scholarly journals Are fast test results preferable to high test sensitivity in contact-tracing strategies?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas L. Juul ◽  
Kaare Græsbøll
Keyword(s):  
Waiting Time ◽  
Waiting Times ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Test Results ◽  
False Negatives ◽  
Test Parameter ◽  
Test Sensitivity ◽  
Rapid Tests ◽  
Better Than

AbstractAcross the world, countries are fighting to reduce the spread of COVID-19. The backbone of the response is a test-trace-isolate strategy, where suspected infected get tested and isolated and possible secondary cases get traced, tested and isolated. Because more accurate tests often take longer to analyze, and the benefits of contact tracing are strengthened by rapid diagnosis, there exists a trade-off in test sensitivity and test waiting time in test-trace-isolate strategies. Here we ask: How many false negatives can be tolerated in a rapid test so that it reduces transmission better than a slower, more accurate test? How does this change with contact tracing efficiency and test waiting time? We find that a rapid, less sensitive test performs best for many test-parameter choices and that this is true even for modest contact tracing efficiency. For COVID-19-like viral parameters, a test with 40% false negatives and immediate result might reduce transmission as well as a test with no false negatives and a 3-day waiting time. Our analysis suggests employing rapid tests to reduce test waiting times as a viable strategy to reduce transmission when testing infrastructure is under stress.

scholarly journals Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy in goats: is PrP rapid test sensitivity affected by genotype?

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion M. Simmons ◽  
Leigh Thorne ◽  
Angel Ortiz-Pelaez ◽  
John Spiropoulos ◽  
Soteria Georgiadou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Prnp Gene ◽  
Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽  
Sheep Population ◽  
Test Sensitivity ◽  
Goat Population ◽  
Clinical Stages ◽  
Rapid Tests

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) surveillance in goats relies on tests initially approved for cattle, subsequently assessed for sheep, and approval extrapolated for use in “small ruminants.” The current EU-approved immunodetection tests employ antibodies against various epitopes of the prion protein PrPSc, which is encoded by the host PRNP gene. The caprine PRNP gene is polymorphic, mostly at codons different from the ovine PRNP. The EU goat population is much more heterogeneous than the sheep population, with more PRNP-related polymorphisms, and with marked breed-related differences. The ability of the current tests to detect disease-specific PrPSc generated against these different genetic backgrounds is currently assumed, rather than proven. We examined whether common polymorphisms within the goat PRNP gene might have any adverse effect on the relative performance of EU-approved rapid tests. The sample panel comprised goats from the UK, Cyprus, France, and Italy, with either experimental or naturally acquired scrapie at both the preclinical and/or unknown and clinical stages of disease. Test sensitivity was significantly lower and more variable when compared using samples from animals that were preclinical or of unknown status. However, all of the rapid tests included in our study were able to correctly identify all samples from animals in the clinical stages of disease, apart from samples from animals polymorphic for serine or aspartic acid at codon 146, in which the performance of the Bio-Rad tests was profoundly affected. Our data show that some polymorphisms may adversely affect one test and not another, as well as underline the dangers of extrapolating from other species.

scholarly journals Rapid Tests for the Diagnosis of Viral Infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 96 (5) ◽  
pp. 415-420
Author(s):  
Hyun Soo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Test Items ◽  
Rapid Tests ◽  
Antigen Tests ◽  
Antibody Tests ◽  
Rapid Antibody

Rapid and accurate diagnostic tests for viral infections are essential for diagnosis, treatment, and patient isolation. Various rapid nucleic acid tests, rapid antigen tests, and rapid antibody tests have been developed and used to diagnose viral infections. In this paper, the types and characteristics of various rapid viral tests currently used in Korea, test items, and considerations when interpreting rapid test results are described.

scholarly journals Evaluation of antenatal rapid human immunodeficiency virus testing in rural South Africa

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tivani P. Mashamba-Thompson ◽  
Pravi Moodley ◽  
Benn Sartorius ◽  
Paul K. Drain
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Rapid Testing ◽  
Hiv Test ◽  
Hiv Rapid Testing ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Rapid Tests ◽  
Testing Algorithm

Introduction: South African guidelines recommend two rapid tests for diagnosing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) using the serial HIV testing algorithm, but the accuracy and compliance to this algorithm is unknown in rural clinics. We evaluated the accuracy of HIV rapid testing and the time to receiving test results among pregnant women in rural KwaZulu-Natal (KZN).Method: We observed the accuracy of rapid HIV testing algorithms for 208 consenting antenatal patients accessing voluntary HIV testing services in nine rural primary healthcare (PHC) clinics in KZN. A PHC-based HIV counsellor obtained finger-prick whole blood from each participant to perform rapid testing using the Advanced Quality™ One Step anti-HIV (1&2) and/or ABON™ HIV 1/2/O Tri-Line HIV test. A research nurse obtained venous blood for an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) HIV test, which is the gold standard diagnostic test. We recorded the time of receipt of HIV test results for each test.Results: Among 208 pregnant women with a mean age of 26 years, 72 women from nine rural PHC clinics were identified as HIV-positive by two rapid tests with an HIV-prevalence of 35% (95% Bayesian credibility intervals [BCI]: 28% – 41%). Of the 208 patients, 135 patients from six clinics were tested with the serial HIV testing algorithm. The estimated sensitivity and specificity for the 135 participants were 100% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 93% – 100%) and 99% (CI: 95% – 100%), respectively. The positive predictive value and negative predictive value were estimated at 98% (CI: 94% – 100%) and 95% (CI: 88% – 99%), respectively. All women received their HIV rapid test results within 20 min of testing. Test stock-out resulted in poor test availability at point-of-care, preventing performance of a second HIV test in three out of nine PHC clinics in rural KZN.Conclusion: Despite the poor compliance with national guidelines for HIV rapid testing services, HIV rapid test results provided to pregnant women in rural PHC clinics in KZN were generally accurate and timely. Test stock-out was shown to be one of the barriers to test availability in rural PHC clinics, resulting in poor compliance with guidelines. We recommend a compulsory confirmation HIV rapid test for all HIV-negative test results obtained from pregnant patients in rural and resource-limited settings.

scholarly journals Deskripsi Waktu Tunggu dan Kepuasan Pasien di Klinik

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
pp. 800-807
Author(s):  
Yesaya Ukago ◽  
Dian Mawarni
Keyword(s):  
Patient Satisfaction ◽  
Waiting Time ◽  
Waiting Times ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Correlational Study ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Spearman Test

Abstract: This study aims to see whether or not there is a relationship between waiting time and patient satisfaction at DAQU Sehat Malang. This research is a correlational study, where the data obtained is secondary data from the records collected at the DAQU Sehat Malang clinic. The results obtained on the Waiting Times variable with patient satisfaction indicate that the correlation between the two variables is significant because the significant value obtained (0.005) is smaller than the significant value used (p less than 0.01). The correlation value of the spearman test results (r) of (0.455) indicates that the direction of the correlation is positive. This means that the waiting time according to the standard will make respondents more satisfied. Abstrak: penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat ada atau tidak adanya hubungan Waktu Tunggu Dan Kepuasan Pasien di DAQU Sehat Malang. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian korelasional, dimana data yang didapat merupakan data sekunder hasil pencatatan yang terkumpul pada klinik DAQU Sehat Malang. Hasil penelitian yang didapatkan pada variabel Waiting Times/waktu tunggu dengan kepuasan pasien memperlihatkan bahwa hubungan antara kedua variabel tersebut adalah bermakna karena nilai signifikan yang diperoleh (0,005) lebih kecil dari nilai signifikan yang digunakan (p kurang dari 0,01). Nilai korelasi dari hasil uji spearman (r) sebesar (0,455) menunjukkan bahwa arah korelasi positif. Artinya waktu tunggu yang sesuai standar akan membuat responden semakin puas.

scholarly journals SISTEM PENDAFTARAN RAPID TEST COVID-19 PADA KLINIK MEDIKA PALANGKA RAYA

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-52
Author(s):  
Putu Bagus Adidyana Anugrah Putra
Keyword(s):  
Interface Design ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
System Development ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Registration System ◽  
Rapid Tests ◽  
The Government ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Entity Relationship

During January-April 2020, a number of flights were canceled to reduce the risk of contracting COVID-19. Flights were reopened when the government relaxed the PSBB in mid-May 2020. However, aviation activities must comply with health protocols. One of the requirements for traveling by plane is to show a letter of negative PCR test results for COVID-19 or rapid test with non-reactive results. The medical clinical laboratory in registering the rapid test is still manual so that the general public who wants to travel by plane in carrying out a rapid test must be served from registration to completion at the clinic. So that sometimes there is an accumulation of people who want a rapid test. It is necessary to make a registration system for rapid tests in medical clinics using the waterfall method. The stages of system development are business process modeling using Data Flow Diagrams (DFD) and Entity Relationship Diagrams (ERD), user interface design, and the testing process will be carried out with a blackbox. The system developed can reduce the accumulation of patients in the clinic. From the test results, the system functionality can run well

scholarly journals Static pile capacity from the rapid test via the unloading-point method

2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
I Luker
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Test ◽  
Liquid Limit ◽  
Point Method ◽  
Load Test ◽  
Shear Stresses ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Pile Capacity ◽  
Static Test ◽  
Rapid Tests ◽  
Load Tests

ABSTRACT Laboratory measurements were done of the end-bearing and side-shear stresses on small piles subjected to "static" and rapid load tests. Interpretation, by the unloading-point method, of the results of rapid tests were done to estimate what the behaviour under a static test would have been if it had been done instead. Comparisons were made of the estimated static test behaviour to the actual static test behaviour to determine empirical values of a factor to adjust estimates closer to actual static test results. The dependence of the empirical factor on soil type, the liquid limit of plastic soils and water content is shown. Keywords: piles, load test, clays, dynamics, empiricism

scholarly journals Chronic and Early Antiretroviral Therapy Impact Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Serological Assay Sensitivity, Leading to More False-Negative Test Results in HIV Diagnosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 222 (10) ◽  
pp. 1660-1669
Author(s):  
Karolien Stoffels ◽  
Fien Vanroye ◽  
Virginie Mortier ◽  
Laurent Debaisieux ◽  
Marie-Luce Delforge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
False Negative ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Undetectable Viral Load ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Negative Test ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Confirmatory Assay ◽  
Rapid Tests ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
False Negative Test

Abstract This retrospective study evaluated the reactivity of 3 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) confirmatory assays (INNO-LIA, Geenius, and MP) and 7 HIV rapid tests on samples from 2 different study populations in Belgium. For the early-treated cohort (83 HIV-1 adult patients treated within 3 months after infection), HIV-1 diagnosis was not obtained in at least 1 confirmatory assay in 12.0% (10/83) and in an HIV rapid test in 31.3% (26/83). Confirmation assay sensitivities ranged from 87.5% to 95.2%, whereas rapid test assay sensitivities ranged from 75.9% to 100%. The time to treatment initiation or the length of time on treatment did not have a statistical influence on the probability to obtain a false-negative test result. The fastest reversion was demonstrated after 4 months of treatment. Among the long-term treated cohort (390 HIV-1 patients with ≥ 9 years of undetectable viral load), false-negative test results were found in at least 1 HIV confirmatory assay for 2.1% (8/390) of the patients and in a HIV rapid test for 4.9% (19/390). Confirmation assay sensitivities ranged from 98.1% to 99.5%, whereas rapid test sensitivities ranged from 96.2% to 100%. Longer treatment increased nonreactivity of the HIV rapid tests (P = .033). Undetectable viral load decreases the sensitivities of HIV diagnostic tests, and further monitoring of the performance of serological assays is advised.

Implementasi Voip Server Berbasis IPV6 Dengan Raspberry PI

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (01) ◽  
pp. 47-54
Author(s):  
Rabbai San Arif ◽  
Yuli Fitrisia ◽  
Agus Urip Ari Wibowo
Keyword(s):  
Internet Protocol ◽  
Wireless Transmission ◽  
Raspberry Pi ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Average Delay ◽  
Ipv6 Network ◽  
Ip Network ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Better Than

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is a telecommunications technology that is able to pass the communication service in Internet Protocol networks so as to allow communicating between users in an IP network. However VoIP technology still has weakness in the Quality of Service (QoS). VOPI weaknesses is affected by the selection of the physical servers used. In this research, VoIP is configured on Linux operating system with Asterisk as VoIP application server and integrated on a Raspberry Pi by using wired and wireless network as the transmission medium. Because of depletion of IPv4 capacity that can be used on the network, it needs to be applied to VoIP system using the IPv6 network protocol with supports devices. The test results by using a wired transmission medium that has obtained are the average delay is 117.851 ms, jitter is 5.796 ms, packet loss is 0.38%, throughput is 962.861 kbps, 8.33% of CPU usage and 59.33% of memory usage. The analysis shows that the wired transmission media is better than the wireless transmission media and wireless-wired.

Kemampuan Komunikasi Matematika: Studi Komparasi Pembelajaran Number Head Together (NHT) dan Media Power Point (PPT)

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-50
Author(s):  
Bernadeta Ritawati ◽  
Sri Wahyuni
Keyword(s):  
Communication Skills ◽  
Hypothesis Test ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Mathematical Communication ◽  
Cluster Technique ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Power Point ◽  
Media Power ◽  
Better Than

This research is a quasi-experimental study that aims to determine the comparison of students' mathematical communication abilities with the cooperative learning model of the NHT and PPT media in class VII SMP Negeri 02 Ngabang. The population in this study were all students of class VII SMP 02 Ngabang consisting of 3 classes. The sample in this study was taken by using the Random Sampling Cluster technique. Class VII A as class I experimental class with 24 students and class VII B as a experimental class II with 24 students. The instruments used were pretest and posttest in the form of description. Data analysis uses the t test with a significance level of 5%. The results showed the average posttest for the NHT class was 72.5 and the average posttest for the PP class was 66.666. From the posttest hypothesis test results obtained t hitung> t tabel (1.9522> 1,667). Because t_hitung> t_tabel, H_0 is rejected and H_a is accepted. This means that students' mathematical communication skills taught with the NHT are better than using Power point media.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Feasibility of NaCaPO4-Blended Zirconia as a New CAD/CAM Material for Dental Restoration

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 3819
Author(s):  
Ting-Hsun Lan ◽  
Yu-Feng Chen ◽  
Yen-Yun Wang ◽  
Mitch M. C. Chou
Keyword(s):  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Dental Restoration ◽  
Numerical Control ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Cnc Machine ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Cad Cam ◽  
Aided Design ◽  
Better Than

The computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) fabrication technique has become one of the hottest topics in the dental field. This technology can be applied to fixed partial dentures, removable dentures, and implant prostheses. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of NaCaPO4-blended zirconia as a new CAD/CAM material. Eleven different proportional samples of zirconia and NaCaPO4 (xZyN) were prepared and characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and Vickers microhardness, and the milling property of these new samples was tested via a digital optical microscope. After calcination at 950 °C for 4 h, XRD results showed that the intensity of tetragonal ZrO2 gradually decreased with an increase in the content of NaCaPO4. Furthermore, with the increase in NaCaPO4 content, the sintering became more obvious, which improved the densification of the sintered body and reduced its porosity. Specimens went through milling by a computer numerical control (CNC) machine, and the marginal integrity revealed that being sintered at 1350 °C was better than being sintered at 950 °C. Moreover, 7Z3N showed better marginal fit than that of 6Z4N among thirty-six samples when sintered at 1350 °C (p < 0.05). The milling test results revealed that 7Z3N could be a new CAD/CAM material for dental restoration use in the future.

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