been found chiefly in slides in existing collections, and most of the material originally came from the Halifax Hard Bed of the Lower Coal measures.

1935 ◽  
Vol 39 (291) ◽  
pp. 191-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis Breguet

It is a great honour for me to address the members of the oldest learned society devoted to aeronautics, the Royal Aeronautical Society, which was founded in 1866—six years before the Société Francaise de Navigation Aérienne of France was founded for the same purpose.The choice of a subject nowadays is a difficult matter; great progress has been made in aeronautical science—numerous research workers all over the world are endeavouring to solve the outstanding problems—and the reason I decided to take for my lecture the subject of the maximum speeds of commercial aeroplanes was that it appears to me to be a matter of the utmost importance for the future of commercial aeronautics and for linking up the different peoples of the globe.


1935 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 188-192
Author(s):  
A. R. Wilson

The material which forms the subject of this present paper was found in Coal Measure Shales exposed in the bank of the River Nethan, near Crossford, Lanarkshire, Scotland. The geological age of these beds is the Productive Coal Measures, Upper Carboniferous. The outcrop is near the position of the Kiltongue Musselband, about 8 fathoms above the Kiltongue Coal.


The last few decades have seen enormous additions to our knowledge of the structure of fossil plants, and we have now a very complete acquaintance with the stems, roots, and fructifications of a considerable number of Coal Measure genera. But although this is the case, comparatively little is yet known about the structure of their foliarorgans. Renault's classic researches brought to light many interesting leaves, particularly from the Autum district; but scarcely any petrified leaves from the English deposits have been studied in detail. This no doubt, constitutes a very serious gap in our knowledge of the Palæozoie flora, and it is my intention to endeavour to make detailed studies of leaf structure in the principal groups of Coal Measure plants. The subject has important bearings in several directions, apart from a merely descriptive interest. It is now generally recognised that the leaves of plants growing in different habitats almost universally exhibit adaptations correlated with the physical conditions of their surroundings, and definite types of structure are developed according to the amount of water and light supplied. A considerable mass of evidence on this subject is being accumulated by the study of modern plants. It seems perfectly legitimate to use this evidence in the reverse manner, and from the characters of leaf structure to draw deductions as to the climate and conditions of growth in Coal Measure times. Leaves show these modifications more strikingly than any other parts of the plant, and hence a detailed know­ ledge of fossil leaves is of great importance in the discussion of the climatology of the Coal Measure period, and incidentally in regard to the question of the formation of coal.


2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2839 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Diez-Martin ◽  
Alicia Blanco-Gonzalez ◽  
Camilo Prado-Roman

Great progress has been made in the field of marketing and sustainability. Nevertheless, there is still an important gap between the behavior and beliefs of society and markets about sustainability, and companies’ capability to understand and face this trend. Digital marketing is key to filling this gap. However, research in digital marketing and sustainability is very scarce. The purpose of this research is to examine the literature in the subject, since 2009 until 2018, and to elaborate a research agenda about digital marketing and sustainability. Through a previous analysis based on bibliometrics, a research agenda has been developed that shows the main challenges for the digital marketing and sustainability field: (1) customer orientation and value proposition; (2) digital consumer’s behavior; (3) digital green marketing; (4) competitive advantage; (5) supply chain; and (6) capabilities. This work contributes to the development of the research in digital marketing and sustainability, suggesting various challenges for the field that lead to future lines of research, and favoring the development of a new research approach capable of reducing the existing gap between society and business on sustainability issues.


1931 ◽  
Vol 68 (9) ◽  
pp. 421-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. B. A. Welch

THE inlier of Carboniferous Limestone, situate within the Coal Measure area at Upper Vobster, was the subject of much controversy in the past. It was not, however, until 1912 that Dr. T. F. Sibly settled this vexed question, and showed that the inlier was a mass of Carboniferous Limestone and “Millstone Grit” superimposed upon folded Coal Measures by thrust-faulting. His paper contains a very accurate map showing the extent of the quarries and strata exposed at the time: the latter now unfortunately having been removed by further quarrying.


The Geologist ◽  
1863 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 81-92
Author(s):  
George V. Du Noyer

“Why is it that there is no bituminous coal of any account in Ireland?” This is a question which I have often been asked by well-informed people, and the answer is comprised in the one descriptive word “Denudation.” In truth, there is no reason why, at one period of our geological history, the great mass of the bituminous coal-bearing strata occurring in England should not have extended over what is now Ireland; but, strange to say, while this store of inestimable wealth was being preserved in England, and covered by the New Red Sandstone and probably Tertiary rocks, the adjoining portion of the earth's crust was being gradually raised from beneath the sea, and wellnigh effectually denuded of its carbonaceous covering. Ireland, therefore, for the most part, presents an older geological surface than England, especially over the areas now occupied by the Devonian and Carboniferous rocks; and I believe that all we have now remaining to us in the upper portion of the latter, is some of the basal beds of the English coal-measures, represented by three thin layers of bituminous coal, capping the mountains at either side of Lough Allen, in the counties of Roscommon and Leitrim, and extending into the Co. Sligo.The most important coal-beds of the Arigna district, or those which are being worked at present, occur to the west of Lough Allen, and near the summits of the mountains of Kilronan and Altagowlan; the former being 1081 feet, and the latter 1377 feet above the sea, having the valley of the Arigna river between them. From an examination of these coal-fields, which I made in the month of March, 1862, I am enabled to add some information to that which we already possess regarding them, which, I have no doubt, will be acceptable to those who are interested in the subject of the Irish bituminous coals.


Think India ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 72-83
Author(s):  
Tushar Kadian

Actually, basic needs postulates securing of the elementary conditions of existence to every human being. Despite of the practical and theoretical importance of the subject the greatest irony is non- availability of any universal preliminary definition of the concept of basic needs. Moreover, this becomes the reason for unpredictability of various political programmes aiming at providing basic needs to the people. The shift is necessary for development of this or any other conception. No labour reforms could be made in history till labours were treated as objects. Its only after they were started being treating as subjects, labour unions were allowed to represent themselves in strategy formulations that labour reforms could become a reality. The present research paper highlights the basic needs of Human Rights in life.


2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Ya. Lukasevich

The subject of the research is new tools for business financing using the initial coin offering (ICO) in the context of the development of cryptocurrencies and the blockchain technologies as their basis. The purpose of the work was to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of the ICO in comparison with traditional financial tools as well as prospects, limitations and problems of using digital financial tools. Conclusions are made in relation to possibilities, limitations and application areas of digital business financing tools, particularly in the real sector, taking into account the specifics of the Russian economy and legislation. It is shown that the main problems of using the digital financial tools are related to the economic sphere and caused by the lack of adequate approaches to evaluation of assets as well as the shortage of objective information. The problems and new tasks of corporate finance in the digital economy are defined.


1983 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-61
Author(s):  
Shahrukh Rafi Khan

The book under review is a compilation of the author's articles and lectures that highlight the prominent developments in the literature on the subject of Islamic banking and inform the reader of the current state of debate on it. One of the earliest and main contributors to this topic is the author himself. The focus of this review will mainly be on "Economics of Profit-Sharing", which is the title of the fourth chapter of the book and is among his latest contributions. This chapter is a significant contribution as it is the first attempt to formalise the concept of profit sharing into an analytical model and, therefore, demands closer scrutiny. However, in the remaining chapters of the book, the author has drawn attention to some of the fine points made in the literature on this topic. Since some of these points appear to be controversial to me, I will briefly discuss them before moving on to the analytical chapter of the book.


2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
João Carlos Brum Torres

O artigo tem por objeto o exame de três registros de gritantes e distintos paradoxos na Doutrina do Direito de Kant. Registros feitos em tempos e contextos históricos diferentes por Friedrich Bouterwek, Marcus Willaschek e Balthazar Barbosa Filho. Bouterwek atribuiu a Kant a mais paradoxal das proposições jamais enunciadas por qualquer autor, a de que a mera ideia de soberania deve obrigar-nos a obedecer como a nosso inquestionável senhor a quem quer que se haja estabelecido como tal, sem que caiba indagar quem lhe deu o direito de comandar-nos. Willaschek aponta a incompatibilidade de duas teses centrais da doutrina kantiana: a do caráter externo dos vínculos jurídicos e a da incondicionalidade obrigacional do direito positivo, pois não é possível entender como é possível termo-nos como obrigados por imperativos jurídicos e, ao mesmo, vermo-nos internamente isentados do dever de obedecê-los. O ponto crítico de Balthazar é alegar que não pode haver na filosofia kantiana uma crítica da razão político e jurídica, simplesmente porque o conceito de imputação, base da normatividade própria dessas esferas, pressupõe uma pluralidade de agentes livres que, justamente, só pode ser uma pressuposição, pois nosso acesso à normatividade prática só pode ter lugar em primeira pessoa. No exame a que o artigo submete essas alegações, o artigo argumenta, em objeção à tese de Balthazar, que o caráter universal e categórico da força que vincula o sujeito quando confrontado com a lei moral em primeira pessoa necessariamente se desvaneceria se, ao mesmo tempo, ele não fosse tomado pela evidência de que a realidade objetiva dos princípios morais é não só instanciável, mas assegurada pela múltipla instanciação. Com relação às dificuldades levantadas por Willaschek e Bouterwek, o artigo argumenta que o princípio exeundum e statu naturali, enquanto norma metapositiva, anterior à divisão do domínio prático entre doutrina do direito e doutrina da virtude, permite ao mesmo tempo compreender a exigência de obediência ao poder constituído e a restrição das obrigações jurídico-políticas exclusivamente ao foro externo.AbstractThe object of the article is to examine three claims about three distinct and allegedly blatant paradoxes in Kant's Doctrine of Right. These three critical points had been made in distinct times and contexts by Friedrich Bouterwek, Marcus Willaschek e Balthazar Barbosa Filho. Bouterwek attributed to Kant the most paradoxical of all paradoxical propositions, the statement that by the mere idea of sovereignty we are obliged to obey as our lord who has imposed himself upon us, without questioning from where he got such right. Willaschek points out the incompatibility of two main theses of Kantian doctrine of right: the claims that the legal bounds are of external character and that they are the source of unconditional obligations, since it seems impossible to understand how it would be possible to be obliged by juridical norms and decisions and at the same time to be exempted of the internal duty of compliance. The radical objection of Professor Balthazar is the claim that in the context of Kantian Philosophy it is impossible to admit a critique of the juridical and political reason because the concept of imputation, ground of the normativity in these domains, requires not only the presupposition of free agents, but a true and secure epistemic access to them, which is, according to him, impossible considering that the moral law and the other practical principles are accessible for us only in the first person. In the course of the appraisal of such claims, the article contest that objection arguing that the universal and categorical force of the normative bound experienced by the subject when confronted with the moral law in the first person would ineluctably vanish if, at the same time, he had not been taken by the evidence that the objective reality of the moral principles is secured by multiple instancing. Regarding the difficulties raised by Willaschek and Bouterwek, the article argues that the principle exeundum e statu naturali, as a norm of meta-positive character, prior to the division of practical domains between the doctrine of right and the doctrine of virtue, is the cue both to the understanding of the requirement of unquestioning obedience to the constituted power and to the restriction of the validity of this requirement only in foro externo.


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