Tribology of drawing lubricants for low carbon steel

2014 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 640-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhanudas Dattatraya Bachchhav ◽  
Geeta S. Lathkar ◽  
Harijan Bagchi
Keyword(s):  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Sliding Contact ◽  
Stribeck Curve ◽  
Additive Concentration ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Pin On Disc ◽  
Selection Of

Purpose – This paper aims to present a study of frictional characteristics of steel/die steel pair under sliding contact in presence of a set of formulated lubricants. AISI 1010 low carbon steels, although being strong, are less formable grades of steel and require appropriate selection of lubricants in tribological conditions. Design/methodology/approach – A total of three mineral-based lubricating blends were formulated for varying concentration of ester. Plan of experiments, based on Taguchi’s analysis technique were performed using dedicated test rig based on “pin-on-disc” principle. Findings – A correlation was established between additive concentration, sliding speed and pressure with coefficient of friction by multiple linear regression. On the basis of experimental results and S/N ratio analysis, ranking of the parameters has been done. A possible regime of working with such lubricants is also suggested. Practical implications – Due to voluminous data involved, a few dominant process parameters were taken into consideration for the study. Originality/value – This paper is highlighting the tribo-effects of additives to render it as suitable lubricant in sliding contact conditions. This paper also suggested an approach for selection of optimum regime of working in the light of “Stribeck Curve” for ester-containing lubricating oils.

Effects of water on the SCC of low carbon steel in ethanolic media

2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fortunate Moyo ◽  
Josias Willem Van der Merwe
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Slow Strain Rate Test ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The World ◽  
Rate Test ◽  
Blended Fuels

Purpose – This paper aims to determine the effect of water on the SCC of low carbon steel in ethanol in the absence of supporting salts. Design/methodology/approach – Slow strain rate test was done to determine SCC susceptibility. Fractured samples were examined using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Findings – While the results demonstrated that water alone had no effect on the SCC susceptibility of low carbon steel in ethanol, 2.5 volume per cent moisture gave indications of cracking tendencies. Originality/value – With South Africa and the world over turning to bioethanol and ethanol blended fuels as a means of reducing its carbon foot print, there are concerns over the corrosive nature of ethanol on common engineering metals like low carbon steels.

Effect of Soaking Time on Paste Carburizing of Carburized Low Carbon Steel

2017 ◽  
Vol 740 ◽  
pp. 93-99
Author(s):  
Muhammad Hafizuddin Jumadin ◽  
Bulan Abdullah ◽  
Muhammad Hussain Ismail ◽  
Siti Khadijah Alias ◽  
Samsiah Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Case Depth ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Soaking Time ◽  
Low Carbon Steels ◽  
Carburized Steel ◽  
Carburizing Process

Increase of soaking time contributed to the effectiveness of case depth formation, hardness properties and carbon content of carburized steel. This paper investigates the effect of different soaking time (7-9 hours) using powder and paste compound to the carburized steel. Low carbon steels were carburized using powder and paste compound for 7, 8 and 9 hours at temperature 1000°C. The transformation of microstructure and formation carbon rich layer was observed under microscope. The microhardness profiles were analyzed to investigate the length of case depth produced after the carburizing process. The increment of carbon content was considered to find the correlation between types of carburizing compound with time. Results shows that the longer carburized steel was soaked, the higher potential in formation of carbon rich layer, case depth and carbon content, which led to better hardness properties for carburized low carbon steel. Longer soaking time, 9 hours has a higher dispersion of carbon up to 41%-51% compare to 8 hours and 7 hours. By using paste carburizing, it has more potential of carbon atom to merge the microstructure to transform into cementite (1.53 wt% C) compare to powder (0.97 wt% C), which increases the hardness of carburized steel (13% higher).

Predicting the Effects of Cold Working on the Machining Characteristics of Low Carbon Steels

1987 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Kopalinsky ◽  
P. L. B. Oxley
Keyword(s):  
Flow Stress ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Cutting Forces ◽  
Cold Working ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Low Carbon Steels ◽  
Steel Work ◽  
Machining Characteristics

Experiments show that the cold working of low carbon steel work materials can improve their machinability by reducing cutting forces and improving surface finish and tool life. The somewhat paradoxical result of reducing cutting forces by cold working a material so that its hardness is increased is explained in this paper by using a machining theory which takes account of the flow stress properties of the work material and can thus allow for the effects of cold working.

The transformation of corrosion products on 0Cu2Cr carbon steel in the marine

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
pp. 457-463
Author(s):  
Hongyu Liu ◽  
Yingxue Teng ◽  
Jing Guo ◽  
Qinghe Xiao ◽  
Miao Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Energy Dispersive Spectrometer ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Transformation Process ◽  
Corrosion Products ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Transformation Mechanism ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Marine Engineering

Purpose This paper aims to explore the transformation process and transformation mechanism of carbon steel under the marine environment. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, the transformation and rust layers corrosion products on 0Cu2Cr carbon steel with different cycles coupon test was investigated and deeply explored by scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive spectrometer, X-ray diffraction. Findings The results showed that the thickness of rust layers grew from 71.83 µm to 533.7 µm with increasing duration of corrosion. The initial corrosion product was γ-FeOOH, then part of the γ-FeOOH continued growing, and under the capillary action, the other part of the γ-FeOOH transformed to α-FeOOH. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper puts forward for the first time a new viewpoint of the development of corrosion products of low-carbon steel in two ways. This discovery provides a new idea for the future development of steel for marine engineering.

Effect of Ti, Al and Mg Addition on the Impact Toughness of Heat Affected Zone in Low Carbon Steel

2009 ◽  
Vol 79-82 ◽  
pp. 143-146
Author(s):  
Jiang Hua Ma ◽  
Dong Ping Zhan ◽  
Zhou Hua Jiang ◽  
Ji Cheng He
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Impact Toughness ◽  
Heat Affected Zone ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Welding Simulation ◽  
Mg Addition ◽  
The Impact

In order to understand the effects of deoxidizer such as aluminium, titanium and magnesium on the impact toughness of heat affected zone (HAZ), three low carbon steels deoxidized by Ti-Al, Mg and Ti-Mg were obtained. After smelting, forging, rolling and welding simulation, the effects of Al, Ti and Mg addition on the impact toughness of HAZ in low carbon steel were studied. The inclusion characteristics (size, morphology and chemistry) of samples before welding and the fracture pattern of the specimens after the Charpy-type test were respectively analyzed using optical microscope and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The following results were found. The density of inclusion in Ti-Mg deoxidized steel is bigger than Ti-Al deoxidized steel. The average diameter is decreased for the former than the latter. The addition of Ti-Mg can enhance the impact toughness of the HAZ after welding simulation. The maximal value of the impact toughness is 66.5J/cm2. The complex particles of MgO-TiOx-SiO2-MnS are most benefit to enhance impact toughness. The improvement of HAZ is attributable to the role of particle pinning and the formation of intergranular ferrite.

Issues in Welding of HSLA Steels

2011 ◽  
Vol 365 ◽  
pp. 44-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandeep Jindal ◽  
Rahul Chhibber ◽  
N.P. Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Hsla Steel ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Welding Process ◽  
Pressure Vessels ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Hsla Steels ◽  
Selection Of

The application of High Strength Low Alloy (HSLA) steels has expanded to almost all fields viz. automobile industry, ship building, line pipe, pressure vessels, building construction, bridges, storage tanks. HSLA steels were developed primarily for the automotive industry to replace low-carbon steels in order to improve the strength-to-weight ratio and meet the need for higher-strength materials. Due to higher-strength and added excellent toughness and formability, demand for HSLA steel is increasing globally. With the increase of demand; other issues like the selection of filler grade and selection of suitable welding process for the joining of these steels have become very significant. This paper discusses the various issues regarding selection of suitable grade and selection of suitable welding process for joining of HSLA steels and issues concerning the structural integrity of HSLA steel welds.

High Temperature Corrosion of Al Hot-Dipped Low Carbon Steels in N2/H2S-Mixed Gases

2016 ◽  
Vol 369 ◽  
pp. 59-64
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ali Abro ◽  
Dong Bok Lee
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Alloy Layer ◽  
High Temperature Corrosion ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Mixed Gas ◽  
Low Carbon Steels ◽  
Mixed Gases

A low carbon steel was hot-dip aluminized, and corroded in the N2/0.4%H2S-mixed gas at 650-850°C for 20-50 h in order to find the effect of aluminizing on the high-temperature corrosion of the low carbon steel in the H2S environment. A thin Al topcoat and a thick Al-Fe alloy layer that consisted primarily of Al5Fe2 and some FeAl and Al3Fe formed on the surface after aluminizing. The corrosion rate increased with an increase in temperature. Hot-dip aluminizing increased the corrosion resistance of the carbon steel through forming a thin protective α-Al2O3 scale on the surface. The α-Al2O3 scale was susceptible to spallation. During corrosion, internal voids formed in the Al-Fe alloy layer, where the Al5Fe2, AlFe, and Al3Fe compounds gradually transformed through interdiffusion.

Three years outdoor exposure of low carbon steel in Mauritius

2015 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 246-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baboo Y. R. Surnam
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Atmospheric Corrosion ◽  
Corrosion Behaviour ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Outdoor Exposure ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Steel Buildings ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Time Of Wetness

Purpose – This paper aims to investigate the corrosion behaviour of carbon steel in the Mauritian atmosphere over a three-year period. Atmospheric corrosion is a serious problem in Mauritius. Design/methodology/approach – Carbon steel samples were exposed outdoors at various sites. Mass loss analysis was performed to determine the corrosion behaviour of the metal over the exposure period. Scanning electron microscopy and Raman tests were performed to investigate the formation of the corrosion products on the carbon steel surface. Findings – It was found that the corrosion loss at two of the sites considered did not vary clearly according to the bilogarithmic law. Time of wetness was found to be a main factor affecting atmospheric corrosion in Mauritius. The corrosivity of the atmosphere was found to lie between categories C3 and C4, according to ISO 9223. Originality/value – The results can be of essential help to the construction industry, especially as steel buildings are becoming very common in Mauritius. Moreover, as Mauritius is a tropical island, the results obtained can be useful in other tropical islands.

scholarly journals Cu Precipitation Behaviors and Microscopic Mechanical Characteristics of a Novel Ultra-Low Carbon Steel

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 3571
Author(s):  
Mingxue Sun ◽  
Yang Xu ◽  
Tiewei Xu
Keyword(s):  
Cooling Rate ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Vickers Hardness ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Precipitation Strengthening ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Cooling Rates ◽  
The Matrix

We studied the effect of Cu addition on the hardness of ultra-low carbon steels heat treated with different cooling rates using thermal simulation techniques. The microstructural evolution, Cu precipitation behaviors, variations of Vickers hardness and nano-hardness are comparatively studied for Cu-free and Cu-bearing steels. The microstructure transforms from ferritic structure to ferritic + bainitic structure as a function of cooling rate for the two steels. Interphase precipitation occurs in association with the formation of ferritic structure at slower cooling rates of 0.05 and 0.2 °C/s. Coarsening of Cu precipitates occurs at 0.05 °C/s, leading to lower precipitation strengthening. As the cooling rate increases to 0.2 °C/s, the interphase and dispersive precipitation strengthening effects are increased by 63.9 and 50.0 MPa, respectively. Cu precipitation is partially constrained at cooling rate of 5 °C/s, resulting in poor nano-hardness and Young’s Modulus. In comparison with Cu-free steel, the peak Vickers hardness, nano-hardness and Young’s Modulus are increased by 56 HV, 0.61 GPa and 55.5 GPa at a cooling rate of 0.2 °C/s, respectively. These values are apparently higher than those of Cu-free steel, indicating that Cu addition in steels can effectively strengthen the matrix.

Oriented Nucleation and Selective Growth during Secondary Recrystallization in Ultra Low Carbon Steels

2004 ◽  
Vol 467-470 ◽  
pp. 941-948 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim Verbeken ◽  
Leo Kestens
Keyword(s):  
Grain Growth ◽  
Texture Evolution ◽  
Secondary Recrystallization ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Primary Recrystallization ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Abnormal Grain Growth ◽  
Selective Growth ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Ultra Low Carbon Steel

After primary recrystallization, on further annealing, abnormal grain growth occurred in ultra low carbon steel. Texture evolution was studied by comparing the orientations after complete secondary recrystallization, with on one hand the nuclei for abnormal grain growth and on the other hand the selective growth products of the primary recrystallized matrix. The influence of both mechanisms could be identified in the final texture.

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