scholarly journals Monitoring chicken flock behaviour provides early warning of infection by human pathogen Campylobacter

2016 ◽  
Vol 283 (1822) ◽  
pp. 20152323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frances M. Colles ◽  
Russell J. Cain ◽  
Thomas Nickson ◽  
Adrian L. Smith ◽  
Stephen J. Roberts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Flow ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Sources Of Infection ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Farm Biosecurity

Campylobacter is the commonest bacterial cause of gastrointestinal infection in humans, and chicken meat is the major source of infection throughout the world. Strict and expensive on-farm biosecurity measures have been largely unsuccessful in controlling infection and are hampered by the time needed to analyse faecal samples, with the result that Campylobacter status is often known only after a flock has been processed. Our data demonstrate an alternative approach that monitors the behaviour of live chickens with cameras and analyses the ‘optical flow’ patterns made by flock movements. Campylobacter -free chicken flocks have higher mean and lower kurtosis of optical flow than those testing positive for Campylobacter by microbiological methods. We show that by monitoring behaviour in this way, flocks likely to become positive can be identified within the first 7–10 days of life, much earlier than conventional on-farm microbiological methods. This early warning has the potential to lead to a more targeted approach to Campylobacter control and also provides new insights into possible sources of infection that could transform the control of this globally important food-borne pathogen.

scholarly journals Genetic Diversity of Listeria monocytogenes Strains from a High-Prevalence Dairy Farm

2005 ◽  
Vol 71 (10) ◽  
pp. 5893-5899 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica K. Borucki ◽  
Clive C. Gay ◽  
James Reynolds ◽  
Katherine L. McElwain ◽  
So Hyun Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Clinical Strain ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Serotype 1 ◽  
On Farm

ABSTRACT Listeria monocytogenes is a significant food-borne human and veterinary pathogen. Contaminated silage commonly leads to disease in livestock, but the pervasive nature of the bacterium can make it difficult to identify the source of infection. An investigation of bovine listeriosis that occurred on a Pacific Northwest dairy farm (“farm A”) revealed that the clinical strain was closely related to fecal strains from asymptomatic cows, and that farm environment was heavily contaminated with a diversity of L. monocytogenes strains. In addition, the farm A clinical strain was closely related to clinical and environmental strains obtained 1 year prior from a second Northwest dairy farm (“farm B”). To investigate the source(s) of contamination on farm A, environmental samples were collected from farm A at two time points. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis characterization of 538 isolates obtained from that farm identified 57 different AscI pulsovars. Fecal isolates obtained from individual cows were the most genetically diverse, with up to 94% of fecal samples containing more than one pulsovar. The maximum numbers of pulsovars and serotypes isolated from a fecal sample of one cow were 6 and 4, respectively. Serotype 1/2a was isolated most frequently at both time points. Microarray genotyping of bovine listeriosis, fecal, and silage strains from both farms identified four probes that differentiated listeriosis strains from environmental strains; however, no probe was common to both bovine listeriosis strains.

Parallel sequencing reveals Campylobacter in commercial meat chickens less than 8 days old.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.M. Colles ◽  
S.J. Hedges ◽  
R. Dixon ◽  
S.G. Preston ◽  
P. Thornhill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Commercial Farms ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Uk ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Farm Biosecurity ◽  
Profiling Analysis ◽  
Young Chicks

Campylobacter from contaminated poultry meat is a major source of human gastroenteritis worldwide. To date, attempts to control this zoonotic infection with on-farm biosecurity measures have been inconsistent in outcome. A cornerstone of these efforts has been the detection of chicken infection with microbiological culture, where Campylobacter is generally not detectable until birds are at least 21 days old. Using parallel sequence based bacterial 16S profiling analysis and targeted sequencing of the porA gene, Campylobacter was identified at very low levels in all commercial flocks at less than 8 days old that were tested from the UK, Switzerland, and France. These young chicks exhibited a much greater diversity of porA types than older birds testing positive for Campylobacter by culture or qPCR. This suggests that, as the bacteria multiply sufficiently to be detected by culture methods, one or two variants, as indicated by porA type, dominate the infection. The findings that: (i) most young chicks carry some Campylobacter and (ii) not all flocks become Campylobacter positive by culture, suggest that efforts to control infection, and therefore avoid contamination of poultry meat, should concentrate on how to limit Campylobacter to low levels by the prevention of the overgrowth of single strains. Importance: Our results demonstrate the presence of Campylobacter DNA amongst faecal samples from a range of commercially reared meat chicks that are less than 8 days of age, consistent across 3 European countries. The recently developed, sensitive detection method indicates that infection occurs on commercial farms much earlier and more widely than previously thought, which opens-up new opportunities to control Campylobacter contamination at the start of the food-chain, and reduce the unacceptably high levels of human disease.

scholarly journals Consumption of minas frescal cheese may be a source of human infection by Campylobacter jejuni

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guilherme Paz Monteiro ◽  
Roberta Torres de Melo ◽  
Eliane Pereira Mendonça ◽  
Priscila Christen Nalevaiko ◽  
Mariela Moura Carreon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Emerging Pathogen ◽  
Dairy Food ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Fresh Cheese ◽  
Sources Of Infection ◽  
Metabolic Activities ◽  
Campylobacter Spp

Campylobacter spp. is an emerging pathogen that causes gastroenteritis in humans and the consumption of dairy food can characterize sources of infection. We aimed to verify the viability and a presence of transcripts associated with characteristics of virulence and adaptation of C. jejuni isolated from Minas Frescal cheeses, produced with contaminated milk and stored under refrigeration for up to ten days. The samples were analyzed for bioindicators, Campylobacter spp., pH, acidity, moisture and sodium chloride. Campylobacter spp. recovered were evaluated for the production of transcripts of: ciaB, dnaJ, p19 and sodB. The results were correlated with the viability of C. jejuni and changes in their transcriptome. Storage at low temperatures reduced C. jejuni from the first to the fourth day. The variations in humidity, pH and acidity influenced the decreasing of C. jejuni. There was a reduction in transcripts' production of the four genes, more pronounced on the fourth day, indicating the inability of the microorganism to perform its metabolic activities, due to the conditions of injury. Despite the presence of mechanisms of virulence and adaptation, C. jejuni could not remain viable four days after production. However, consumption of fresh cheese contaminated with Campylobacter jejuni can be a source of infection when consumed up to four days after production.

scholarly journals A novel report of colistin-resistant Escherichia coli carrying mcr-1 gene from animal and human feacal samples in Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olugbenga A. Olowe ◽  
Rita A. Olowe ◽  
Adeolu S. Oluremi ◽  
Olusolabomi J. Adefioye
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Colistin Resistance ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistant ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
Faecal Samples

Background: The mobilized colistin resistance (m cr)-1 gene confers transferable colistin resistance. Reports of mcr-1-positive Escherichia coli (MCRPE) have attracted substantial attention. However, in Nigeria, there is no report of mcr-1 gene resistance. Since colistin is a last resort for multiple drug-resistant isolates, this study therefore report the prevalence of mcr-1 gene among E. coli isolated from human and animal sources. Methods: Out of a total of 280 samples collected from animal and hum an faecal samples from selected farms in Oyo and Osun States, Southwestern Nigeria between July 2015 and June 2016, 60 E. coli were identified using standard microbiological methods. The mcr-1 gene was detected in the isolates by conventional PCR assay. Results: The m cr-1 gene was low and not statistically significant (p≥0.05). It was detected in 5 (8.3%) of 60 E. coli isolates (4= animals; 1= human) Conclusion: This study is the first report of mcr -1 gene from E. coli from human and animal sources in Nigeria. This calls for urgent caution in the use of colistin in animal husbandry.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Efficacy of Commercial Disinfectants Against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Race 1 and Tropical Race 4 Propagules

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (4) ◽  
pp. 721-728 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. V. Nguyen ◽  
L. T. T. Tran-Nguyen ◽  
C. L. Wright ◽  
P. Trevorrow ◽  
K. Grice
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Panama Disease ◽  
Banana Production ◽  
Race 1 ◽  
Race 4 ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Farm Biosecurity ◽  
Ammonium Compounds

Panama disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense has devastated banana production worldwide. This work aimed to determine effective disinfectants against two races of F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense, race 1 and tropical race 4 (TR4), for implementation with on-farm biosecurity procedures against this disease following the outbreak of TR4 in North Queensland in 2015. A total of 32 commercial disinfectants were screened and their activity was assessed after ≤30 s, 5 min, 30 min, and 24 h of contact with an F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense suspension containing 105 chlamydospores/ml without and with soil added (0.05 g/ml). Of the disinfectants tested, the quaternary ammonium compounds containing ≥10% active ingredient were found to be the most effective against both F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense races. These products, when used at a 1:100 dilution, completely inhibited the survival of all F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense propagules across all the contact times regardless of the absence or presence of soil. The bioflavonoid product EvoTech 213 and bleach (10% sodium hypochlorite) used at a 1:10 dilution also eliminated all F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense propagules across all the contact times. None of the detergent-based or miscellaneous products tested were completely effective against both F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense races even used at a 1:10 dilution. Soil decreases the efficacy of disinfectants and therefore must be removed from contaminated items before treatments are applied.

Reasons for the Absence of a History of Recurrent Genital Infections in Mothers of Neonates Infected with Herpes Simplex Virus

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-193
Author(s):  
Anne S. Yeager ◽  
Ann M. Arvin
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Recurrent Infection ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Neonatal Herpes ◽  
Genital Infections ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sources Of Infection ◽  
Neonatal Herpes Simplex ◽  
Simplex Virus

Thirty-one cases of neonatal herpes simplex (HSV) infection were evaluated to determine how often mothers of infected infants lacked a history of recurrent genital infections and the reasons for its absence. A history of recurrent genital infections was elicited from eight (26%) of the mothers. Nine (29%) of the mothers had primary infections; three of these were oral and six were genital. The mother was not the source of infection in three (9.6%) cases. In eleven (35%) cases, the mother had antibody to HSV but did not have a history or findings of primary or recurrent infection. Two of these mothers had positive cervical or vaginal cultures, but neither had genital lesions typical of HSV in the perinatal period. Two mothers had recurrent HSV infections documented later. The source of the HSV infection remained uncertain in 23% of cases including two in which only the father had a history of recurrent genital infection. When mothers with primary infections in the perinatal period were excluded, the HSV neutralization titers of the mothers of infected infants were similar to the titers of the mothers with recurrent genital infections whose infants were not infected. In contrast, the infected infants had titers fourfold lower than their mother's titer as well as fourfold lower than the 16 infants exposed to HSV who remained uninfected. This discrepancy suggests that the mothers may have had a rise in titer late in pregnancy or that placental transport of antibody was limited. Although 26% of the mothers of infected infants had recurrent genital infections, only three (9.6%) had an easily elicitable history. Most cases of neonatal HSV infection will not be avoidable until the epidemiology of primary maternal infection and of nonmaternal sources of infection is understood and the identification of women with HSV who are never symptomatic is improved.

scholarly journals Tuberculous lesions in pig lymph nodes caused by kaolin fed as a supplement

2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 379-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Matlova ◽  
L. Dvorska ◽  
M. Bartos ◽  
J. Docekal ◽  
M. Trckova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Potential Sources ◽  
Sources Of Infection ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Slaughtered Pigs

An increased incidence of tuberculous lesions in head and mesenteric lymph nodes from slaughtered pigs weighing about 115 kg was recorded in a herd of pigs kept in two farms A and B in the CzechRepublic. Tuberculous lesions were more frequently (P < 0.01) diagnosed in pigs from Farm A (10.4%) than from Farm B (1.1%). The follow-up investigation of potential sources of infection on Farm A revealed that the piglets were fed kaolin from a nearby mine as a supplement. Among 20 samples from the pigs’ environment, atypical conditionally pathogenic mycobacteria (ACPM) were detected in four samples as follows: dust (n = 2), pig faeces (n = 1) and kaolin fed as a supplement (n = 1). Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis of genotype IS901– and IS1245+ and serotype 8 was isolated from kaolin and pig lymph nodes, M. fortuitum from stable dust and pig faeces and other ACPM from stable dust. When kaolin feeding to piglets ceased, the incidence of tuberculous lesions in these pigs at slaughter 5–6 months later decreased from 16.1% to 3.4%. No ACPM was detected on Farm B in 27 samples from the environment. An investigation of surface kaolin mines did not detect mycobacteria in non-extracted kaolin. However, surface water (three isolates among 13 samples) from the pond used for kaolin levigation and 23 batches of the final product of kaolin (10 samples from each batch, i.e. a total of 230 samples were examined) were contaminated with ACPM. Among the latter, ACPM were isolated from three samples originating from three different batches. ACPM were likely to survive during transport of the kaolin, as a suspension through the pipeline, and during its further processing to the final product (sedimentation, addition of colloid substances, drying and other procedures).

Prevent avian flu with proper on-farm biosecurity

Crops & Soils ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 40-42
Author(s):  
Tanner Ehmke
Keyword(s):  
Avian Flu ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Farm Biosecurity

scholarly journals How do pig farms maintain low Salmonella prevalence: a case-control study

2018 ◽  
Vol 146 (15) ◽  
pp. 1909-1915 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Smith ◽  
V. Andres ◽  
T. E. Cheney ◽  
F. Martelli ◽  
R. Gosling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
Median Percentage ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Pig Farms ◽  
Pelleted Feed ◽  
Low Prevalence ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Control Study

AbstractSalmonella prevalence in UK pigs is amongst the highest in Europe, highlighting the need to investigate pig farms which have managed to maintain a low Salmonella seroprevalence. A total of 19 pig farms that had a consistently low (<10%) seroprevalence over 4 years (named Platinum farms) were compared against 38 randomly selected Control farms, chosen to match the same distribution of production types and geographical distribution of the Platinum farms. Each farm was visited and floor faeces and environmental samples were collected. It was shown that Control farms had a significantly higher median percentage of pooled faecal samples positive for Salmonella compared with the Platinum farms (12.1% and 0.4% for pooled faecal samples, respectively) and were more likely to have serovars of public health importance detected (S. Typhimurium/ monophasic variants or S. Enteritidis). Considering the comprehensive on-farm sampling, the identification of farms negative for Salmonella, along with the identification of those that had maintained low prevalence over a long period is important. The risk factor analyses identified pelleted feed, feed deliveries crossing farm perimeter and regular antibiotic use as associated with being a Control farm. Performance data indicated that Platinum farms were performing better for slaughter live weight than Controls. Limited assessments of available pig movement records suggested that the source of pigs was not key to Platinum status, but further study would be needed to confirm this finding. These results emphasise that maintaining very low prevalence on UK farms is achievable.

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