Leptospira spp. seroprevalence in humans involved in a cross-sectional study in Garissa and Tana River Counties, Kenya

AbstractIntroductionLeptospirosis is a neglected bacterial zoonotic infection caused by spirochetes of Leptospira genus. Humans get infected through direct or indirect contact with urine of infected animals or environment. It accounts for more than 300,000 severe cases annually worldwide with case fatality rates of over 30%. Costs of diagnosis and treatment for human and animals, disruption of international trade of animals and products, reduced productivity and reproductivity in animals constitute economic importance. In Kenya, leptospirosis burden is significant but under-diagnosis and under-reporting affects the awareness of the disease. This study aimed to determine and compare the sero-prevalence and factors associated with Leptospira spp. in the two counties.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study that involved apparently healthy people of at least 5 years of age in randomly selected households in Garissa and Tana River Counties. Blood samples were collected and tested for Leptospira spp antibodies using IgM ELISA. Standardized structured questionnaires were administered to collect socio-demographic and exposure information. We calculated frequencies and proportions for categorical variables and odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) to evaluate association between sero-positivity and exposure factors. We used Wilcoxon test to evaluate statistical difference in sero-positivity for continuous variables and calculated test statistic (H) and p-value.ResultsA total of 952 subjects were recruited into the study – these included 482 persons from Garissa and 470 from Tana River. The overall sero-prevalence was 26% [(244/952); (CI: 23% to 29%)]. Garissa County had significantly higher Leptospira spp. seroprevalence (31%, n = 147; CI: 27% to 35%) compared to Tana River County (21 %, n = 97; CI: 17% to 25%). Being a female (OR=1.6, CI: 1.2-2.2) and engaging in pastoralism (OR=2.7, CI: 1.8-3.9) were significantly associated with higher odds of Leptospira spp. seropositivity compared to being a male or working in irrigated areas. The mean altitude of residence of sero-positive patients was 73m ± 21 SD (standard deviation) above sea level and that for sero-negative was 80m ± 22 SD (H=35, p-value = 0.00).ConclusionThis study determined the seroprevalence and risk factors for Leptospira spp. exposure in Garissa and Tana River Counties, Kenya. Females in pastoral communities experience high burden of the disease. Enhanced surveillance in humans and animals and further research is required to understand the complex and multifactorial drivers of leptospirosis transmission in the two Counties.

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Association between Short Hours of Sleep and Overweight/Obesity in Mexican Adolescent Population: A School-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Healthcare ◽

10.3390/healthcare9080939 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 939

Author(s):

Ana Fresan ◽

Alma Delia Genis-Mendoza ◽

María Lilia López-Narváez ◽

Tania Guadalupe Gómez-Peralta ◽

Daniela Georgina Aguilar-Velázquez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cross Sectional Study ◽

The Body ◽

Categorical Variables ◽

Continuous Variables ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Obese Adolescent ◽

School Based ◽

Prevalence Of Obesity ◽

Mexican Adolescents

Background/Aim: Obesity in adolescents is increasing; as such, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of obesity in Mexican adolescents and examine its possible association with hours of sleep. Methods: A school-based cross-sectional study was carried out. This study included 863 adolescents aged between 11 and 16 years. The prevalence of obesity was estimated using the body mass index (BMI). The duration of sleep (and other information) was assessed by a self-reported questionnaire. The Cochran–Mantel–Hansel test for categorical variables and a general linear model for continuous variables were used to evaluate the interaction effect of BMI and sex with respect to sleeping and assessed activity conditions. Results: It was found that 47.6% of the adolescents were overweight/obese. Men were more frequently overweight/obese than women (52.6% vs. 41.8%, p = 0.002). Moreover, overweight/obese adolescents were younger and spent fewer daily hours watching television (p < 0.05). Men practiced sports more hours per week than women (p = 0.04). However, women spent more daily time on the internet (p = 0.05), and overweight/obese adolescent women slept fewer hours than overweight/obese men and adolescents with normal weight (p = 0.008). Conclusions: The development of strategies for the prevention of overweight/obesity and the improvement of sleep duration should include a gender perspective to improve health habits in Mexican adolescents.

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PERBANDINGAN KADAR NITRIC OXIDE PADA PEROKOK DAN BUKAN PEROKOK

JAMBI MEDICAL JOURNAL Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan ◽

10.22437/jmj.v7i1.7148 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 96-101

Author(s):

Maria Estela Karolina ◽

Armaidi Darmawan ◽

Wahyu Indah Dewi Aurora

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Wilcoxon Test ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Test Statistic ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Normality Test ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Microplate Reader ◽

Nonsmoker Group

Abstract Background: Cigarette smoke can affect macrophage metabolism by activating macrophages to release leukotrien B4, IL-8 and TNFα which lead to increased production of superoxide (O2-) and H2O2 and also cause oxidative damage to macromolecules such as lipids, proteins, DNA that can eliminate antioxidants and form free radicals such as Nitric Oxide (NO). NO has an important contribution in the occurrence of infection where NO will be produced more by iNOS. Methods: This study is a cross sectional study with a sample of samples taken in total sampling from medical students of Jambi University as many as 22 people with smokers and 22 non-smokers. Conducted NO examination by using microplate reader on wave 595. Research data obtained then tested by statistical analysis with mann whitney and wilcoxon test. Results : NO levels in smokers were higher than nonsmoker group NO levels. Based on normality test data with Mann Whitney obtained significant difference between both groups value of sig 0.030. Furthermore, Wilcoxon analysis. The result of wilcoxon analysis shows statistic test output where sig (<0,05). Conclusion : NO levels in the smoker group were higher than in the nonsmokers group. NO levels between smokers and nonsmokers were significantly different. Keywords : Smokers, non-smokers, nitric oxide Abstrak Pendahuluan : Asap rokok dapat mempengaruhi metabolisme makrofag dengan mengaktifkan makrofag untuk melepaskan leukotrien B4, IL-8 dan TNFα yang menyebabkan meningkatnya produksi superoksida (O2-) dan H2O2 dan juga menyebabkan kerusakan oksidatif makromolekul seperti lipid, protein, DNA yang dapat menghilangkan antioksidan serta membentuk radikal bebas seperti Nitrit Oxide (NO). NO mempunyai kontribusi yang penting dalam terjadinya infeksi dimana NO akan diproduksi lebih banyak oleh iNOS. Metode : Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian cross sectional dengan sampel penelitian yang diambil secara total sampling dari mahasiswa kedokteran Universitas Jambi sebanyak 22 orang dengan perokok dan 22 orang bukan perokok. Dilakukan pemeriksaan NO dengan menggunakan microplate reader pada gelombang 595. Data penelitian yang di dapatkan kemudian di uji dengan analisis statistic dengan uji mann whitney dan wilcoxon. Hasil : Kadar NO pada perokok lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kadar NO kelompok bukan perokok. Berdasarkan uji normalitas data dengan Mann whitney diperoleh perbedaan yang bermakna diantara kedua kelompok nilai sig 0.030. Selanjutnya dilakukan Analisis Wilcoxon. Hasil analisis wilcoxon menunjukkan output test statistic dimana sig (<0,05). Kesimpulan : Kadar NO pada kelompok perokok lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kelompok bukan perokok. Kadar NO antara kelompok perokok dan bukan perokok terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan. Kata Kunci : Perokok, bukan perokok, Nitric Oxide

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PREGNANCY INDUCED HYPERTENSION;

The Professional Medical Journal ◽

10.29309/tpmj/2018.25.08.55 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 25 (08) ◽

pp. 1168-1172

Author(s):

Uzma Jamil ◽

Anam Mukhtar ◽

Shaista Hussain ◽

Farida Munawar

Keyword(s):

Uric Acid ◽

Serum Uric Acid ◽

Late Pregnancy ◽

Fetal Distress ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Categorical Variables ◽

P Value ◽

Age Difference ◽

Continuous Variables ◽

Cross Sectional

Objectives: To investigate serum uric as an indicator of fetomaternal complicationsin women with late pregnancy. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Setting: Shalamar Medicaland Dental College Lahore ethical committee. Period: One year from October 2016 to October2017. Methodology: Continuous variables were presented as mean and standard deviationlike age and Serum malonaladehyde concentration; categorical variables were presented asnumbers and percentages like intra uterine growth restriction, Mild to moderate and sever preeclampsia and fetal distress. One way ANOVA, independent sample t test and chi square testwere applied to check significance of results, p value less than or equal to 0.05 was consideredas significant. Results: Overall, 100% (n=400) patients were included in this study. The meanage of the patients was 25.81±4.33 years. The age difference was not statistically significant,in groups (p=0.383). The mean serum uric acid levels of the patients for maturity (weeks)36, 37, 38, 39 and 40 was 247.96±2.52 (nmol/l), 253.95±2.04 (nmol/l), 261.19±3.15 (nmol/l),263.95±2.75 (nmol/l) and 296.19±2.55 (nmol/l) respectively. The differences were statisticallysignificant (p=0.000). Fetal distress, number with rising levels were (n=23) 71.8%, number withno change in levels were (n=3) 9.4% and number with falling levels were (n=6) 18.8%. Thedifferences were statistically significant. (p=0.000). Conclusion: The observations of our studyconcluded that serial increase of serum uric acid from 36th week to 40th week was observedin pregnancy induced hypertion patients, and raised serum level of uric acid had significantrelation with fetomaternal complications. like Fetal distress, preeclampsia, and intrauterinegrowth retardation. So serum uric acid can be used an indicator for fetometernal complicationsin late pregnancy.

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Prevalence of Xerostomia and Associated Systemic Risk Factors in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-sectional Study

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International ◽

10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i56b33944 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 186-194

Author(s):

Muhammad Mumtaz ◽

Almuhanad Abdullah Alsuwaiket ◽

Shammas Raza ◽

Farhat Kazmi ◽

Quratulain Shaikh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Wilcoxon Test ◽

Categorical Variables ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Systemic Diseases ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Comorbid Conditions ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Xerostomia Inventory

Purpose: Xerostomia is a feeling of dry mouth and may result in poor oral hygiene, dental caries, mucosal lesions and burning mouth syndrome. Medication, systemic diseases and stress are common etiological factors of xerostomia. The present study investigated the prevalence of xerostomia and explored the possible risk factors associated with this condition among Saudi population. Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 418 participants visiting at Maxillofacial clinic, at secondary care hospital, Riyadh. Demographic data and complete medical history were obtained from participants. All participants were requested to fill the Xerostomia-Inventory (XI) questionnaire. Comparisons between mean scores of XI-inventory and categorical variables like gender, comorbid conditions were made with students t-test or Wilcoxon test. Chi-square or Fischer’s Exact test were used for comparison between categorical variables like gender and responses to XI-items (No/Yes). P value of <0.05 was considered significant. All analysis was done on JMP-version-12. Results: Total 418-participants with mean age (41.1 ± 12.8 years) were included in the study in which 302-participants (72.2%) were female and 116-participants (27.8%) were male. Xerostomia’s prevalence was 24.7% and it was higher in males (34%) as compared to females (21%). A statistically-significant association was found between xerostomia and participant’s age (P < 0.0001). The participants with systemic illness showed a significantly higher mean Xerostomia Inventory (XI) score as compared to the healthy patients. In our study population common comorbid conditions were hypertension and diabetes. Conclusion: The prevalence of xerostomia increases with increasing age and it has strong positive co-relation with chronic systemic diseases.

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PENGARUH AKTIVITAS FISIK TERHADAP TEKANAN DARAH PADA USIA LANJUT 60-74 TAHUN

JURNAL KEPERAWATAN ◽

10.35790/jkp.v8i1.28415 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 83

Author(s):

Ellis Makawekes ◽

Levi Suling ◽

Vandri Kallo

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Research Method ◽

The Elderly ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Wilcoxon Test ◽

P Value ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Village

ABSTRACTBackground: Physical activity in the elderly is very influential in blood pressure, the greater the physical activity carried out in the blood pressure of the elderly also increases. The purpose of the study is to investigate the effect of physical activity on blood pressure in the elderly 60-74 years. The research method used in this study is a cross sectional study. The sample in this study was 32 elderly people in Taloarane Village. Data colecton method in this study used physical activity observation sheet. Data analysis used statistical analysis with wilcoxon test. The results of this study revealed p- value = 0,000 which is less than significant value 0,005. Obtained are blood pressure before physical activity has a smaller value than blood pressure after physical activity where the avarage blood pressure is increased from before doing activities that is 142,25 to 159,81. Conclusion there was an influence of physical activity on blood pressure in the elderly in the village of Taloarane. The results of this study recommend for further research to add the type of physical activity.Keywords: Physical Activity, Blood Pressure, ElderlyABSTRAKLatar belakang :Aktivitas fisik pada lansia sangat berpengaruh pada tekanan darah, semakin besar aktivitas fisik yang dilakukan tekanan darah pada lansia juga meningkat. Tujuan penelitian diketahui pengaruh aktivitas fisik terhadap tekanan darah pada usia lanjut 60-74 tahun. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah survey cross sectional. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah 32 orang lansia di Desa Taloarane. Penelitian menggunakan alat pengumpulan data berupa lembar observasi aktivitas fisik. Analisis data menggunakan uji wilcoxon. Hasil penelitian ini mengungkapkan p-value = 0,000 yang kurang dari nilai signifikan 0,005. uji diperoleh yaitu tekanan darah sebelum aktivitas fisik memiliki nilai lebih kecil dari tekanan darah sesudah aktivitas dimana didapatkan tekanan darah rata-rata meningkat dari sebelum melakukan aktivitas yaitu 142,25 menjadi 159,81.Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini ada pengaruh aktivitas fisik dengan tekanan darah pada lansia didesa Taloarane. Hasil penelitian ini merekomendasikan untuk penelitian selanjutnya agar menambahkan jenis aktivitas fisik.Kata kunci : Aktivitas Fisik, Tekanan Darah, Lansia

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Prescribing antidepressants and anxiolytic medications to pregnant women: Comparing perception of risk of foetal teratogenicity between Australian Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, Speciality trainees and upskilled General Practitioners

10.21203/rs.2.20146/v3 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Summer Williams ◽

George Bruxner ◽

Emma Ballard ◽

Alka Kothari

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

General Practitioners ◽

Perceived Risk ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Categorical Variables ◽

Continuous Variables ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Patient Anxiety ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Clinician Training

Abstract Background: The decision of whether to prescribe antidepressants (AD) and anxiolytics (AX) to pregnant women is complex, with serious potential ramifications. Clinicians’ perception of the risk of teratogenicity significantly influences their prescribing decisions and in turn impacts maternal decision making. Our cross-sectional study sought to discern differences in perceived risk between Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (O&Gs) and General Practitioners (GPs) when prescribing these medications in pregnancy. Furthermore, we investigated factors impacting perception, clinicians’ willingness to prescribe and their approach to provision of patient information. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted via a nation-wide online SurveyMonkey extended to Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RANZCOG) database-derived affiliates: GP diplomates, fellows and trainees (5409 survey invitations: 545 respondents). O&Gs and GPs were compared using Pearson Chi-squared test for categorical variables and the Student t-test for continuous variables. Results: GPs reported higher rates of being aware of up-to-date medication prescription recommendations (57.6%) compared with O&Gs (44.2%). GPs also reported higher rates of training adequacy in psychotropic prescription (56.1% versus 29.0%). There was evidence to suggest GPs level of confidence in knowledge base, initiation and prescription of AD and AX was higher than those of O&Gs. The mean perception of patient non-compliance was similar between clinician groups (approximately 35%), but GPs perceived the extent of patient anxiety as higher compared to O&Gs (mean 73.7% (SD 21.3) versus 63.1% (SD 24.1), p<0.001). Both groups showed a strong preference for improved training rather than patient-focused technology (above 70% for both groups). Conclusion: Further development of clinician training in perinatal psychotropic prescription is warranted.

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Replacement Blood Donation Denials in Children: A Cross-sectional Study

JOURNAL FOR CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH ◽

10.7860/jcdr/2021/48990.14865 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Muniba Alim ◽

Rafey Abdul Rahman ◽

Prabudh Goel

Keyword(s):

Birth Order ◽

Parental Education ◽

Blood Donation ◽

Sex Discrimination ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Categorical Variables ◽

P Value ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Female Ratio

Introduction: Developing countries like India still depend on Replacement Donors (RD) for their blood requirements. Healthcare providers in India often face Replacement Blood Donation (RBD) denials in children especially in rural areas. Aim: To find reasons for RBD denials in children. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was done over six months at a tertiary care centre located in rural part of Northern India. Children requiring Blood Transfusion (BT) whose parents refused RBD were included in the study. Children were divided into three groups based on their age and data on various parameters were collected. Observation parameters included sex, birth order, number of siblings, disease for which admitted, duration between admission and need for transfusion, indication for transfusion, decision maker in the family, resistance to decision of denial by any other member of family, parental education, socio-economic status and reasons for denial. Data were analysed using SPSS software (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 17.0, SPSS Inc, Chicago, Ill, USA). The p-values were computed for categorical variables using Chi-square (χ2) test. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Out of 356 children requiring BT, parents and relatives of 130 children (36.51%) refused RBD. Of these 130 children, 84 were females and 46 were males with male-female ratio of 1:1.8. Females were more likely to be denied RBD (p-value=0.001). Of these 130 children, only 77 could be included in the study because of various reasons. Age of the study group ranged between 2 days to 15 years. Denials were significantly higher (p-value=0.0032) in children with 3rd or higher birth order. Little benefit in terms of life expectancy was the commonest reason for denials in neonates and was found statistically significant (p-value=0.00368). Fear of donation was the most common reason for denial in all the groups combined (38.9%). Considering themselves ineligible and religious beliefs were the other reasons for denials. Conclusion: RBD denial in children is common in India. Misconceptions, Illiteracy, poverty, sex discrimination and false beliefs are major contributory factors for denial.

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Role of sleep and stress in metabolic syndrome: a community based cross sectional study in Rishikesh, Uttarakhand

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20203922 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (9) ◽

pp. 3553

Author(s):

Senkadhirdasan Dakshinamurthy ◽

Vartika Saxena ◽

Ranjeeta Kumari ◽

Anissa Atif Mirza ◽

Minakshi Dhar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Excessive Daytime Sleepiness ◽

Daytime Sleepiness ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Categorical Variables ◽

P Value ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Community Based ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Increased Risk

Background: Sleep disturbances and stress may intervene with the physiological processes in human body and act as a modulator of metabolic homeostasis. The aim and objectives of the study were to estimate the person’s average sleep propensity; to estimate the stress level in the study subjects; and to determine the association of sleep and stress with metabolic syndrome.Methods: A community based cross sectional study was conducted in an urban area of Rishikesh. Sample size was calculated to be 478. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS Version 20.0. Chi-square test was used to examine the association between categorical variables. A p value of <0.05 was considered significant.Results: It was observed that different levels of stress did not have any significant association with metabolic syndrome (MetS) though the odds among individuals with moderate stress were 1.1 times (95% CI 0.6-2.2) higher than those with low stress. The overall sleepiness grading was not significantly associated with Metabolic Syndrome. However, people with mild excessive daytime sleepiness have 4.7 times (95% CI 1.2-18) higher odds of MetS as compared to those with low normal daytime sleepiness. Those with moderate excessive day sleepiness had 1.59 times (95% CI 0.3-8) higher odds of MetS, however it was not statistically significant.Conclusions: Mild excessive daytime sleepiness was associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome. People with perceived stress are having higher chance of getting MetS.

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Assessment of Clopidogrel Resistance in Post Myocardial Infarction Patients after 24 to 48 Hours of Initiation of Treatment: A Cross-sectional Study

JOURNAL FOR CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH ◽

10.7860/jcdr/2021/49310.15171 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mayukh Mukherjee ◽

Suhrita Paul ◽

Manasi Basu Banerjee ◽

Sayanti Ghatak ◽

Santanu Guha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Platelet Aggregation ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Light Transmittance ◽

Categorical Variables ◽

P Value ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Clopidogrel Resistance ◽

Medical College

Introduction: Clopidogrel is an antiplatelet agent used to prevent platelet aggregation and further blockage of coronary arteries in Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) patients. Inadequate response to clopidogrel has been demonstrated in some patients that might lead to re-infarction even when receiving standard doses of clopidogrel. Aim: To demonstrate the presence of resistance to standard oral doses of clopidogrel in a tertiary care hospital located in eastern India. Materials and Methods: It was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted from January 2015 to June 2016, in Medical College Kolkata, (previously known as Calcutta Medical College), India. Total 32 patients, previously not on any antiplatelet therapy, presenting with biomarker positive ACS were evaluated. The patients were given clopidogrel (300 mg) along with aspirin (325 mg) on presentation followed by clopidogrel (75 mg) and aspirin (75 mg) once daily. Blood samples were collected after 24-48 hours of administering the above mentioned doses orally. A 3.2% citrate was used as anti-coagulant. Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) and Platelet Poor Plasma (PPP) were prepared from this blood samples by centrifugation. Platelet aggregation was studied by adding 10 μM Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) in that PRP and it was compared with PPP in Light Transmittance Aggregometer (LTA). Platelet aggregation ≥50% in presence of 10 μM ADP was termed as Clopidogrel Resistance (CR). Differences between groups were assessed with Chi-square test and Fisher-exact test for categorical variables. The p-value of <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: Mean age of the study participants was 60.7 years, and 23 (71.8%) out of 32 patients were male while 9 (28.2%) were female. Total 7 (21.8%) of the patients were found to be resistant to standard doses of clopidogrel. A 3 (60%) out of 5 patients with positive family history of Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) showed CR (p-value=0.025). Incidences of CR was higher among women 3 (33.3%) and in patients receiving thrombolysis 4 (28.5%). Though these percentages were high but not statistically significant. Conclusion: In this study, 21.8% ACS patients showed resistance to the antiplatelet effects of clopidogrel in the conventional dose. A long term prospective Randomised Controlled Trials (RCT) with larger sample size is required to give an insight into this problem.

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Lymphocyte-Neutrophil Ratio in the Diagnosis of Tubercular Pleural Effusion in a Tertiary Care Centre: A Descriptive Cross Sectional Study

Birat Journal of Health Sciences ◽

10.3126/bjhs.v6i2.40351 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 1517-1521

Author(s):

Rajneesh Jha ◽

Ram Kumar Mehata ◽

Puru Koirala

Keyword(s):

Pleural Effusion ◽

Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Categorical Variables ◽

P Value ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Continuous Variables ◽

Tertiary Care Centre ◽

Cross Sectional

Introduction: Tuberculosis is a common infection in our community. Tubercular pleural effusion is the second most common form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Among the several causes of exudative pleural effusison tubercular remains the most common form in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to evaluate the significance of lymphocyte-neutrophil ratio(LN ratio) in cases of exudative effusion for diagnosis of tubercular effusion. Methods: This was a hospital based cross sectional studydone in Patients at tertiary care hospital from 1st September 2020 to 1st april 2021after taking ethical clearance from institutional reviw committee. Convienience samplingwas done. Statistical Analysis of data like percentages and frequencies were used for categorical variables. Mean and SD (standard deviation) were used for describing continuous variables. Inferential statistical tools like Chi-Square test and Student’s t-test were used. P-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: out of 200 cases 75% were tubercular pleural effusion and these cases were found have high levels of LN ratio (0.89 ± 0.11 for females and 0.97 ± 0.14 for males) and ADA (137.79 ± 44.61for females and 147.61 ± 51.64 for males) and more than 90% sensitivity and specificity of LN ratio and ADA level. Conclusion: Exudative pleural fluid L/N ratio >0.75 is an efficient means of diagnosing tuberculous pleural effusion and its combination with ADA level gives us more accuracy and surety about the diagnosis of tubercular pleural effusion.

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