scholarly journals JASMONIC ACID PRIMING OF POTATO USES HYPERSENSITIVE RESPONSE-DEPENDENT DEFENSE AND DELAYS NECROTROPHIC PHASE CHANGE AGAINST PHYTOPHTHORA INFESTANS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Fernando Arevalo-Marin ◽  
Daniel Mauricio Briceño ◽  
Teresa Mosquera Vásquez ◽  
Luz Marina Melgarejo ◽  
Felipe Sarmiento
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Jasmonic Acid ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Lesion Area ◽  
Initial Stimulus ◽  
Physiological Level ◽  
Transcriptional Induction ◽  
Over Time

One of the most important diseases affecting potato is late blight, caused by the oomycete Phtytophthora infestans. The use of jasmonic acid has been reported to reduce the progression of the disease in potato, but the defense mechanisms involved in this response are unknown. In this study we described the effect of jasmonic acid as a priming agent over time in the defense response of potato against the invasion of P. infestans. We observed that the initial stimulus generated by the exogenous application of jasmonic acid had an effect on the stomatal conductance of the treated tissue and activated StMYC2 expression. Results reveal a priming effect in plants inoculated 11 days after treatment with jasmonic acid, evidenced by an increased transcriptional induction of defense-associated genes, decrease in the number of necrotic lesions and an evident reduction of lesion area (72.23%). Furthermore, in this study, we show that the tested concentration of jasmonic acid does not have an adverse effect at the physiological level in plants, since variation in stomatal conductance was transient, no change in chlorophyll a fluorescence and no early senescence in leaves was observed.

CHARACTERISTICS OF AGE-DEPENDENT CHANGES IN THE URINE'S PROTEOM COMPOSITION OF THE HEALTHY PERSONS (EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDY)

2020 ◽  
pp. 735-740
Author(s):  
Л. Х. Пастушкова ◽  
Д. Н. Каширина ◽  
А. Г. Гончарова ◽  
Н. Б. Захарова ◽  
Е. С. Тийс ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Insulin Signaling ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Theoretical Study ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
First Time ◽  
Healthy Persons ◽  
Over Time

Впервые описаны белки, достоверно увеличивающиеся и уменьшающиеся в моче с возрастом в интервале 20-60 лет. Охарактеризованы комбинации белков, связанных с изменением иммунных процессов, нарушением реологии крови, в том числе риском коагулопатии, противоопухолевых защитных механизмов, инсулинового сигнального пути, с изменением характеристик клеточного деления и качества новообразованной ткани. Таким образом, возрастная динамика основных процессов запускает каскад реакций, проявляющихся в замыкании «патологических биохимических кругов», которые формируют предпосылки к развитию заболеваний и, с течением времени, клинические проявления. For the first time proteins are described, reliably increasing and decreasing in urine with age in the range of 20 to 60 years. The combinations of proteins associated with changes in immune processes, violation of blood reology, including the risk of coagulopathy, anticancer defense mechanisms, insulin signaling pathway, changes in cell characteristics are characterized division and quality of the newly formed fabric. Thus, the age dynamics of the main processes triggers a cascade of reactions manifested in the closure of «pathological biochemical circles» that form the prerequisites for the development of diseases and, over time, clinical manifestations.

In the Fullness of Time

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Zanarini
Keyword(s):  
Physical Health ◽  
Adult Development ◽  
Psychosocial Functioning ◽  
Mental Health Treatment ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Good Prognosis ◽  
Good News ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Borderline Diagnosis ◽  
Over Time

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is still seen in many settings as a chronic disorder. This book details the ways that it is symptomatically a “good prognosis” diagnosis. This is particularly seen in the high rate of remissions of BPD and its constituent symptoms. The rate of suicide is also good news, as it is half the expected rate from four follow-back studies conducted in the 1980s. Areas with a more guarded prognosis, particularly for those who have not recovered, are poor physical health and poor vocational adjustment. In addition, rates of other deaths are increasing and have surpassed the rate of deaths by suicide. This book covers the following topics: History of the borderline diagnosis, models of the core features of BPD, earlier studies of the longitudinal course of BPD, the McLean Study of Adult Development (MSAD), the symptoms of BPD assessed in MSAD, the long-term course of the symptoms of BPD, symptomatic remissions and recurrences of the borderline diagnosis, prevalence and predictors of physically self-destructive acts over time, additional symptom areas over time, psychosocial functioning over time, recovery from BPD, predictors of time-to-remission and recovery, co-occurring disorders over time, mental health treatment over time, physical health and medical treatment, adult victimization over time, sexual issues over time, defense mechanisms over time, and new directions.

scholarly journals Jasmonate-independent regulation of digestive enzyme activity in the carnivorous butterwort Pinguicula × Tina

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (12) ◽  
pp. 3749-3758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ondřej Kocáb ◽  
Jana Jakšová ◽  
Ondřej Novák ◽  
Ivan Petřík ◽  
René Lenobel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Jasmonic Acid ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Digestive Enzymes ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Prey Capture ◽  
Digestive Enzyme ◽  
Carnivorous Plants ◽  
Alpha Amylase ◽  
Jasmonate Signaling ◽  
Digestive Enzyme Activities

Abstract Carnivorous plants within the order Caryophyllales use jasmonates, a class of phytohormone, in the regulation of digestive enzyme activities. We used the carnivorous butterwort Pinguicula × Tina from the order Lamiales to investigate whether jasmonate signaling is a universal and ubiquitous signaling pathway that exists outside the order Caryophyllales. We measured the electrical signals, enzyme activities, and phytohormone tissue levels in response to prey capture. Mass spectrometry was used to identify proteins in the digestive secretion. We identified eight enzymes in the digestive secretion, many of which were previously found in other genera of carnivorous plants. Among them, alpha-amylase is unique in carnivorous plants. Enzymatic activities increased in response to prey capture; however, the tissue content of jasmonic acid and its isoleucine conjugate remained rather low in contrast to the jasmonate response to wounding. Enzyme activities did not increase in response to the exogenous application of jasmonic acid or coronatine. Whereas similar digestive enzymes were co-opted from plant defense mechanisms among carnivorous plants, the mode of their regulation differs. The butterwort has not co-opted jasmonate signaling for the induction of enzyme activities in response to prey capture. Moreover, the presence of alpha-amylase in digestive fluid of P. × Tina, which has not been found in other genera of carnivorous plants, might indicate that non-defense-related genes have also been co-opted for carnivory.

FUZZY COGNITIVE MAPS WITH GENETIC ALGORITHM FOR GOAL-ORIENTED DECISION SUPPORT

2004 ◽  
Vol 12 (supp02) ◽  
pp. 31-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. SHAMIM KHAN ◽  
SEBASTIAN KHOR ◽  
ALEX CHONG
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Genetic Algorithms ◽  
Decision Support ◽  
Directed Graphs ◽  
Cognitive Maps ◽  
Fuzzy Cognitive Maps ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Initial Stimulus ◽  
Over Time

Fuzzy cognitive maps are signed directed graphs used to model the evolution of scenarios with time. FCMs can be useful in decision support for predicting future states given an initial state. Genetic algorithms (GA) are well-established tools for optimization. This paper concerns the use of FCMs in goal-directed analysis of scenarios for aiding decision making. A methodology for GA-based goal-directed analysis is presented. The search for the initial stimulus state, that over time leads to a target state of interest, is optimized using GA. This initial state found can be used to answer the question – what course of events leads to a certain state in a given scenario?

scholarly journals Influence of abscisic acid and other plant growth regulators on citrus defense mechanisms to salt stress

2003 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 59 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Arbona Mengual ◽  
M.L. Foó Serra ◽  
P. Escrig Marín ◽  
A.J. Marco Casanova ◽  
J.A. Jacas Miret ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Jasmonic Acid ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Photosynthetic Activity ◽  
High Reduction ◽  
Chloride Accumulation

Citrus yield and growth are deeply affected by salinity. In the present work we have studied the effectiveness of differentplant growth regulators such as abscisic acid, jasmonic acid and 8’-methylene methyl abscissate in protectingcitrus from salt-induced damage. Plants of Salustiana cultivar grafted onto Carrizo citrange were used for this purpose.Plants were watered with 100 mM NaCl and leaf abscission, ethylene production, chloride accumulation and net photosyntheticrate were measured. Non-treated plants showed a dramatic drop in photosynthetic activity in response tosalinity, an increase in leaf ethylene production and a high abscission rate as a result of a massive leaf chloride accumulation.Plants treated with jasmonic acid or 8’-methylene methyl abscisate did not show any physiological changein response to salt stress. However, plants treated with abscisic acid showed a high reduction in the parameters considered.These results suggest that abscisic acid plays a role in modifying citrus physiological behaviour in responseto salinity and could be helpful in their acclimation to saline conditions

scholarly journals Palliative Radiotherapy Versus Esophageal Stent Placement in the Management of Patients With Metastatic Esophageal Cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 569-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily J. Martin ◽  
Andrew R. Bruggeman ◽  
Vinit V. Nalawade ◽  
Reith R. Sarkar ◽  
Edmund M. Qiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Esophageal Cancer ◽  
Pain Relief ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Palliative Radiotherapy ◽  
Fistula Formation ◽  
Severe Adverse Effect ◽  
Esophageal Stenting ◽  
Over Time

Background: Patients with advanced esophageal cancer often experience pain and dysphagia, yet the optimal palliative management remains unclear. This retrospective study evaluated outcomes and adverse effects of palliative radiotherapy (RT) compared with esophageal stenting among a cohort of U.S. veterans with metastatic esophageal cancer. Patients and Methods: We identified 1,957 veterans in the United States with metastatic esophageal cancer who received palliative RT to the esophagus or esophageal stenting, and assessed the risks of severe adverse effects, including esophageal fistula formation, perforation, obstruction, hemorrhage, and esophagitis. We determined palliative efficacy by evaluating pain and dysphagia scores before and after intervention. Multivariable analyses were used to control for potential confounding factors. Results: In our cohort, 1,593 patients underwent RT and 364 underwent esophageal stenting. The cumulative incidence of any severe adverse effect at 6 months was higher among patients who received stents compared with those who received RT (21.7% vs 12.4%; P<.0010). In multivariable analysis, patients who received stents had an increased risk of any severe adverse effect, including fistula, perforation, and hemorrhage (all P<.0500). Multivariable analysis also showed that, compared with stenting, RT was associated with more rapid and durable pain relief (P<.0010) with no difference in relief of dysphagia over time when accounting for pretreatment dysphagia scores (P=.1029). Conclusions: Compared with esophageal stenting, RT was associated with a decreased risk of adverse effects, greater pain relief, and equivalent relief of moderate to severe dysphagia over time. Unmeasured patient- or tumor-related factors could have influenced the choice of intervention, thereby impacting our study outcomes. To our knowledge, this is the largest study to date analyzing the comparative risks and benefits of palliative RT and esophageal stenting among patients with metastatic esophageal cancer.

Glasshouse and field studies on the effects of groundcovers on banana and macadamia growth and water relations

2003 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 1245 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Firth ◽  
G. G. Johns ◽  
R. D. B. Whalley
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Xylem Water Potential ◽  
Penetrometer Resistance

Groundcovers can be useful for controlling erosion in macadamia orchards but they can have adverse effects on tree growth and crop yield. The effects of groundcovers versus bare soil on banana and macadamia were compared in a glasshouse study and on macadamia in the field. A glasshouse trial compared the effect of 3 water regimes with unmown or mown Arachis pintoi cv. Amarillo groundcover versus bare soil, on stomatal conductance and growth of banana and macadamia. Mean stomatal conductance was higher overall for macadamia (178 mmol/m2.s) compared with banana (90 mmol/m2.s) when data were pooled across groundcover and water treatments. Medium and dry substrate moisture treatments significantly reduced the growth and vigour of banana compared with the wet treatments, as indicated by reduced total dry matter, leaf area, number of live leaves at harvest, and total root length, but had no significant effect on macadamia. Groundcover had a more adverse effect on the growth of banana than macadamia compared with bare soil and, likewise, unmown cover had a greater effect on growth of banana than mown cover, while there was no mowing effect on macadamia.In an unirrigated field trial, mown and unmown groundcover and bare soil treatments were compared for their effect on early morning leaf xylem water potential of young and older macadamia trees at 3 sites where groundcover was established at different tree ages. Water potential was generally <0.2 MPa more negative in the groundcover treatment than bare soil in spring and summer under dry seasonal conditions over 2 years, although there was no apparent effect on tree health. The difference in water potential between groundcover and bare soil was highest in young trees planted in established groundcover. The more adverse effect of groundcover on water status of young trees in established cover correlates with a greater reduction in growth compared with older trees reported separately (Firth et al. 2003 Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 43, 419–423).Soil bulk density under groundcover was slightly reduced (0.028 g/cm3) at 0–10 cm depth, and penetrometer resistance also slightly reduced (<0.3 MPa) at 0–12 cm depth, compared with bare soil. Higher penetrometer readings in the traffic zone (often >4 MPa at 30–40 cm in the initial survey) compared with the tree line indicate the potential long-term benefits to be derived from groundcovers.

scholarly journals INFLORESCENCE SINK DEMAND AND LEAF BLACKENING IN PROTEA NERIIFOLIA.

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 617a-617
Author(s):  
Robyn McConchie ◽  
N.Suzanne Lang
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Exchange Rates ◽  
Pulse Treatment ◽  
Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Leaf Respiration ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Carbohydrate Depletion ◽  
Sink Demand ◽  
Over Time

A major postharvest problem of Protea neriifolia is premature leaf blackening. Carbohydrate stress, due to floral sink demand, may lead to cellular disorganization and leaf blackening. Leaf blackening, nonstructural carbohydrates, ethylene, carbon exchange rates, stomatal conductance and lipid peroxidation were measured on leaves of vegetative and floral stems preharvest, and during a 7 day dark postharvest period. Postharvest treatments were: 0 or 0.5% sucrose in the vase solution, 20% sucrose pulse, or floral decapitation. Leaf blackening was significantly reduced in vegetative stems and floral stems in the 20% pulse treatment, in comparison to all other treatments. Ethylene production and lipid peroxidation were not associated with leaf blackening in any treatment and leaf respiration rates declined for all treatments over time. The magnitude and rate of leaf blackening was inversely related to leaf starch concentrations, with greatest carbohydrate depletion occurring within 24 h of harvest (by 75-85%). Leaf starch from the 20% pulse treatment increased by 300%, in contrast to declining starch concentrations in all other treatments. The data suggest that the flowerhead functions as the major sink for carbohydrate depletion leading to subsequent leaf blackening.

Effect of tablets containing probiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus reuteri) on early caries lesions in adolescents: a pilot study

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.K. Keller ◽  
I. Nøhr Larsen ◽  
I. Karlsson ◽  
S. Twetman
Keyword(s):  
Placebo Group ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Lactobacillus Reuteri ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Lesion Area ◽  
Early Caries ◽  
Caries Lesions ◽  
Over Time

The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of tablets containing probiotic lactobacilli on early caries lesions in adolescents with quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF). 36 healthy adolescents of both sexes (12-17 years of age) were enrolled and randomly allocated to a placebo-controlled trial with two parallel groups. The test group received two tablets daily containing two strains of Lactobacillus reuteri (DSM 17938 and ATCC PTA 5289) for a period of three months, while the control group got identical placebo tablets without live bacteria. The primary outcome was QLF-readings (change in fluorescence, ΔF and lesion area, mm2) at baseline and after 3 months, conducted at two buccal sites of each individual, pre-selected with clearly visible clinical signs of enamel demineralisation (white spots). Significantly more premolars were allocated to the placebo group, while the test group had more incisors (P<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in fluorescence values between the groups, neither at baseline, nor at the follow-up. There was however a significant decrease in fluorescence over time in the test group, but not in the placebo group (P<0.05). No alterations of the lesion area (ΔA) were found in any group. The inter-examiner intra-class correlation coefficient-value for QLF-readings was excellent. No side- or adverse effects were reported during the intervention period. This pilot study found a significant decrease over time in the test group. However, no statistically significant differences in fluorescence values between the groups were found. Hence, the null hypothesis could not be rejected.

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