scholarly journals Mapping the coevolution, leadership and financing of research on viral vectors, RNAi, CRSPR/Cas9 and other genomic editing technologies

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Fajardo Ortiz ◽  
Annie Shattuck ◽  
Stefan Hornbostel
Keyword(s):  
Viral Vectors ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Incremental Innovation ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
Network Clustering ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Genomic Editing

AbstractIn the present investigation, we set out to determine and compare the evolution of the research on viral vectors, RNAi and genomic editing platforms as well as determine the profile of the main research institutions and funding agencies. A search of papers on viral vectors RNAi, CRISPR/Cas, TALENs, ZFNs and meganucleases was carried out in the Web of Science. A citation network of 16,746 papers was constructed. An analysis of network clustering combined with text mining was performed. In the case of viral vectors a long term process of incremental innovation in which the clusters of papers are organized around specific improvements of clinical relevance was identified. The most influential investigations on viral vectors were conducted in the United States and the European Union where the main funders were government agencies. The trajectory of RNAi research included clusters related to the study of RNAi as a biological phenomenon and its use in functional genomics, biomedicine and pest control. A British philanthropic organization and a US pharmaceutical company played a key role in the development of basic RNAi research and clinical application respectively, in addition to government agencies and academic institutions. In the case of CRISPR/Cas research, basic science discoveries led to the development of technical improvements, and these two in turn provided the information required for the development of biomedical, agricultural, livestock and industrial applications. The trajectory of CRISPR/Cas research exhibits a geopolitical division of the investigation efforts between the US, as the main producer of basic research and technical improvements, and China increasingly leading the applied research. A set of philanthropic foundations played a key role in specific stages of the CRISPR/Cas research. Our results reflect a change in the model in the financing of science and the emergence of China as a scientific superpower, with implications for the trajectory of development for applications of genomic technologies.

scholarly journals To question of food quality in the system of the Russian AIC

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (13) ◽  
pp. 54-60
Author(s):  
V. Lavrov ◽  
Nadezhda Yurchenko ◽  
S. Batrakova ◽  
Anastasiya Fetisova
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Current Crisis ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Food Market ◽  
State Financing

Abstract. The purpose of the research is to study the tools necessary to improve the quality of natural and organic agricultural products, as well as to increase the volume of their receipts and sales in the Russian agro-industrial complex and retail chains. In the context of the current crisis and sanctions from the United States and a number of countries of the European Union the problem of food security in our country is of particular importance. One of the main tasks of agriculture is not only solving the problem of import substitution by increasing the production of essential products, but also improving their quality. The analysis of the materials made it possible to assess the current state of the food market in Russia. The state mechanism for regulating prices in the food market was analyzed. To solve this problem, it is proposed to use the positive experience of China, Western European countries and our country in different historical periods. Methods. The basic research methods of the posed problem applied in the work are comparison, deduction, modeling, historical and logical methods. The result of the research carried out in this article is an attempt to establish the reasons for the insufficiently developed and implemented subsidized mechanism of state financing in the agricultural sector. In the course of the research, the prerequisites and reasons for the current circumstances were considered and indicated. The scientific novelty is based on the authors’ conclusion of a scientifically grounded concept about the need to bring the branches of agriculture within the framework of a mixed market economy into the non-market sector. This, in turn, can provide an urgent need for self-sufficiency.

BALKAN VECTOR OF BELARUS FOREIGN POLICY (LATE XX - EARLY XXI CENTURIES)

2021 ◽  
pp. 253-268
Author(s):  
Larisa Shanshieva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Subsequent Formation ◽  
Independent State ◽  
Main Research ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The Republic

The article examines the Balkan vector of the Belarus’ foreign policy in the context of the concept of a multi-vector policy. It is noted that the Republic of Belarus (RB), created as an independent state after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, initially attached great importance to the establishment of mutually beneficial relations with different countries. This approach laid the foundation for the subsequent formation of the named concept. The thesis is expressed that the implementation of a multi-vector policy entailed certain contradictions. They were based on the need to constantly maintain a balance in relations between the Republic of Belarus and countries that have different economic and political systems and are members of various regional associations. On the one hand, Belarus has established strong allied relations with Russia and joined organizations such as the EAEU and the CSTO. On the other hand, it actively established trade and economic relations with the countries of the European Union, as well as with China and the United States. The main attention is paid to the Balkan vector of international cooperation of the Republic of Belarus, first of all to the Belarusian-Serbian relations. It is noted that the Belarusian leadership sought to cooperate with other Balkan countries, involving them in the orbit of trade and economic ties in the EAEU markets. The main research methods are the content analysis method and the predictive method. The author analyzes the features of the modern political situation in Belarus, caused by the ambiguous results of the presidential elections on August 9, 2020. It is concluded that the confrontation between the authorities and society will have negative consequences for the foreign policy of the Republic of Belarus, for its relations with other states, including the Balkans.

scholarly journals Methodology to Study Behavioral Aggression Due to the Impact of Television Programs

2015 ◽  
pp. 8-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yurii Havrylets ◽  
Volodymyr Rizun ◽  
Sergii Tukaiev ◽  
Mykola Makarchuk
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Media Effects ◽  
Aggressive Behaviour ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Television Programs ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Ability To Act ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Impact

The problem of violence on television and its impact on behavioural aggression of the audience occupies a leading position in media effects studies. The main objective of the study was to explore the available methodology used by scientists in the United States and in the European Union to explore the behavioural aggression due to the impact of television programs. Through the classification of findings of the television-induced aggression empirical studies, the methodological framework of the main research methods in this field was formulated. This structure contains two basic types of research methods. First one studies the media-induced aggressive behaviour (using observation and fixing of aggression acts); second one explores the media impact on viewers’ aggressive inclinations. The latter type of techniques does not deal with the behaviour, but only with the ability to act aggressively, and with its help the researcher can only make inference about the likelihood of aggressive actions in the future. Thus, an empirical study of aggressive behaviour is in many aspects more complicated, but this approach allows obtaining more statistically significant data. Instead of that, evaluating aggressive inclinations enables accumulating a large amount of raw (unprocessed) data in faster and easier way. Results / findings. The first attempt was made to systemize all the methods of the TV-induced aggression studies, used by the U.S. and the EU scientists in their respective explorations. Special emphasis was made on the usage of the psycho-physiological measurements in the experimental research of the TV violence impact. It was found that due to the lack of sufficient veracity in the estimation of the impact of long-term media effects, the methods of fixing the short-term effects prevail in the majority of respective studies. Our further studies in this respect will be concentrated on the problematic of formation of aggressive tendencies under the influence of television programs in the long run.

scholarly journals LEGAL MEANS OF ENSURING COMPETITION IN PHARMACY

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (12) ◽  
pp. 2701-2708
Author(s):  
Nataliya Gutorova ◽  
Vitalii Pashkov ◽  
Oleksii Soloviov
Keyword(s):  
Questionnaire Survey ◽  
Systematic Approach ◽  
The United States ◽  
Scientific Journals ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Drug Prices ◽  
Generalized Information ◽  
International Regulations ◽  
Marketing Contracts

The aim: To research the consequences of pharmacy chains monopolization and establishment of legal means of neutralization of such consequences. Materials and methods: The study is based on acts of the European Union, the United States, and Ukraine and international regulations and documents on health care. The study's materials were the results of a questionnaire survey of managers and specialists in a pharmacy on marketing contracts. The views of scientists on the above issue were also studied. The study analyzes generalized information from scientific journals using scientific, legal methods. Among the main research methods are systematic approach, analytical, statistical, comparative, dialectical, graphical, and a questionnaire survey of respondents. Results: Consolidation of massive pharmacy chains leads to an artificial increase in drug prices by almost 50 percent, which significantly reduces their availability to patients, and in many cases, makes treatment impossible due to lack of funds. Conclusions: As a result of further monopolization of the pharmacy market, the pharmaceutical industry, small pharmacy enterprises, and the complete distribution of medicines will be destroyed.

‘The BP is a great British company’: The discursive transformation of an environmental disaster into a national economic problem

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-127
Author(s):  
Rahel Cramer
Keyword(s):  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
Research Question ◽  
News Coverage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Problem ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Underlying Assumption ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Nation States ◽  
The Media

In the contemporary globalized economy, multinational companies have come to hold considerable power that may previously have rested with nation states. However, state structures remain relevant. With Brexit, the year 2016 featured an exemplary case in which the ongoing importance of nation states came to the fore. Preceding the British referendum to exit the European Union (EU), discourses of national identity were deployed to promote a vote for the anti-globalization campaign. It is against this background that this research investigates how the relationship between multinational corporations and nation states is constructed in news discourse. The underlying assumption is that news actively construct rather than merely reflects the nature of this relationship. Drawing on Social Actor Analysis and Transitivity as a theoretical framework, this study examines news coverage of the BP oil spill that occurred in the United States in 2010 but was caused by a multinational company headquartered in the United Kingdom. The main research question is ‘How does the media establish a link between multinational corporations and nation states?’. To address this central question, this study investigates how (1) corporate responsibility is assigned, (2) the role of the nation state is portrayed and (3) victim status is allocated in the news. Findings show that the nature of the problem is constructed differently according to diverging national interests or priorities of the two nations represented by the media sources analyzed. The study indicates that the discourse around British nationality emphasized in the political struggle around Brexit was already mobilized extensively in the years leading up to the referendum.

DEVELOPMENT TRENDS AND PROSPECTS OF ECONOMIC AND TRADE COOPERATION BETWEEN CHINA AND UKRAINE

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (6) ◽  
pp. 3-12
Author(s):  
Zhang DONGYANG ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
Free Trade Zone ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Economic Downturn ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Association Agreement ◽  
The Eu

The status and prospects of development of trade and economic relations between Ukraine and China are considered. It is proved that bilateral cooperation in the trade and economic sphere has made significant progress. In 2012–2017, China was the second largest trading partner of Ukraine after Russia. However, the problem of imbalance in imports and exports between Ukraine and China has not yet been resolved. In addition, the scale and number of projects in which Ukraine attracts Chinese investment is much less than investments from European countries and the United States. It is justified that trade and economic cooperation between Ukraine and China is at a new historical stage. On the one hand, Ukraine signed the Association Agreement with the European Union, and on January 1, 2016, the rules of the free trade zone between Ukraine and the EU entered into force. This helps to accelerate the integration of Ukrainian economy into European one. On the other hand, the global economic downturn requires the introduction of innovations in the model of cooperation. The Chinese initiative “One belt is one way” is one of the variants of the innovation model of cooperation. Its significance is to unite the Asia-Pacific region with the EU in order to join the Eurasian Economic Union, create a new space and opportunities for development and achieve prosperity with the Eurasian countries. All this forms unprecedented opportunities for development of bilateral economic and trade relations. It seems that to fully open the potential of Ukrainian economy and expand bilateral trade and economic cooperation, it is necessary to take into account such proposals as the establishment of the Sino-Ukrainian industrial park, the promotion of cooperation in the field of electronic commerce, the formation of the Sino-Ukrainian free trade zone and enhanced interaction within multilateral mechanisms (for example, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the interaction of China and the countries of Central and Eastern Europe in the 16 + 1 format).

The Central Asian Economies in the Twenty-First Century

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Pomfret
Keyword(s):  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Kyrgyz Republic ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Asian Economies ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
External Powers

This book analyzes the Central Asian economies of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, from their buffeting by the commodity boom of the early 2000s to its collapse in 2014. The book examines the countries' relations with external powers and the possibilities for development offered by infrastructure projects as well as rail links between China and Europe. The transition of these nations from centrally planned to market-based economic systems was essentially complete by the early 2000s, when the region experienced a massive increase in world prices for energy and mineral exports. This raised incomes in the main oil and gas exporters, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan; brought more benefits to the most populous country, Uzbekistan; and left the poorest countries, the Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan, dependent on remittances from migrant workers in oil-rich Russia and Kazakhstan. The book considers the enhanced role of the Central Asian nations in the global economy and their varied ties to China, the European Union, Russia, and the United States. With improved infrastructure and connectivity between China and Europe (reflected in regular rail freight services since 2011 and China's announcement of its Belt and Road Initiative in 2013), relaxation of UN sanctions against Iran in 2016, and the change in Uzbekistan's presidency in late 2016, a window of opportunity appears to have opened for Central Asian countries to achieve more sustainable economic futures.

Russian Federation and the United States of America: geostrategic directions to manage the Ukrainian crisis

2019 ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Attarid Awadh Abdulhameed
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
National Security ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Ukrainian Crisis ◽  
Zero Sum

Ukrainia Remains of huge importance to Russian Strategy because of its Strategic importance. For being a privileged Postion in new Eurasia, without its existence there would be no logical resons for eastward Expansion by European Powers.  As well as in Connection with the progress of Ukrainian is no less important for the USA (VSD, NDI, CIA, or pentagon) and the European Union with all organs, and this is announced by John Kerry. There has always ben Russian Fear and Fear of any move by NATO or USA in the area that it poses a threat to  Russians national Security and its independent role and in funence  on its forces especially the Navy Forces. There for, the Crisis manyement was not Zero sum game, there are gains and offset losses, but Russia does not accept this and want a Zero Sun game because the USA. And European exteance is a Foot hold in Regin Which Russian sees as a threat to its national security and want to monopolize control in the strategic Qirim.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT FRENCH FOREIGN POLICY ACTIVITY

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 74-79
Author(s):  
Nargiza Sodikova ◽  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International Security ◽  
The United States ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Modern Time ◽  
The European Union ◽  
National Interests ◽  
French Foreign Policy

Important aspects of French foreign policy and national interests in the modern time,France's position in international security and the specifics of foreign affairs with the United States and the European Union are revealed in this article

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