scholarly journals Modelling optimal vaccination strategies against Covid-19 in a context of Gamma variant predominance in Brazil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo Souto Ferreira ◽  
Gabriel Berg de Almeida ◽  
Marcelo Eduardo Borges ◽  
Lorena M Simon ◽  
Silas Poloni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modelling ◽  
Health Planning ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Vaccination Strategy ◽  
Optimal Strategies ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Immunization Strategies ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Coverage Rates

Brazil experienced moments of collapse in its health system throughout 2021, driven by a timid initial vaccination strategy against Covid-19, combined with the emergence of variants of interest (VOC). Mathematical modelling has been used to subsidize decision-makers in public health planning. Considering the vaccine products available, effectiveness estimates, the emergence of Gamma as the predominant VOC circulating in 2021, and national estimated doses available for the next several months, we developed a Markov-chain mathematical modelling approach to evaluate optimal strategies for Covid-19 vaccination in Brazil in terms of Covid deaths averted. Our main findings are that in order to reach higher vaccination impact in Brazil, Covid-19 immunization strategies should include recovering vaccination coverage rates in high-risk groups reaching higher coverage; expanding vaccination to younger age groups should be considered only after ensuring at least 80% coverage in older age groups; reducing the interval between doses of AZD1222 from 12 to 8 weeks. We also demonstrate that the latter is only feasible if accompanied by an increase in vaccine supply of at least 50% in the next six month period.

Diverticulitis in California from 1995 to 2006: Increased Rates of Treatment for Younger Patients

2009 ◽  
Vol 75 (10) ◽  
pp. 981-985 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Etzioni ◽  
Rebecca R. Cannom ◽  
Glenn T. Ault ◽  
Robert W. Beart ◽  
Andreas M. Kaiser
Keyword(s):  
Health Planning ◽  
Acute Diverticulitis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Surgical Care ◽  
The United States ◽  
Colon Resection ◽  
Younger Patients ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
National Trends ◽  
Procedure Codes

Colonic diverticular disease is responsible for over 300,000 admissions and expenditures exceeding $2.7 billion/year. There is recent evidence that rates of treatment for diverticulitis have increased in the United States over the last decade. We hypothesize that these national trends of increasing rates of hospitalizations for diverticulitis would be found in an analysis of a single-state discharge database. Data from the Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development were used to analyze treatment for diverticulitis in California from 1995 to 2006. For each hospitalization, surgical care was determined based on procedure codes for left colon resection and/or colostomy. Overall numbers of admissions for acute diverticulitis increased throughout the 12-year study period with an estimated annual percentage of change (EAPC) of 2.1 per cent (P < 0.001). Rates of admissions increased most rapidly in patients 20 to 34-years-old (EAPC = 8.6%, P < 0.001) and 35 to 49 years old (EAPC = 5.7%, P < 0.001). Elective colectomies had an EAPC of 2.1 per cent (P < 0.001), which was also most dramatic in younger age groups. Between 1995 and 2006 we found significant increases in both the rates of hospitalization for diverticulitis and rates of elective surgical treatment in California. These increases are entirely due to higher rates of care for younger patients.

scholarly journals Younger ages at risk of Covid-19 mortality in communities of color

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith P. Klugman ◽  
Solomon Zewdu ◽  
Barbara E. Mahon ◽  
Scott F. Dowell ◽  
Padmini Srikantiah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Minority Communities ◽  
Communities Of Color ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Disaggregated Data ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Selection Of

More than 85% of Covid-19 mortality in high income countries is among people 65 years of age or older. Recent disaggregated data from the UK and US show that minority communities have increased mortality among younger age groups and in South Africa initial data suggest that the majority of deaths from Covid-19 are under 65 years of age. These observations suggest significant potential for increased Covid-19 mortality among younger populations in Africa and South Asia and may impact age-based selection of high-risk groups eligible for a future vaccine.

scholarly journals ACTUAL QUESTIONS OF DISPENSARY OBSERVATION AND PROPHYLAXIS OF PARENTERAL VIRAL HEPATITIS B AND C IN CHILDREN

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 354-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena A. Galova ◽  
N. N. Karyakin ◽  
Yu. N. Filippov
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Viral Hepatitis C ◽  
Viral Hepatitis B ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Organization Quality

Clinical following-up of children born to a-HCV/HBSAg-positive women referred to a risk group for vertical transmission of hepatitis C/B viruses is one of the most important areas of medical care for this group of patients. The data of the analysis of the organization, quality and effectiveness of dispensary observation of children from the «risk groups» for the vertical transmission of HCV/HBV infection are presented. The unsatisfactory quality and effectiveness of the dispensary observation of this category of patients has been established. Inadequate medical activity and awareness of doctors on the prevention of parenteral viral hepatitis have been identified. There is substantiated the necessity of implementing a multi-level system for the prophylaxis of viral hepatitis C/B in a system encompassing both a child and a mother based on continuity at each of its stages, which will allow reduce the number of infected children of younger age groups.

scholarly journals Optimizing one-dose and two-dose cholera vaccine allocation in outbreak settings: A modeling study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiffany Leung ◽  
Julia Eaton ◽  
Laura Matrajt
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Vaccination Strategy ◽  
Optimal Strategies ◽  
Cholera Vaccine ◽  
Outbreak Response ◽  
Oral Cholera Vaccine ◽  
Populated Region ◽  
One Year ◽  
The One

Background: A global stockpile of oral cholera vaccine (OCV) was established in 2013 for use in outbreak response and are licensed as two-dose regimens. Vaccine availability, however, remains limited. Previous studies have found that a single dose of OCV may provide substantial protection against cholera. Methods: Using a mathematical model with two age groups paired with optimization algorithms, we determine the optimal vaccination strategy with one and two doses of vaccine to minimize cumulative overall infections, symptomatic infections, and deaths. We explore counterfactual vaccination scenarios in three distinct settings: Maela, the largest refugee camp in Thailand, with high in- and out-migration; N'Djamena, Chad, a densely populated region; and Haiti, where departments are connected by rivers and roads. Results: Over the short term under limited vaccine supply, the optimal strategies for all objectives prioritize one dose to the older age group (over five years old), irrespective of setting and level of vaccination coverage. As more vaccine becomes available, it is optimal to administer a second dose for long-term protection. With enough vaccine to cover the whole population with one dose, the optimal strategies can avert up to 30% to 90% of deaths and 36% to 92% of symptomatic infections across the three settings over one year. The one-dose optimal strategies can avert 1.2 to 1.8 times as many cases and deaths as a two-dose pro-rata strategy. Conclusions: In an outbreak setting, speedy vaccination campaigns with a single dose of OCV may avert more cases and deaths than a two-dose pro-rata campaign under a limited vaccine supply.

Are Atrial Fibrillation Guidelines Altering Management? A Community Based Study

2005 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 166-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
DL Murdoch ◽  
K O'Neill ◽  
J Jackson ◽  
A McMahon ◽  
A Rumley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Warfarin Therapy ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
General Practices

Background and Aims: We wanted to determine the prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) in a community based cross sectional study in greater Glasgow and how current anti thrombotic management compares to published guidelines. Methods: 1466 patients with AF were identified in General Practices in our community and 1008 consented to take part. Their demographic details and medical history were recorded. Results: 1466 patients (mean age 73.4; 55% female) with AF were identified, in our community, giving a prevalence of 1%. 53% of patients were on warfarin therapy. Of those not receiving warfarin, only one third had a putative contra-indication. The proportion of AF patients on warfarin increased with increasing stroke risk, and over the period of the study. Conclusions: Prevalence of AF was in keeping with previous estimates. The proportion of patients with AF receiving warfarin therapy appears to be increasing. In the moderate risk group, there was a tendency to use more warfarin in the younger age groups compared to the elderly. It was in the moderate and low risk groups that there was still evidence of deviation from published guidelines.

Inequalities and Impact of Socioeconomic-Cultural Factors in Suicide Rates Across Italy

Crisis ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 178-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurizio Pompili ◽  
Marco Innamorati ◽  
Monica Vichi ◽  
Maria Masocco ◽  
Nicola Vanacore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Rate ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Italian Population ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Age And Sex

Background: Suicide is a major cause of premature death in Italy and occurs at different rates in the various regions. Aims: The aim of the present study was to provide a comprehensive overview of suicide in the Italian population aged 15 years and older for the years 1980–2006. Methods: Mortality data were extracted from the Italian Mortality Database. Results: Mortality rates for suicide in Italy reached a peak in 1985 and declined thereafter. The different patterns observed by age and sex indicated that the decrease in the suicide rate in Italy was initially the result of declining rates in those aged 45+ while, from 1997 on, the decrease was attributable principally to a reduction in suicide rates among the younger age groups. It was found that socioeconomic factors underlined major differences in the suicide rate across regions. Conclusions: The present study confirmed that suicide is a multifaceted phenomenon that may be determined by an array of factors. Suicide prevention should, therefore, be targeted to identifiable high-risk sociocultural groups in each country.

MONITORING RESULTS OF SAZAN (CYPRINUS CARPIO CARPIO LINNAEUS, 1758) POPULATION IN THE EASTERN PART OF THE TAGANROG BAY AND THE DON RIVER DELTA

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.A. Balykin ◽  
◽  
A.V. Startsev ◽  
G.E. Guskov ◽  
A.S. Grin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Parasite Fauna ◽  
River Delta ◽  
Weight Growth ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Cyprinus Carpio Carpio ◽  
Don River ◽  
Taganrog Bay ◽  
Biological State

The materials for 2003-2018 on the biological state of sazan of the eastern part of the Taganrog Bay and the Don River delta were summarized. It has been shown that the catches of sazan in the study area consisted of more than half of the fish of younger age groups, the length of which was less than the commercial measure. The ratio of linear and weight growth of sazan is shifting towards a decrease in the mass of one-dimensional specimen, which is indirect evidence of the deterioration of the natural living conditions of semi-migratory fish. In 2019, the carp parasite fauna was represented by 7 species related to monogenes - 2 species, cestodes - 3 species, nematodes - 1 species, crustaceans - 1. The state of the sazan population needs further research.

scholarly journals Five reasons COVID-19 is less severe in younger age groups

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul W Turke
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life History Theory ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Medical Community ◽  
System Function ◽  
The Third ◽  
Immune System Function ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Younger Age

Abstract The severity of COVID-19 is age-related, with the advantage going to younger age groups. Five reasons are presented. The first two are well-known, are being actively researched by the broader medical community, and therefore are discussed only briefly here. The third, fourth, and fifth reasons derive from evolutionary life history theory, and potentially fill gaps in current understanding of why and how young and old age groups respond differently to infection with SARS-CoV-2. Age of onset of generalized somatic aging, and the timing of its progression, are identified as important causes of these disparities, as are specific antagonistic pleiotropic tradeoffs in immune system function.

scholarly journals Religion: Interrelationships and Opinions in Children and Adolescents. Interaction between Age and Beliefs

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 357
Author(s):  
Rafael López Cordero ◽  
Francisca Ruiz Garzón ◽  
Lourdes Medina Martínez ◽  
María del Carmen Olmos-Gómez
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Experimental Methodology ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Religious Issue ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Quantitative Descriptive

The current trend of secularization seems to be leading to a gradual withdrawal of religion from public spaces. However, in an increasingly internationalized world, it is becoming more and more important to study the roles of religion and religiosity and their potential in relation to dialogue and social conflicts and tensions. Education is a vital field within which to address this religious issue and create an educational dialogue in order to promote coexistence. By following a quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study, based on a quasi-experimental methodology with a social–analytical character, our aim is to assess the existing connections between religion, interrelation and opinion in Spanish children and adolescents. Special attention is paid to the interaction between age and beliefs. We carried out our study with the use of a questionnaire distributed to eleven secondary schools, with students aged between 11 and 16 years old, in three regions of southern Spain (Andalusia, Ceuta, and Melilla) characterized by high religious diversity and multiculturalism. The multivariate analysis carried out in this study identifies the effects of variance on the influence of age and religion, highlighting the interaction between the two. It is observed that the youngest students are those who express their opinions about religion the least, while those belonging to younger age groups and majority religions are those who express a greater religious coexistence, with Muslims externalizing their religious condition the most.

scholarly journals Japan’s voluntary lockdown: further evidence based on age-specific mobile location data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsutomu Watanabe ◽  
Tomoyoshi Yabu
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Intervention Effect ◽  
Information Effect ◽  
Mobile Location ◽  
Serious Illness ◽  
Location Data ◽  
Voluntary Response ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Age Profile

AbstractChanges in people’s behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic can be regarded as the result of two types of effects: the “intervention effect” (changes resulting from government orders for people to change their behavior) and the “information effect” (voluntary changes in people’s behavior based on information about the pandemic). Using age-specific mobile location data, we examine how the intervention and information effects differ across age groups. Our main findings are as follows. First, the age profile of the intervention effect shows that the degree to which people refrained from going out was smaller for older age groups, who are at a higher risk of serious illness and death, than for younger age groups. Second, the age profile of the information effect shows that the degree to which people stayed at home tended to increase with age for weekends and holidays. Thus, while Acemoglu et al. (2020) proposed targeted lockdowns requiring stricter lockdown policies for the oldest group in order to protect those at a high risk of serious illness and death, our findings suggest that Japan’s government intervention had a very different effect in that it primarily reduced outings by the young, and what led to the quarantining of older groups at higher risk instead was people’s voluntary response to information about the pandemic. Third, the information effect has been on a downward trend since the summer of 2020. It is relatively more pronounced among the young, so that the age profile of the information effect remains upward sloping.

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