scholarly journals Deltamethrin contact exposure mediated toxicity and histopathological aberrations in tissue systems of cockroach species Periplaneta americana and Blatella germanica

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunil Dhiman ◽  
Kavita Yadav ◽  
BN Acharya ◽  
DP Nagar ◽  
Rama Rao Ghorpade
Keyword(s):  
Periplaneta Americana ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Food Material ◽  
Test Species ◽  
Blatella Germanica ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Contact Exposure ◽  
Delayed Mortality ◽  
Tissue Systems

AbstractCockroach species Periplaneta americana and Blatella germanica potentially survive in locations close to human activity. Besides spoiling food material, cockroaches also transfer pathogens of different diseases among human. Since the insecticides have been used extensively to control cockroaches, information on their insecticide susceptibility and toxicity at cellular level may be crucial. In the study, deltamethrin toxicity as well as the deltamethrin-mediated cytomorphological changes in brain, ovary and midgut of the two important cockroach species has been assessed. Different concentrations [0.00025% (0.0025mg/ml), 0.0025% (0.025mg/ml), 0.025 (0.25mg/ml), 0.25% (2.5mg/ml), 0.5% (5mg/ml), 1% (10mg/ml)] of deltamethrin in acetone were used to expose test species in WHO bottle assay. Knockdown was recorded after 5 min interval while delayed mortality was observed after 24 hr. Brain, ovary and gut were dissected post 1 hr exposure and 24 hr holding (for 0.25%, 0.5% and 1% concentration), and tissues were processed for microscopic analysis. Deltamethrin exposed cockroaches and dissected tissues were used to estimate deltamethrin using HPLC. At 0.00025% (lowest concentration), the percentage knock-down observed was 66.7% for P. americana and 80% B. germanica respectively (R2= 0.78; p=0.0001) in 1 hr. KDT50 value was found to be 8.7 min (95% CI: 7.3-10.2), while KDT99 was 20.7 min (95% CI: 16.0-35.7) in P. americana at 1% concentration. Whereas, the KDT50 and KDT99 values for B. germanica were 7.4 min (95% CI: 5.4-9.1) and 27.4 min (95% CI: 18.2-80.0) at similar concentration. LD50 and LD95 values (for 60 min standard exposure) were 0.0006 % (95% CI: 0.00-0.001) and 0.034% (95% CI: 0.013-0.49) respectively for P. americana, while these values were 0.0005 (95% CI: 0.00-0.001) and 0.04 (95% CI: 0.01-0.23) for B. germanica. Exposure to 1% deltamethrin induced considerable toxic effect in the epithelial cells in the midgut. HPLC estimated 0.21±0.05 mg (95% CI - 0.18-0.25; CoV 23.9%) deltamethrin in P. americana post 1% exposure. Even short term exposure of low concentration of synthetic pyrethroid deltamethrin displayed immediate knockdown and delayed mortality in both the test species. Considerable histological damage was observed in both the insects at 1% exposure. In India, resistance to deltamethrin may have been reported among different insects due its extensive use, however the formulations such as insecticide paints, attractant baits etc. developed using deltamethrin as active ingredient could be useful in cockroach control operations.

UV-microscopic analysis of acetylated spruce and birch cell walls

Holzforschung ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 483-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Hansmann ◽  
Manfred Schwanninger ◽  
Barbara Stefke ◽  
Barbara Hinterstoisser ◽  
Wolfgang Gindl
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Uv Spectrum ◽  
Spectral Shifts ◽  
Microscopy Analysis ◽  
Absorbance Peak ◽  
Absorbance Spectra

Abstract Spruce and birch earlywood was acetylated to different weight percent gains using three different acetylation procedures. The absorbance spectra of secondary cell wall and compound cell corner middle lamella were determined by means of UV microscopy. Analysis of the spectra showed that the characteristic lignin absorbance peak in the UV spectrum of wood around 280 nm shifted to shorter wavelengths in acetylated samples. A distinct relationship between achieved weight percent gains after acetylation and observed spectral shifts could be established revealing a certain potential to measure acetylation on a cellular level by means of UV microscopy.

scholarly journals Mountain stoneflies may tolerate warming streams: evidence from organismal physiology and gene expression

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Hotaling ◽  
Alisha A. Shah ◽  
Kerry L. McGowan ◽  
Lusha M. Tronstad ◽  
J. Joseph Giersch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stress ◽  
Constitutive Expression ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Cellular Stress Response ◽  
Mountain Stream ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Stream Insects ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Genes Encoding

AbstractRapid glacier recession is altering the physical conditions of headwater streams. Stream temperatures are predicted to rise and become increasingly variable, putting entire meltwater-associated biological communities at risk of extinction. Thus, there is a pressing need to understand how thermal stress affects mountain stream insects, particularly where glaciers are likely to vanish on contemporary timescales. In this study, we tested the critical thermal maximum (CTMAX) of stonefly nymphs representing multiple species and a range of thermal regimes in the high Rocky Mountains, USA. We then collected RNA-sequencing data to assess how organismal thermal stress translated to the cellular level. Our focal species included the meltwater stonefly, Lednia tumana, which was recently listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act due to climate-induced habitat loss. For all study species, critical thermal maxima (CTMAX > 20°C) far exceeded the stream temperatures mountain stoneflies experience (< 10°C). Moreover, while evidence for a cellular stress response was present, we also observed constitutive expression of genes encoding proteins known to underlie thermal stress (i.e., heat shock proteins) even at low temperatures that reflected natural conditions. We show that high-elevation aquatic insects may not be physiologically threatened by short-term exposure to warm temperatures and that longer term physiological responses or biotic factors (e.g., competition) may better explain their extreme distributions.

A new method for early assessment of effects of exposing two non-target crustacean species, Asellus aquaticus and Gammarus fossarum, to pesticides, a laboratory study

2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 217-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Lukančič ◽  
Uroš Žibrat ◽  
Tadej Mezek ◽  
Andreja Jerebic ◽  
Tatjana Simčič ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Factors ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Asellus Aquaticus ◽  
Early Assessment ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Aquatic Animals ◽  
Test Species ◽  
Gammarus Fossarum ◽  
Ets Activity ◽  
Short Term Exposure

A reliable method is needed for assessing the condition of aquatic animals and their resistance to toxic pollutants. The physiological responses of two freshwater crustaceans, Asellus aquaticus and Gammarus fossarum, following in vitro exposure to two pesticides (atrazine and imidacloprid), were measured by a combination of electron transport system (ETS) activity and respiration (R). Short-term exposure concentrations were selected according to standard toxicity tests and ranged from 0.01 mg L—1 to 10 mg L—1. When pesticide concentration was greater than 1 mg l— 1 (which is below the LC50 [48 hours] determined for both species), A. aquaticus and G. fossarum responded to short-term exposure with elevated levels of R and/or lower levels of ETS activity. One hour exposure to concentrations of up to 10 mg L—1 showed an effect in both test species. Laboratory tests confirmed that G. fossarum is more sensitive to short-term pesticide exposure than A. aquaticus. The combination of these two methods provides a useful and effective tool for assessing the general condition of aquatic animals. It also enables to determine toxic effects on freshwater biota of specific or combined pollutants. ETS/R ratio may be used as a quick predictor of effects on organisms exposed to pesticides and other stress factors such as changes in temperature, light, salinity, oxygen concentration and food.

scholarly journals SENSIBILIZAÇÃO DA BLOMIA TROPICALIS EM PACIENTES ASMÁSTICOS EM SÃO LUÍS E REGIÕES METROPOLITANA

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Poliana Oliveira Lemos de Brito ◽  
Thalita Diniz Duarte ◽  
João Lucas do Carmo Lima ◽  
Caroline Zilma Kalil de Paula Costa Pereira ◽  
Camila Rodrigues Azevedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Periplaneta Americana ◽  
Dermatophagoides Farinae ◽  
Blomia Tropicalis ◽  
Blatella Germanica

As doenças alérgicas podem causar comprometimento da qualidade de vida das crianças, no qual está exposto a uma série de alérgenos, que podem gerar uma resposta do sistema imunológico como reações de hipersensibilidade. O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar o perfil sócio-econômico e ambiental de crianças e adolescentes sensibilizados a Blomia tropicalis (Blo t) em São Luís e região metropolitana. Aprovada pelo comitê de ética e pesquisa, com o parecer de numero: 58737916.30000.5084. Foi realizado um estudo epidemiológico por meio de análise de prontuários em pacientes do Hospital da Criança de São Luís-MA, onde foram submetidos ao teste cutâneo para o alérgeno Blo t e aplicado o questionário ISSAC e complementar. Teste estatístico utilizado foi o Qi-quadrado- Fisher. A população estudada foi constituída por 87 crianças e adolescentes, entre idade de 1 a 17 anos. Na caracterização clínica destes pacientes foi observado uma associação entre a sensibilização o Blo t e a sensibilização ao Dermatophagoides pteronissynus, Dermatophagoides farinae, Periplaneta americana, Blatella germânica e ao cachorro. Observou-se também uma associação com baixa renda familiar, asma e eczema atópico. Quanto a caracterização ambiental observou-se uma correlação entre manchas na parede (mofo) e forro no quarto. Concluímos que a sensibilização o Blo t é um fator de risco para desenvolvimento de asma e eczema e esta relacionado com vários alérgenos, a baixa renda familiar e que o controle ambiental para blo t é essencial para diminuir a prevalência da asma e do eczema e para melhorar a qualidade vida.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: asma; alérgeno; hipersensibilidade

Psychological Stress and Cellular Aging

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Idan Shalev ◽  
Waylon J. Hastings
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Aging Process ◽  
Physiological Activity ◽  
Accelerated Aging ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Cellular Aging ◽  
Biological Stress ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Chronic Stressors ◽  
Different Types

Stress is a multistage process during which an organism perceives, interprets, and responds to threatening environmental stimuli. Physiological activity in the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems mediates the biological stress response. Although the stress response is adaptive in the short term, exposure to severe or chronic stressors dysregulates these biological systems, promoting maladaptive physiology and an accelerated aging phenotype, including aging on the cellular level. Two structures implicated in this process of stress and cellular aging are telomeres, whose length progressively decreases with age, and mitochondria, whose respiratory activity becomes increasingly inefficient with advanced age. Stress in its various forms is suggested to influence the maintenance and stability of these structures throughout life. Elucidating the interrelated connection between telomeres and mitochondria and how different types of stressors are influencing these structures to drive the aging process is of great interest. A better understanding of this subject can inform clinical treatments and intervention efforts to reduce (or even reverse) the damaging effects of stress on the aging process.

RADIATION-PROTECTIVE AGENT AND ANTI-AGING AGENTS: RANDOM AND PREDICTABLE MATCHES

2020 ◽  
pp. 646-656
Author(s):  
В. Н. Быков ◽  
А. Н. Гребенюк ◽  
И. Б. Ушаков
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
The Body ◽  
Protective Agent ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Time Required

Радиопротекторные и геропротекторные свойства соединений нередко сочетаются, что может быть обусловлено общими механизмами действия: антиоксидантной активностью, повышением устойчивости к клеточному стрессу, ускорением репарации ДНК, предотвращением хронических воспалительных заболеваний и канцерогенеза. В данной работе приведен детальный анализ молекулярнобиологических механизмов действия препаратов, обладающих радиопротекторными и/или геропротекторными свойствами. Описаны общие звенья развития старения и патогенеза заболеваний, связанных с облучением, включающие активацию свободнорадикальных реакций, нарушение регуляции репарации ДНК, клеточного цикла и апоптоза. С одной стороны, на фоне остановки клеточного цикла и блокады апоптоза увеличивается время для репарации ДНК. С другой стороны, активация апоптоза измененных клеток рассматривается как один из механизмов замедления процессов старения и предотвращения отдаленных эффектов воздействия ионизирующих излучений. Выделено две основных группы радиозащитных препаратов: 1) обладающие антиапоптозным свойством и способствующие повышению выживаемости в ранние сроки после после облучения в высокой дозе; 2) способствующие элиминированию поврежденных клеток (сенолитики) и наиболее эффективные при длительном низкодозовом воздействии радиации или фракционированном облучении. Геропротекторная активность описана для препаратов второй группы, к которым относятся мелатонин, метформин, рапамицин и природные полифенольные соединения. Radiation-protective and anti-aging properties are often combined. Combination of this properties is linked to the common mechanisms of action such as direct and indirect antioxidant activities, inhibition of free radicals formation, increase resistance to stress impacts at the cellular level, acceleration of DNA reparation, prevention of chronic diseases linked to abnormalities in regeneration processes, activation of immune inflammatory processes and carcinogenesis. Regulation of cell cycle and apoptosis can often be considered as an implementing driver of radiation-protective and anti-aging activities. On the one hand, against the background of stopping the cell cycle and blockade of apoptosis increases the time required to repair the defects of a DNA. Antiapoptotic effects enhances survival chances at the early stage after irradiation in a particular range of doses. On the other hand, activation of apoptosis of altered cells can be seen as one of the mechanisms to delay aging processes and prevention of isolated effects of exposure to ionizing radiation. Formation of radiation-induced and age-related alterations are characterized by multiple factors and a variety of manifestations. Nevertheless, similarity of individual links of the pathogenesis of disease related to radiation exposure and aging of the body is striking. It could be stated that radiation-protective property defines an increase in life expectancy by short-term exposure in sub-lethal and lethal doses. However anti-aging activities prevent the development of remote effects of ionizing radiation by prolonged low doses or fractionated exposure to radiation.

The Relationship between the Stage of Development and Susceptibility to DDT and the Pyrethrins of Diataraxia oleracea (L.), Tenebrio molitor L., and Periplaneta americana (L.)

1953 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. D. Mukerjea
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Periplaneta Americana ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Tenebrio Molitor ◽  
American Cockroach ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Test Species ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Egg Shell ◽  
Number Of Individuals

A review of the literature is given which shows that changes in the susceptibility ofinsects to insecticides occur during development when the poison is applied as a fumigant, as a stomach poison and as a contact poison.The assessment of changes in susceptibility to contact poisons is discussed. The basis of assessment may be the concentration required to kill a given number of individuals, or the amount of poison required to kill unit weight of insect material. The great majority of the earlier work used the former basis of assessment, but where the insect is changing in size and shape during development and hence changing in the proportion of surface area to body weight, this method has limited significance when the poison is applied as a spray of constant deposit evenly over the surface area. A mathematical method is given for transforming the results obtained in terms of concentration to kill a given number of individuals into weights of poison to kill unit weight of insect material. Rearingmethods are outlined which enable batches of various stages of Diataraxia oleracea (L.) (tomato moth), Tenebrio molitor L. (meal worm) and Periplaneta americana (L.) (American cockroach) to be obtained at a known age and stage of development.Experimental results are given for a spraying technique using DDT and the pyrethrins as insecticides on the comparative resistance of the eggs, larvae and pupae of D. oleracea, the larvae, pupae and adults of T. molitor and the nymphs and adults of P. americana.On the basis of the concentration of insecticide required to kill a given percentage of individuals, it is shown that great differences can occur in the resistance of different instars of one species and considerable differences may occur within the instar. If the data for the larval and nymphal instars are considered on the basis of the weight of poison required to kill unit weight of insect material, differences still exist but are much reduced.When toxicity is estimated on the basis of the concentration of poison in a constant spray deposit required to kill a given percentage of individuals the overall variations of resistance during development measured for DDT in terms of median lethal concentrations were: —D. oleracea eggs and larvae fifty times (0·002 per cent.–0·1 per cent. w/v), the pupa proved resistant to 0·5 per cent, w/v; T. molitor larvae, pupae and adults thirty-seven and a half times (0·0008 per cent.–0·03 per cent, w/v.) and P. americana nymphs and adults eight and a half times (0·0035 per cent.–0·03 per cent. w/v). The figures for pyrethrins were: D. oleracea eggs, larvae and pupae thirty-seven times (0·0027 per cent.–0·1 per cent. w/v), T. molitor larvae, pupae and adult forty times (0·005 per cent.–0·2 per cent. w/v), and P. americana nymphs and adults ten times (0·00031 per cent.–0·003 per cent. w/v).The figures show that the range of variation of resistance during development may be very large, over 250 times in the case of DDT and D. oleracea, where the pupa, is resistant. The maximum variation that was found within an instar was 16·6 times where the resistance to pyrethrins of the 1-day old pupa of T. molitor was compared with that of the 4-day old pupa. The data show that the amount of variation in resistance that can occur varies with the test species and with the insecticide. Furthermore that the order of resistance of the developmental stages of any given species will differ with the insecticide and that with any given insecticide the order will vary with the species.It may be inferred from these data that any comparison between insecticides on one stage of development of one instar of one species will not necessarily hold true of any other stage of development of that species or of any other species.Observations were made on the action of the insecticides on the various instars and the symptoms of poisoning are described. It was observed that DDT at the highest concentration used (0·075 per cent. w/v) failed to prevent the development of the embryo inside the egg-shell and death only occurred after the fully developed embryo had eaten the egg-shell which it normally does prior to emergence. Pyrethrins on the other hand if applied at sufficiently high concentrations could prevent embryonic development although at lower concentrations a high percentage of eggs formed fully developed embryos.At the highest concentrations used neither DDT (0·5 per cent, w/v.) nor the pyrethrins (2·5 per cent, w/v.) were able to prevent pupal development, and partial emergence often occurred before death. DDT differed from the pyrethrins in that it was ineffective on the pupae of D. oleracea.Using data given in the literature and from some preliminary experiments on respiration rates, it was possible to deduce some correlation between metabolic rate and susceptibility, and changes in the permeability of the cuticle and chorion and susceptibility, but the evidence is unsatisfactory and the causes of the changes in susceptibility await further detailed investigation.

scholarly journals IPTASE SYNTHESIS AND LIGHT MEDIATION IN TRANSGENIC TOBACCO

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 737e-737
Author(s):  
Sandra L. Barbour ◽  
Margaret J. McMahon ◽  
John J. Frett ◽  
Dennis R. Decoteau
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Transgenic Tobacco ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Polyclonal Antibodies ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Cytokinin Activity ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Cytokinin Biosynthesis

Similarities exist between the effects of phytochrome and cytokinins on plant growth and development (e.g., chloroplast development, amaranthin synthesis. seed germination, photomorphogenesis). It is unclear, however, if and how these two systems interact. As a beginning step to determine cytokinin-phytochrome interactions, we developed a strategy utilizing ipt -transgenic tobacco in phytochrome/light treatment investigations. The sour-cc of the ipt gene was Agrobacterium tumefaciens Ti plasmid 15955. This gene encodes for isopentenyl transferase which is an enzyme active in cytokinin biosynthesis. Ipt -transgenic tobacco cultures (grown on MS medium supplemented with kanamycin but no plant growth regulators) were treated with end-of-day red or far-red light for 15 minutes. After 30 days of treatment, the plant tissue was harvested and either homogenized for SDS-PAGE or fixed for transmission electron microscopic analysis. Results from immuno-gold labelling using polyclonal antibodies specific to iptase will he used to Indicate the influence of phytochrome on cytokinin activity. Also, structural changes at the ultra-cellular level will be determined.

scholarly journals Efficacy Test on Some Entomopathogenic Bacterial Isolates of the Periplaneta americana and Blatella germanica Cockroaches (Orthoptera) at Laboratory Scale

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 306-312
Author(s):  
Deni Zulfiana ◽  
Monaliza Sekar Rini ◽  
Bramantyo Wikantyoso ◽  
Ni Putu Ratna Ayu Krishanti
Keyword(s):  
Periplaneta Americana ◽  
Bacterial Isolate ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Morphological Observation ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Blatella Germanica ◽  
Disease Vector ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Spraying Method

Cockroach is one of insects which plays a role as a disease vector, causing negative impacts to human health. Controlling cockroach by using excessive insecticide adds residue to the environment and strengthens its resistance toward insecticides. The objective of this research was to implement and evaluate the alternative use of biological control agent, such as entomopathogenic bacteria against two types of cockroach. In this study, three entomopathogenic bacterial isolates derived from dead Spodoptera litura pupa and Bacillus thuringiensis were employed. The test was performed by administering spraying and baiting methods at cell concentration of 108 CFU/ml. The results showed that three entomopathogenic bacterial isolates used in this study affected cockroach mortality. The result of morphological observation and Postulate Koch test showed that cockroach mortality was caused by the bacterial isolates. The spraying method on BLSP4 bacterial isolate contributed to the highest mortality rate by 80% to the Blatella germanica. Meanwhile, in the baiting method, the isolate of B. thuringiensis caused the highest mortality to the Periplaneta americana by 10%. Based on the mortality period, it can be recognized that BLSP4 treatment with spraying method affected the mortality of B. germanica effectively within 2 hours 30 minutes 46 seconds. An important finding in this study was that BLSP4 bacteria has been known potential for controlling cockroach using spraying method. The result of this study provides insights that BLSP4 bacteria can be used as a new alternative for controlling cockroach and generally in pest management.

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