scholarly journals Plant-virus-insect tritrophic interactions: insights into the functions of geminivirus virion-sense strand genes

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1936) ◽  
pp. 20201846
Author(s):  
R. Vinoth Kumar ◽  
P. V. Shivaprasad
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Open Reading Frames ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Virus Transport ◽  
Viral Genomes ◽  
Sense Strand ◽  
Viral Promoters ◽  
Virion Sense

The genome of the plant-infecting viruses in the family Geminiviridae is composed of one or two circular single stranded DNA of approximately 2.7–5.2 kb in length. These viruses have emerged as the most devastating pathogen infecting a large number of crops and weeds across the continents. They code for fewer open reading frames (ORFs) through the generation of overlapping transcripts derived from the bidirectional viral promoters. Members of geminiviruses code for up to four ORFs in the virion-sense strand, and their gene expression is regulated by various cis -elements located at their promoters in the intergenic region. These viral proteins perform multiple functions at every stage of the viral life cycle such as virus transport, insect-mediated virus transmission and suppression of host defence. They impede the host's multi-layered antiviral mechanisms including gene silencing (at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels) and hypersensitive response. This review summarizes the essential role of virion-sense strand encoded proteins in transport of viral genomes within and between plant cells, countering defence in hosts (both plants and the insects), and also in the ubiquitous role in vector-mediated transmission. We highlight the significance of their pro-viral activities in manipulating host-derived innate immune responses and the interaction with whitefly-derived proteins. We also discuss the current knowledge on virus replication and transcription within the insect body.

scholarly journals Alzheimer’s disease: new concepts on the role of autoimmunity and of NLRP3 inflammasome in the pathogenesis of the disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cinzia Severini ◽  
Christian Barbato ◽  
Maria Grazia Di Certo ◽  
Francesca Gabanella ◽  
Carla Petrella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Nlrp3 Inflammasome ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Amyloid Aβ

: Alzheimer’s disease (AD), recognized as the most common neurodegenerative disorder, is clinically characterized by the presence of extracellular beta amyloid (Aβ) plaques and by intracellular neurofibrillary tau tangles, accompanied by glial activation and neuroinflammation. Increasing evidence suggests that self-misfolded proteins stimulate an immune response mediated by glial cells, inducing release of inflammatory mediators and the recruitment of peripheral macrophages into the brain, which in turn aggravate AD pathology. Aim of the present review is to update the current knowledge on the role of autoimmunity and neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of the disease, indicating new target for therapeutic intervention. We mainly focused on the NLRP3 microglial inflammasome as a critical factor in stimulating innate immune responses, thus sustaining chronic inflammation. Additionally, we discussed the involvement of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the gut-brain axis. Direct targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome and the associated receptors could be a potential pharmacological strategy, since its inhibition would selectively reduce AD neuroinflammation.

scholarly journals Phloem Protein Partners of Cucurbit aphid borne yellows virus: Possible Involvement of Phloem Proteins in Virus Transmission by Aphids

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 799-810 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Bencharki ◽  
S. Boissinot ◽  
S. Revollon ◽  
V. Ziegler-Graff ◽  
M. Erdinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Aphid Transmission ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Viral Genomes ◽  
Protein Partners ◽  
Sieve Tubes ◽  
Phloem Feeding

Poleroviruses are phytoviruses strictly transmitted by phloem-feeding aphids in a circulative and nonpropagative mode. During ingestion, aphids sample virions in sieve tubes along with sap. Therefore, any sap protein bound to virions will be acquired by the insects and could potentially be involved in the transmission process. By developing in vitro virus-overlay assays on sap proteins collected from cucumber, we observed that approximately 20 proteins were able to bind to purified particles of Cucurbit aphid borne yellows virus (CABYV). Among them, eight proteins were identified by mass spectrometry. The role of two candidates belonging to the PP2-like family (predominant lectins found in cucurbit sap) in aphid transmission was further pursued by using purified orthologous PP2 proteins from Arabidopsis. Addition of these proteins to the virus suspension in the aphid artificial diet greatly increased virus transmission rate. This shift was correlated with an increase in the number of viral genomes in insect cells and with an increase of virion stability in vitro. Surprisingly, increase of the virus transmission rate was also monitored after addition of unrelated proteins in the aphid diet, suggesting that any soluble protein at sufficiently high concentration in the diet and acquired together with virions could stimulate virus transmission.

scholarly journals Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes, Overlapping Diseases with a Common Cytokine Signature

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 705
Author(s):  
Valentina Giudice ◽  
Chiara Cardamone ◽  
Massimo Triggiani ◽  
Carmine Selleri
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Bone Marrow Failure ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes ◽  
Heterogenous Group ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

Bone marrow failure (BMF) syndromes are a heterogenous group of non-malignant hematologic diseases characterized by single- or multi-lineage cytopenia(s) with either inherited or acquired pathogenesis. Aberrant T or B cells or innate immune responses are variously involved in the pathophysiology of BMF, and hematological improvement after standard immunosuppressive or anti-complement therapies is the main indirect evidence of the central role of the immune system in BMF development. As part of this immune derangement, pro-inflammatory cytokines play an important role in shaping the immune responses and in sustaining inflammation during marrow failure. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of cytokine signatures in BMF syndromes.

scholarly journals Feed as a mechanical vector in the transmission of swine viral diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (11) ◽  
pp. 6587-2021
Author(s):  
NATALIA MAZUR-PANASIUK ◽  
MARTA ANTAS ◽  
MATEUSZ FILA ◽  
JACEK ŻMUDZKI ◽  
GRZEGORZ WOŹNIAKOWSKI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mechanical Transmission ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea

The current African swine fever (ASF) epizootic in Europe and Asia has clearly highlighted the crucial role of effective biosecurity in preventing and controlling infectious diseases and in ensuring a high health status of the herd. The role of feed in the mechanical transmission of viral pathogens has long remained unclear, but the unexpected emergence of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) in the United States in 2013 led to intensified research efforts aimed at determining the origin of PEDV. Since then, it has been proven that feed and feed materials can play a role of mechanical vectors for many pathogens, including PEDV, ASFV, FMDV, PRV, PRRSV, PVDV, PCV2, CSV and PRV. In light of the potential risk of virus transmission via imported contaminated feed, a number of preventive measures have been developed and experimentally proven to be effective in mitigating the risk. The aim of this study is to summarize the current knowledge on the potential role of feed in the spread of porcine viral pathogens and on the latest efforts aimed at reducing the risk of such transmission.

Mesophyll conductance: the leaf corridors for photosynthesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 429-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Gago ◽  
Danilo M. Daloso ◽  
Marc Carriquí ◽  
Miquel Nadal ◽  
Melanie Morales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Mesophyll Conductance ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Cell Structures ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Change Framework ◽  
Chloroplast Stroma

Besides stomata, the photosynthetic CO2 pathway also involves the transport of CO2 from the sub-stomatal air spaces inside to the carboxylation sites in the chloroplast stroma, where Rubisco is located. This pathway is far to be a simple and direct way, formed by series of consecutive barriers that the CO2 should cross to be finally assimilated in photosynthesis, known as the mesophyll conductance (gm). Therefore, the gm reflects the pathway through different air, water and biophysical barriers within the leaf tissues and cell structures. Currently, it is known that gm can impose the same level of limitation (or even higher depending of the conditions) to photosynthesis than the wider known stomata or biochemistry. In this mini-review, we are focused on each of the gm determinants to summarize the current knowledge on the mechanisms driving gm from anatomical to metabolic and biochemical perspectives. Special attention deserve the latest studies demonstrating the importance of the molecular mechanisms driving anatomical traits as cell wall and the chloroplast surface exposed to the mesophyll airspaces (Sc/S) that significantly constrain gm. However, even considering these recent discoveries, still is poorly understood the mechanisms about signaling pathways linking the environment a/biotic stressors with gm responses. Thus, considering the main role of gm as a major driver of the CO2 availability at the carboxylation sites, future studies into these aspects will help us to understand photosynthesis responses in a global change framework.

Prospective Memory Development Across the Lifespan

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 162-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sascha Zuber ◽  
Matthias Kliegel
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Present Model ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Cognitive Factors ◽  
Everyday Functioning ◽  
Integrative Framework

Abstract. Prospective Memory (PM; i.e., the ability to remember to perform planned tasks) represents a key proxy of healthy aging, as it relates to older adults’ everyday functioning, autonomy, and personal well-being. The current review illustrates how PM performance develops across the lifespan and how multiple cognitive and non-cognitive factors influence this trajectory. Further, a new, integrative framework is presented, detailing how those processes interplay in retrieving and executing delayed intentions. Specifically, while most previous models have focused on memory processes, the present model focuses on the role of executive functioning in PM and its development across the lifespan. Finally, a practical outlook is presented, suggesting how the current knowledge can be applied in geriatrics and geropsychology to promote healthy aging by maintaining prospective abilities in the elderly.

Resveratrol: A new potential therapeutic agent for melanoma?

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamad Hossein Pourhanifeh ◽  
Kazem Abbaszadeh-Goudarzi ◽  
Mohammad Goodarzi ◽  
Sara G.M. Piccirillo ◽  
Alimohammad Shafiee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Therapeutic Agent ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Treatment Resistance ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Apoptosis Inducer ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
First Time

: Melanoma is the most life-threatening and aggressive class of skin malignancies. The incidence of melanoma has steadily increased. Metastatic melanoma is greatly resistant to standard anti-melanomatreatments such as chemotherapy, and 5-year survival rate of cases with melanoma who have metastatic form of disease is less than 10%. The contributing role of apoptosis, angiogenesis and autophagy in the pathophysiology of melanoma has been previously demonstrated. Thus, it is extremely urgent to search for complementary therapeutic approachesthat couldenhance the quality of life of subjects and reduce treatment resistance and adverse effects. Resveratrol, known as a polyphenol component present in grapes and some plants, has anti-cancer properties due to its function as an apoptosis inducer in tumor cells, and anti-angiogenic agent to prevent metastasis. However, more clinical trials should be conducted to prove resveratrol efficacy. : Herein, for first time, we summarize current knowledge of anti-cancerous activities of resveratrol in melanoma.

Role of Regulatory Oncogenic or Tumor Suppressor miRNAs of PI3K/AKT Signaling Axis in the Pathogenesis of Colorectal Cancer

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (39) ◽  
pp. 4605-4610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atena Soleimani ◽  
Farzad Rahmani ◽  
Gordon A. Ferns ◽  
Mikhail Ryzhikov ◽  
Amir Avan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Tumor Suppressor ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Akt Signaling ◽  
Tumor Tissues ◽  
Radio Therapy ◽  
Signaling Axis ◽  
Cancer Tumor ◽  
Novel Biomarkers

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide and its incidence is increasing. In most patients with CRC, the PI3K/AKT signaling axis is over-activated. Regulatory oncogenic or tumor suppressor microRNAs (miRNAs) for PI3K/AKT signaling regulate cell proliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, as well as resistance to chemo-/radio-therapy in colorectal cancer tumor tissues. Thus, regulatory miRNAs of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling represent novel biomarkers for new patient diagnosis and obtaining clinically invaluable information from post-treatment CRC patients for improving therapeutic strategies. This review summarizes the current knowledge of miRNAs’ regulatory roles of PI3K/AKT signaling in CRC pathogenesis.

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