scholarly journals A comprehensive anatomical map of the peripheral octopaminergic/tyraminergic system ofDrosophila melanogaster

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis Pauls ◽  
Christine Blechschmidt ◽  
Felix Frantzmann ◽  
Basil el Jundi ◽  
Mareike Selcho
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Internal State ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Corpora Allata ◽  
Cell Level ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Central Brain

AbstractThe modulation of an animal’s behavior through external sensory stimuli, previous experience and its internal state is crucial to survive in a constantly changing environment. In most insects, octopamine (OA) and its precursor tyramine (TA) modulate a variety of physiological processes and behaviors by shifting the organism from a relaxed or dormant condition to a responsive, excited and alerted state. Even though OA/TA neurons of the central brain are described on single cell level inDrosophila melanogaster,the periphery was largely omitted from anatomical studies. Given that OA/TA is involved in behaviors like feeding, flying and locomotion, which highly depend on a variety of peripheral organs, it is necessary to study the peripheral connections of these neurons to get a complete picture of the OA/TA circuitry. We here describe the anatomy of this aminergic system in relation to peripheral tissues of the entire fly. OA/TA neurons arborize onto skeletal muscles all over the body and innervate reproductive organs, the heart, the corpora allata, and sensory neurons in the antenna, wings and halteres underlining their relevance in modulating complex behaviors.

scholarly journals The Liver as an Endocrine Organ—Linking NAFLD and Insulin Resistance

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 1367-1393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J Watt ◽  
Paula M Miotto ◽  
William De Nardo ◽  
Magdalene K Montgomery
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Liver Disorder ◽  
The Body ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Induce Insulin Resistance ◽  
Glucose And Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Physiological Processes

AbstractThe liver is a dynamic organ that plays critical roles in many physiological processes, including the regulation of systemic glucose and lipid metabolism. Dysfunctional hepatic lipid metabolism is a cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disorder worldwide, and is closely associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Through the use of advanced mass spectrometry “omics” approaches and detailed experimentation in cells, mice, and humans, we now understand that the liver secretes a wide array of proteins, metabolites, and noncoding RNAs (miRNAs) and that many of these secreted factors exert powerful effects on metabolic processes both in the liver and in peripheral tissues. In this review, we summarize the rapidly evolving field of “hepatokine” biology with a particular focus on delineating previously unappreciated communication between the liver and other tissues in the body. We describe the NAFLD-induced changes in secretion of liver proteins, lipids, other metabolites, and miRNAs, and how these molecules alter metabolism in liver, muscle, adipose tissue, and pancreas to induce insulin resistance. We also synthesize the limited information that indicates that extracellular vesicles, and in particular exosomes, may be an important mechanism for intertissue communication in normal physiology and in promoting metabolic dysregulation in NAFLD.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Skeletal Muscle Function and Effects of Early Rehabilitation during Acute Heart Failure: Rationale and Study Design

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kinga Węgrzynowska-Teodorczyk ◽  
Agnieszka Siennicka ◽  
Krystian Josiak ◽  
Robert Zymliński ◽  
Monika Kasztura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Acute Heart Failure ◽  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Muscle Function ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Group Versus ◽  
The Body ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Function ◽  
Peripheral Tissues

Background. Acute heart failure (AHF) is associated with disturbances of the peripheral perfusion leading to the dysfunction of many organs. Consequently, an episode of AHF constitutes a “multiple organ failure” which may also affect the skeletal muscles. However, the abnormalities within skeletal muscles during AHF have not been investigated so far. The aim of this project is to comprehensively evaluate skeletal muscles (at a functional and tissue level) during AHF. Methods. The study will include ≥63 consecutive AHF patients who will be randomized into 2 groups: ≥42 with cardiac rehabilitation group versus ≥21 with standard pharmacotherapy alone. The following tests will be conducted on the first and last day of hospitalization, at rest and after exercise, and 30 days following the discharge: clinical evaluation, medical interview, routine physical examination, echocardiography, and laboratory tests (including the assessment of NT-proBNP, inflammatory markers, and parameters reflecting the status of the kidneys and the liver); hemodynamic evaluation, noninvasive determination of cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance using the impedance cardiography; evaluation of biomarkers reflecting myocyte damage, immunochemical measurements of tissue-specific enzymatic isoforms; evaluation of skeletal muscle function, using surface electromyography (sEMG) (maximum tonus of the muscles will be determined along with the level of muscular fatigability); evaluation of muscle tissue perfusion, assessed on the basis of the oxygenation level, with noninvasive direct continuous recording of perfusion in peripheral tissues by local tissue oximetry, measured by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Results and Conclusions. Our findings will demonstrate that the muscle tissue is another area of the body which should be taken into consideration in the course of treatment of AHF, requiring a development of targeted therapeutic strategies, such as a properly conducted rehabilitation.

scholarly journals Sulfakinins influence lipid composition and insulin-like peptides level in oenocytes of Zophobas atratus beetles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Szymczak-Cendlak ◽  
M. Gołębiowski ◽  
S. Chowański ◽  
J. Pacholska-Bogalska ◽  
P. Marciniak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Composition ◽  
Strong Influence ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
The Body ◽  
Corpora Allata ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Peptide Family ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Zophobas Atratus ◽  
First Time

AbstractInsect sulfakinins are pleiotropic neuropeptides with the homology to vertebrate gastrin/cholecystokinin peptide family. They have been identified in many insect species and affect different metabolic processes. They have a strong influence on feeding and digestion as well as on carbohydrate and lipid processing. Our study reveals that sulfakinins influence fatty acids composition in Zophobas atratus oenocytes and regulate insulin-like peptides (ILPs) level in these cells. Oenocytes are cells responsible for maintenance of the body homeostasis and have an important role in the regulation of intermediary metabolism, especially of lipids. To analyze the lipid composition in oenocytes after sulfakinins injections we used gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry and for ILPs level determination an immunoenzymatic test was used. Because sulfakinin peptides and their receptors are the main components of sulfakinin signaling, we also analyzed the presence of sulfakinin receptor transcript (SKR2) in insect tissues. We have identified for the first time the sulfakinin receptor transcript (SKR2) in insect oenocytes and found its distribution more widespread in the peripheral tissues (gut, fat body and haemolymph) as well as in the nervous and neuro-endocrine systems (brain, ventral nerve cord, corpora cardiaca/corpora allata CC/CA) of Z. atratus larvae. The presence of sulfakinin receptor transcript (SKR2) in oenocytes suggests that observed effects on oenocytes lipid and ILPs content may result from direction action of these peptides on oenocytes.

Reproductive Organ Education for Psychic Health Development of Early Age

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dwi Darwati
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Early Childhood Development ◽  
Deviant Behavior ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Reproductive Organ ◽  
The Body ◽  
Childhood Development ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Digital Era ◽  
Stage Of Development

Reproductive  health education should be given since early childhood by using language that is adapted to the stage of development. If you procrastinate and wait until the teenager it is already too late because in the days of the digital era, as now, all the information can be easily accessed by anyone including children early age. If the early childhood misinformed about their reproductive organs it would disrupt the physical and psychological development due to the wrong behavior in caring for and maintaining reproductive organs. Qur’an as the holy book of Muslims describes the steps of reproduction and  imparting education wisely as well as how to apply such education. This kind of education must be in accordance with the conditions of children and there should not be a lie about it We can also use media and methods such as pictures, songs, tap or other visual  media which can give clearer information, so that children can clearly see parts of the body, their characteristics, and how to treat and care them. The impropriate approach in conveying this kind of knowledge will be very dangerous for children. The provision of early age reproductive organs education can prevent the occurrence of deviant behavior as well as protect children from dangerous influence in early childhood development.

Therapeutic Potential of Agonists and Antagonists of A1, A2a, A2b and A3 Adenosine Receptors

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (26) ◽  
pp. 2892-2905 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumit Jamwal ◽  
Ashish Mittal ◽  
Puneet Kumar ◽  
Dana M. Alhayani ◽  
Amal Al-Aboudi
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
The Body ◽  
Membrane Receptors ◽  
Physiological Importance ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Central Nervous Systems ◽  
Energy Consuming ◽  
Metabolic Dysfunctions ◽  
G Protein Coupled

Adenosine is a naturally occurring nucleoside and an essential component of the energy production and utilization systems of the body. Adenosine is formed by the degradation of adenosine-triphosphate (ATP) during energy-consuming processes. Adenosine regulates numerous physiological processes through activation of four subtypes of G-protein coupled membrane receptors viz. A1, A2A, A2B and A3. Its physiological importance depends on the affinity of these receptors and the extracellular concentrations reached. ATP acts as a neurotransmitter in both peripheral and central nervous systems. In the peripheral nervous system, ATP is involved in chemical transmission in sensory and autonomic ganglia, whereas in central nervous system, ATP, released from synaptic terminals, induces fast excitatory postsynaptic currents. ATP provides the energetics for all muscle movements, heart beats, nerve signals and chemical reactions inside the body. Adenosine has been traditionally considered an inhibitor of neuronal activity and a regulator of cerebral blood flow. Since adenosine is neuroprotective against excitotoxic and metabolic dysfunctions observed in neurological and ocular diseases, the search for adenosinerelated drugs regulating adenosine transporters and receptors can be important for advancement of therapeutic strategies against these diseases. This review will summarize the therapeutic potential and recent SAR and pharmacology of adenosine and its receptor agonists and antagonists.

scholarly journals PPARs as Metabolic Sensors and Therapeutic Targets in Liver Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 8298
Author(s):  
Hugo Christian Monroy-Ramirez ◽  
Marina Galicia-Moreno ◽  
Ana Sandoval-Rodriguez ◽  
Alejandra Meza-Rios ◽  
Arturo Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Metabolic Regulation ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Signal Pathways ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Hepatic Level

Carbohydrates and lipids are two components of the diet that provide the necessary energy to carry out various physiological processes to help maintain homeostasis in the body. However, when the metabolism of both biomolecules is altered, development of various liver diseases takes place; such as metabolic-associated fatty liver diseases (MAFLD), hepatitis B and C virus infections, alcoholic liver disease (ALD), and in more severe cases, hepatocelular carcinoma (HCC). On the other hand, PPARs are a family of ligand-dependent transcription factors with an important role in the regulation of metabolic processes to hepatic level as well as in other organs. After interaction with specific ligands, PPARs are translocated to the nucleus, undergoing structural changes to regulate gene transcription involved in lipid metabolism, adipogenesis, inflammation and metabolic homeostasis. This review aims to provide updated data about PPARs’ critical role in liver metabolic regulation, and their involvement triggering the genesis of several liver diseases. Information is provided about their molecular characteristics, cell signal pathways, and the main pharmacological therapies that modulate their function, currently engaged in the clinic scenario, or in pharmacological development.

Vitamin D and sleep duration: Is there a bidirectional relationship?

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Mosavat ◽  
Aisling Smyth ◽  
Diana Arabiat ◽  
Lisa Whitehead
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Vitamin D Supplementation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Bone Homeostasis ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Vitamin D Levels ◽  
Bidirectional Relationship ◽  
Sleep Length

AbstractVitamin D contributes to numerous physiological processes within the body but primarily calcium and bone homeostasis. Emerging evidence highlights a novel role for vitamin D in maintaining and regulating optimal sleep. Sleep is a known regulator of bone health, highlighting the interconnectedness between vitamin D concentrations, sleep duration and bone metabolism. It is possible that the relationship between sleep length and vitamin D is bidirectional, with vitamin D playing a role in sleep health and conversely, sleep affecting vitamin D levels. Nevertheless, limited information on the direction of the interaction is available, and much remains to be learned concerning the complex relationship between insufficient sleep duration and vitamin D deficiency. Given the potential to implement interventions to improve sleep and vitamin D supplementation, understanding this relationship further could represent a novel way to support and improve health.

Circadian tuning of motivation. A little organ of yesterday?

1995 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Daan
Keyword(s):  
Internal State ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Animal Behaviour ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biological Clocks ◽  
Motivational Systems ◽  
Regulatory Principle ◽  
The Face ◽  
Temporal Organisation ◽  
The Ideal

The analysis of motivational systems underlying temporal organisation in animal behaviour has relied primarily on two conceptual functional frameworks: Homeostasis and biological clocks. Homeostasis is one of the most general and influential concepts in physiology. Walter Cannon introduced homeostasis as a universal regulatory principle which animals employ to maintain constancy of their ‘internal milieu’ in the face of challenges and perturbations from the external environment. Cannon spoke of “The Wisdom of the Body”, the collective of responses designed to defend the ideal internal state against those perturbations.

The internal anatomy of the woodlouse, Metoponorthus pruinosus (Brandt), (Porcellionidae, Peracarida)

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Alikhan
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Internal Anatomy ◽  
Suboesophageal Ganglion ◽  
Digestive Tube ◽  
Thoracic Ganglia ◽  
Digestive Glands

Tbe circulatory system, lying in the mid-dorsal line of the body, consists of an oval heart, the opthalmic artery, and a dorsal abdominal artery.The digestive system comprises a wide, large alimentary tube and two pairs of digestive glands. An oesophagus, a proventriculus, midgut, and a short proctodacum or hindgut form the digestive tube. The digestive glands are very well developed and are beaded in form; each pair lies on either side of the alimentary canal.The reproductive organs are well developed in both sexes: in the male they consist of paired testes and their vas deferentia, and in the female paired bilobed ovaries and oviducts.A cerebral or supraoesophageal ganglion, a suboesophageal ganglion, and seven thoracic ganglia form the nervous system. The supraoesophageal ganglion is united with the suboesophageal ganglion by means of the circumoesophageal commissures, whereas the thoracic ganglia and suboesophageal ganglia are linked with each other by paired connectives.The gills and the tracheae are the organs of respiration. The gills are borne of the bases of the pleopods and are enclosed in the branchial chamber. The tracheae are located on the lateral lobes of the first two pleopods only.

Change in skeletal muscle index and its prognostic significance in conversion therapy for initially unresectable colorectal cancer.

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 56-56
Author(s):  
Hiroaki Nozawa ◽  
Shigenobu Emoto ◽  
Koji Murono ◽  
Yasutaka Shuno ◽  
Soichiro Ishihara
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Systemic Chemotherapy ◽  
Stage Iv ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pharmacological Intervention ◽  
Conversion Therapy ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Index

56 Background: Systemic chemotherapy can cause loss of skeletal muscle mass in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients in the neoadjuvant and palliative settings. However, it is largely unknown how the body composition is changed by chemotherapy rendering unresectable CRC to resectable disease or how it affects the prognosis. This study aimed at elucidating the effects of systemic chemotherapy on skeletal muscles and survival in stage IV CRC patients who underwent conversion therapy. Methods: We reviewed 98 stage IV CRC patients who received systemic chemotherapy in our hospital. According to the treatment setting, patients were divided into the ‘Conversion’, ‘Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC)’, and ‘Palliation’ groups. The cross-sectional area of skeletal muscles at the third lumbar level and changes in the skeletal muscle index (SMI), defined as the area divided by height squared, during chemotherapy were compared among patient groups. The effects of these parameters on prognosis were analyzed in the Conversion group. Results: The mean SMI increased by 8.0% during chemotherapy in the Conversion group (n = 38), whereas it decreased by 6.2% in the NAC group (n = 18) and 3.7% in the Palliation group (n = 42, p < 0.0001). Moreover, patients with increased SMI during chemotherapy had a better overall survival (OS) than those whose SMI decreased in the Conversion group (p = 0.021). The increase in SMI was an independent predictor of favorable OS on multivariate analysis (hazard ratio: 0.26). Conclusions: Stage IV CRC patients who underwent conversion to resection often had an increased SMI. As such an increase in SMI further conveys a survival benefit in conversion therapy, it may be important to make efforts to preserve muscle mass by meticulous approaches, such as nutritional support, muscle exercise programs, and pharmacological intervention even during chemotherapy in patients with metastatic CRC.

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