scholarly journals Saliva: Physiology and Diagnostic Potential in Health and Disease

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 434-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastien J. C. Farnaud ◽  
Ourania Kosti ◽  
Stephen J. Getting ◽  
Derek Renshaw
Keyword(s):  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Human Saliva ◽  
The Body ◽  
Viable Alternative ◽  
Indirect Detection ◽  
Oral Disease ◽  
Diagnostic Potential

Saliva has been described as the mirror of the body. In a world of soaring healthcare costs and an environment where rapid diagnosis may be critical to a positive patient outcome, saliva is emerging as a viable alternative to blood sampling. In this review, we discuss the composition and various physiological roles of saliva in the oral cavity, including soft tissue protection, antimicrobial activities, and oral tissue repair. We then explore saliva as a diagnostic marker of local oral disease and focus particularly on oral cancers. The cancer theme continues when we focus on systemic disease diagnosis from salivary biomarkers. Communicable disease is the focus of the next section where we review the literature relating to the direct and indirect detection of pathogenic infections from human saliva. Finally, we discuss hormones involved in appetite regulation and whether saliva is a viable alternative to blood in order to monitor hormones that are involved in satiety.

Vasculitis and collagen vascular diseases

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Scolding
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Central Nervous System Involvement ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Therapeutic Trial ◽  
Collagen Vascular Diseases ◽  
Diagnosis And Management ◽  
Neurological Features

That part of the clinical interface between neurology and general medicine occupied by inflammatory and immunological diseases is neither small nor medically trivial. Neurologists readily accept the challenges of ‘primary’ immune diseases of the nervous system: these tend to be focussed on one particular target such as oligodendrocytes or the neuro-muscular junction present in predictable ways, and are amenable as a rule to rational, methodological diagnosis, and occasionally even treatment. This is proper neurology.‘Secondary’ neurological involvement in diseases mainly considered systemic inflammatory conditions—for example, SLE, sarcoidosis, vasculitis, and Behçet’s—is a rather different matter. It may be difficult enough to secure such a diagnosis even when systemic disease has previously been diagnosed and new neurological features need to be differentiated from iatrogenic disease, particularly drug side effects or the consequences of immune suppression. But all the diseases mentioned may present with and confine themselves wholly to the nervous system; they may mimic one another, and pursue erratic and unpredictable clinical courses. In central nervous system disease, diagnosis by tissue biopsy is potentially hazardous and unattractive. Few neurologists enjoy excesses of confidence or expertise when faced with such clinical problems: the cautious diagnostician is perplexed, and the evidence-based neuroprescriber confounded. Unsurprisingly, great variations in approaches to diagnosis and management are seen (Scolding et al. 2002b).But rheumatologically inclined general, renal or respiratory physicians, comfortable when managing inflammation affecting their system or indeed other parts of the body designed to support the nervous system, are generally also ill at ease when faced with neurological features whose differential diagnosis may be large, particularly given the near universal diagnostic non-specificity of either imaging or CSF analysis.Here then is the subject material for this chapter: the diagnosis and management of central nervous system involvement in inflammatory and immunological systemic diseases (Scolding 1999a). In not one of these neurological conditions has a single controlled therapeutic trial been reported, and much that is published on these conditions is misleading or inaccurate. And yet the frequency with which the diagnosis is only confirmed or even first emerges at autopsy bears stark witness to both the severity and evasiveness of these disorders.

scholarly journals Clinical case of the treatment of venous leg ulcers in a patient with Sjogren disease

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 315-319
Author(s):  
Masha V Aralova ◽  
Aleksandr A Glukhov
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Case ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Local Treatment ◽  
Lower Extremities ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Moderate Activity ◽  
Sjögren’S Disease ◽  
Sjögren Disease

Relevance. Trophic ulcers on the background of systemic diseases are characterized by long flow and cause greater difficulties in treatment due to the reduced regenerative capabilities of the body. As a result of taking hormones muscles and skin become atrophic changes. Thinning and dry skin are particularly susceptible to trauma. Trophic ulcers in systemic connective tissue diseases often have no specific signs. Indicate systemic disease can atypical localization (thighs, buttocks, torso, upper extremity, head, mucosa of the oral cavity) wound, long for ulcers, with no tendency to regenerate, the big help in diagnostics renders the identification of syndromes, evidence of systemic autoimmune lesions of organs and tissues (polyarthritis, polyserositis, damage internal organs). Purpose: description of the case of the treatment of the patient with Sjogren disease. Materials and methods. In this report a clinical case of treatment of ulcers of the tibia on the background of long-term hormonal therapy. Patient more than 20 years of suffering from Sjogren's disease. Diagnosis of Sjogren’s disease (chronic, moderate activity (II) expressed stage), dry keratoconjunctivitis, parenchymatous parotitis, xerostomia, Raynaud's Syndrome, trophic ulcer of left tibia and varicose disease of the lower extremities, 2. Sjogren’s disease - a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by involvement of exocrine glands, mainly salivary and lacrimal, with the gradual development of secretory failure, combined with various systemic manifestations. Local treatment of trophic ulcers took place against the background therapy of the underlying disease. In the first stage for cleansing the surface of trophic ulcers used for the contact controlled cryodestruction was carried out hydropressing treatment of the wound. The result - on the 5th day the wound was completely cleansed from necrotic tissue. Further, the local treatment consisted in the creation of optimal conditions for regeneration. After 4 weeks the wound is almost completely epithelization. Conclusions. When Sjogren's disease treatment of ulcerative defects of the skin of the lower extremities takes place on the background of long-term hormonal medications. An important condition for wound healing is to decrease the dose of hormones to the minimum necessary. In this clinical observation in local treatment was applied the technique of contact controlled cryodestruction of pathological tissues on the surface of the ulcer.

scholarly journals A dental hygienist’s role in Pakistan: reduction of overall systemic disease

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Research University ◽  
Dental Hygiene ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Preventive Therapy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Oral Disease ◽  
Systemic Diseases ◽  
Oral Cancers ◽  
Excellence In Education ◽  
Systemic Health

Dental hygiene, as acknowledged in North America, is a relatively new idea in Pakistan. The country’s statistics on diabetes, preterm low birth weight babies, oral cancers and obesity is high. Relating oral health to systemic health may facilitate the acceptance of dental hygiene as a preventive therapy for systemic diseases and also in early detection of otherwise disfiguring oral cancers. This paper intends to reconnect inflammation in the oral cavity to inflammation driven systemic diseases and outcomes in the rest of the body. Prevention of oral disease may ameliorate the initiation or perpetuation of systemic diseases or associated negative health outcomes. Dental hygienists graduating from the Diploma in Dental Hygiene Program at the Aga Khan University in Karachi, Pakistan have embarked on this journey. The Aga Khan University is an independent research university that supports student and faculty research with interdisciplinary support through strength in research and excellence in education. (https://www.aku.edu/about/at-a-glance/Pages/our-vision.aspx, accessed May 2, 2017)

RNA in Salivary Extracellular Vesicles as a Possible Tool for Systemic Disease Diagnosis

2017 ◽  
Vol 96 (8) ◽  
pp. 938-944 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Kim ◽  
H. Shin ◽  
J. Park
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Oral Disease ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Saliva contains biological information as blood and is recognized as a valuable diagnostic medium for their noninvasiveness. Although “-omics” researches have tried to investigate saliva, the origin and significance of its contents are not clear, and its usage is largely confined to oral disease in the diagnostic and prognostic field. In an attempt to broaden the applicability of saliva and to find systemic disease-derived RNA in saliva, we made mouse models that had human melanoma and isolated extracellular vesicles (EVs) from their saliva by an aqueous 2-phase system (ATPS), then identified and evaluated their expression of human melan-A RNA, which is associated with melanoma on skin. With ATPS, EVs were isolated efficiently and stably while taking less time compared to isolation by ultracentrifugation. When ATPS was used to isolate EVs from saliva, the mean ± SD percentage of EVs recovered from initial EVs was 38.22% ± 18.55% by the number of particles, and the mean ± SD percentage of RNA recovered from the initial amount was 60.33% ± 5.34%. RNAs within isolated EVs were analyzed subsequently by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and polymerase chain reaction from saliva and plasma. In melanoma mice, amplification of human melan-A was identified from saliva and plasma, even though a relative amount of normalized melan-A was lower than that of plasma. These results present a possibility that RNAs derived from systemic disease are transferred into saliva from blood in EVs. Also, they suggest that saliva could be exploited in obtaining information about systemic disease, not only about oral disease, by examining RNAs in EVs from saliva instead of blood.

Fournier’s gangrene due to Salmonella Typhimurium in a healthy male: a rare aberrant infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Varsha Gupta ◽  
Lipika Singhal ◽  
Kritika Pal ◽  
Mani Bhushan ◽  
Rajeev Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
External Genitalia ◽  
Fournier’S Gangrene ◽  
The Body ◽  
Healthy Male ◽  
Fournier's Gangrene ◽  
Salmonella Infections ◽  
Chief Complaints ◽  
Human Infections

Introduction: Human Salmonella infections have been classically distinguised into diseases caused by typhoidal and non-typhoidal salmonella (NTS). Typhiodal salmonella includes S. enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi that cause the systemic disease but are restricted to human infections, while NTS consists mainly of other serovars that predominantly cause self-limiting gastroenteritis in humans. Localisation of foci with persisting infection occurs due to dissemination of the bacteria throughout the body and can cause a variety of rare clinical syndromes at aberrant sites. Fournier’s gangrene, a rapidly progressive, often fatal, necrotizing fasciitis of the external genitalia and perineum due to Salmonella Typhimurium, is a rare manifestation and has never been reported. Case: A 22-year-old male, apparently healthy patient with no relevant past medical history presented to surgical emergency with chief complaints of swelling of bilateral scrotal area. Infective etiology was considered and a diagnosis of fournier’s gangrene was made. Pure growth of Salmonella Typhimurium was obtained after repeated subculture and was identified biochemically and on serotyping, as Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium using specific antisera. Conclusion: In our case report, we describe a case of fournier’s gangrene due to Salmonella Typhimurium in an otherwise healthy male to highlight the unusual presentation of Non typhoidal salmonellae at an aberrant site. We also emphasize the importance of using selective media like Selenite F broth for isolation of Salmonella Typhimurium from a pus sample.

Rebalance the oral microbiota as efficacy tool in endocrine, metabolic, and immune disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ciro Gargiulo Isacco ◽  
Andrea Ballini ◽  
Danila De Vito ◽  
Kieu Cao Diem Nguyen ◽  
Stefania Cantore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
The Body ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Philosophical Approach ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Cardio Vascular Disease ◽  
Cardio Vascular

: The current treatment and prevention of oral disorders follow a very sectoral control and procedures considering mouth and its structures as system completely independent from the rest of the body. The main therapeutic approach is carried out on just to keep the levels of oral bacteria and hygiene in an acceptable range compatible with one-way vision of oral-mouth health completely separated from a systemic microbial homeostasis (eubiosis vs dysbiosis). This can negatively impact on the diagnosis of more complex systemic disease and its progression. Dysbiosis is consequence of oral and gut microbiota unbalance with consequences, as reported in current literature, in cardio vascular disease, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, and Alzheimer’s disease. Likewise, there is the need to highlight and develop a novel philosophical approach in the treatments for oral diseases that will necessarily involve non-conventional approaches.

scholarly journals Holistic Metabolomic Laboratory-Developed Test (LDT): Development and Use for the Diagnosis of Early-Stage Parkinson’s Disease

Metabolites ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Petr G. Lokhov ◽  
Dmitry L. Maslov ◽  
Steven Lichtenberg ◽  
Oxana P. Trifonova ◽  
Elena E. Balashova
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Low Molecular Weight Compounds

A laboratory-developed test (LDT) is a type of in vitro diagnostic test that is developed and used within a single laboratory. The holistic metabolomic LDT integrating the currently available data on human metabolic pathways, changes in the concentrations of low-molecular-weight compounds in the human blood during diseases and other conditions, and their prevalent location in the body was developed. That is, the LDT uses all of the accumulated metabolic data relevant for disease diagnosis and high-resolution mass spectrometry with data processing by in-house software. In this study, the LDT was applied to diagnose early-stage Parkinson’s disease (PD), which currently lacks available laboratory tests. The use of the LDT for blood plasma samples confirmed its ability for such diagnostics with 73% accuracy. The diagnosis was based on relevant data, such as the detection of overrepresented metabolite sets associated with PD and other neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, the ability of the LDT to detect normal composition of low-molecular-weight compounds in blood was demonstrated, thus providing a definition of healthy at the molecular level. This LDT approach as a screening tool can be used for the further widespread testing for other diseases, since ‘omics’ tests, to which the metabolomic LDT belongs, cover a variety of them.

Wegener’s granulomatosis: diagnostic dilemma

2001 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Banerjee ◽  
J. M. Armas ◽  
J. H. Dempster
Keyword(s):  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Wegener’S Granulomatosis ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Wegener's Granulomatosis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Facial Nerve Paralysis ◽  
Diagnostic Dilemma ◽  
Nerve Paralysis ◽  
Atypical Presentations ◽  
High Index Of Suspicion

Wegener’s granulomatosis is a systemic disease characterized by a granulomatous lesion that can affect any organ throughout the body.This case-report illustrates the problem posed by a patient presenting with bilateral serous otitis media with marked sensorineural hearing loss, facial nerve paralysis and an atypical serological picture. The importance of early diagnosis and the protocol for the management of a patient with an uncertain diagnosis is discussed. Due to atypical presentations, only a high index of suspicion will ensure an early diagnosis.

A Cross-Sectional Study to Compare Differences on Clinical and Laboratory Findings in Children with Seropositive and Seronegative Lupus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shima Salehi ◽  
Rozita Hosseini Shamsabadi ◽  
Hassan Otukesh ◽  
Reza Shiari ◽  
Monir Sharafi
Keyword(s):  
Autoimmune Disease ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Rapid Identification ◽  
The Body ◽  
Musculoskeletal Symptoms ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
History Of

Abstract Background: Lupus is an inflammatory and autoimmune disease that involves various tissues and organs of the body. Identification of diagnostic elements to rapid identification of seronegative lupus cases is very important in order to prevent morbidity and progression of disease. This study aimed to compare clinical and laboratory findings of seropositive cases with seronegative lupus patients. Methods: This cross-sectional analytic study was performed on 43 children (17 seronegative and 26 seropositive) with lupus who were admitted to Ali Asghar Hospital during 2007-2017. Seropositive patients had anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) titration >1/80, while seronegative patients had ANA titration <1/80 (at the time of disease diagnosis). Clinical and laboratory findings were compared between two groups.Results: Serositis in patients with ANA- was significantly higher than ANA+ (41.17% vs. 23.07%; p = 0.042). ANA- group had higher autoimmune disease history than ANA+ group (42.85% vs. 15.0%; p = 0.041). The family history of the disease in the ANA- group was greater than ANA+ group (50% vs. 23.52%). The percentage of hypertensive patients in ANA- group was higher than ANA+ group (52.94% vs. 26.92%; p = 0.037). Neurologic symptoms in ANA+ and ANA- groups were 38.46% and 17.64%, respectively (p = 0.043). The frequency of patients with thrombocytopenia in ANA+ group was significantly greater than ANA- group (32% vs. 12.5%; p=0.041). There was no significant difference in other clinical and laboratory findings between two groups. Conclusion: Seronegative lupus patients had higher percentage of musculoskeletal symptoms, autoimmune disease history, familial history of disease, and hypertension, while neurological and thrombocytopenia symptoms were higher in seropositive patients compared to seronegative cases. Therefore, evaluation of these factors can be helpful to diagnosis of seronegative patients.

scholarly journals Infectious Diseases and the Pre-Hospital Practitioner

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Speers
Keyword(s):  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
The Body ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Standard Precautions ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Emergency Service Personnel ◽  
Efficient Management ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Safety Strategy

Ambulance officers and other emergency service personnel may be exposed to the body fluids of their patients due to the unpredictable nature of their work. As it is not possible to predict which patients may have a communicable disease, standard precautions must be practiced at all times. This is part of an occupational health and safety strategy that includes appropriate immunisation, education, and post-exposure counselling of staff. The actual risk of acquiring blood-borne viruses or other communicable diseases is less than is generally perceived, and post-exposure prophylaxis is available for several of these. Hepatitis B is the most transmissible of the blood-borne viruses but there is very effective pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis available. There is effective post-exposure prophylaxis available for HIV but not for hepatitis C. An ambulance officer exposed to tuberculosis or meningococcal disease should also be offered post-exposure counselling and protective therapy as appropriate, although the risk of subsequent disease is very small. Education of staff about the actual risks involved following an exposure and the correct procedures to follow will allay fears and allow the safe and efficient management of patients outside of the hospital.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document