Fabrication and characterization of Cu-Sn-Ni-Cu interconnection microstructure for electromigration studies in 3D integration

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 74-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Xiao ◽  
Walid Madhat Munief ◽  
Fengshun Wu ◽  
Rainer Lilischkis ◽  
Tobias Oberbillig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Layer ◽  
Bottom Layer ◽  
Electrical Performance ◽  
3D Integration ◽  
Average Roughness ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cu Electroplating ◽  
Lift Off ◽  
Photolithography Process

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to fabricate a new Cu-Sn-Ni-Cu interconnection microstructure for electromigration studies in 3D integration. Design/methodology/approach The Cu-Sn-Ni-Cu interconnection microstructure is fabricated by a three-mask photolithography process with different electroplating processes. This microstructure consists of pads and conductive lines as the bottom layer, Cu-Sn-Ni-Cu pillars with the diameter of 10-40 μm as the middle layer and Cu conductive lines as the top layer. A lift-off process is adopted for the bottom layer. The Cu-Sn-Ni-Cu pillars are fabricated by photolithography with sequential electroplating processes. To fabricate the top layer, a sputtered Cu layer is introduced to prevent the middle-layer photoresist from being developed. With the final Cu electroplating processes, the Cu-Sn-Ni-Cu interconnection microstructure is successfully achieved. Findings The surface morphology of Cu-Sn pillars consists of densely packed clusters which are formed by an ordered arrangement of tetragonal Sn grains. The diffusion of Cu atoms into the Sn phases is observed at the Cu/Sn interface. Furthermore, the obtained Cu-Sn-Ni-Cu pillars have a flat surface with an average roughness of 13.9 nm. In addition, the introduction of Ni layer between the Sn and the top Cu layers in the Cu-Sn-Ni-Cu pillars can mitigate the diffusion of Cu atoms into Sn phases. The process is verified by checking the electrical performance using four-point probe measurements. Originality/value The method described in this paper which combined a three-mask photolithography process with sequential Cu, Sn, Ni and Cu electroplating processes provides a new way to fabricate the interconnection microstructure for future electromigration studies.

PLA conductive filament for 3D printed smart sensing applications

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 739-743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Luigi Marasso ◽  
Matteo Cocuzza ◽  
Valentina Bertana ◽  
Francesco Perrucci ◽  
Alessio Tommasi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Sensor ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Conductive Polymer ◽  
Temperature Characteristic ◽  
Temperature Sensors ◽  
Electrical Performance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sensing Applications ◽  
3D Printed

Purpose This paper aims to present a study on a commercial conductive polylactic acid (PLA) filament and its potential application in a three-dimensional (3D) printed smart cap embedding a resistive temperature sensor made of this material. The final aim of this study is to add a fundamental block to the electrical characterization of printed conductive polymers, which are promising to mimic the electrical performance of metals and semiconductors. The studied PLA filament demonstrates not only to be suitable for a simple 3D printed concept but also to show peculiar characteristics that can be exploited to fabricate freeform low-cost temperature sensors. Design/methodology/approach The first part is focused on the conductive properties of the PLA filament and its temperature dependency. After obtaining a resistance temperature characteristic of this material, the same was used to fabricate a part of a 3D printed smart cap. Findings An approach to the characterization of the 3D printed conductive polymer has been presented. The major results are related to the definition of resistance vs temperature characteristic of the material. This model was then exploited to design a temperature sensor embedded in a 3D printed smart cap. Practical implications This study demonstrates that commercial conductive PLA filaments can be suitable materials for 3D printed low-cost temperature sensors or constitutive parts of a 3D printed smart object. Originality/value The paper clearly demonstrates that a new generation of 3D printed smart objects can already be obtained using low-cost commercial materials.

Interdigitated microelectrode geometry for simple electrical Escherichia coli O157:H7 DNA detection

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharipah Nadzirah ◽  
Uda Hashim
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Dna Detection ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Nanoparticle Deposition ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
High Uniformity ◽  
Interdigitated Microelectrode ◽  
Lift Off ◽  
Photolithography Process

Purpose The purpose of this study is to fabricate a transducer-based TiO2 interdigitated microelectrodes with various gap sizes. The most stable electrical properties have been selected for Escherichia. coli O157:H7 DNA detection. Design/methodology/approach Sol-gel was used to synthesize TiO2 nanoparticles. Lift-off photolithography process was used for fabrication of interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) and dry-state DNA detection was done using a Picoammeter. Findings TiO2 nanoparticles IDEs with 16-um gap size is able to detect DNA of E. coli in a dry state. Originality/value This paper describes IDEs for dry-state detection of E. coli O157:H7 DNA. The technique presented in this paper ensures the high uniformity of nanoparticle deposition on the finger electrode.

scholarly journals High-Gain Vivaldi Antenna with Wide Bandwidth Characteristics for 5G Mobile and Ku-Band Radar Applications

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 667
Author(s):  
Raza Ullah ◽  
Sadiq Ullah ◽  
Farooq Faisal ◽  
Rizwan Ullah ◽  
Dong-you Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Communication ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Bottom Layer ◽  
High Gain ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
Radar Applications ◽  
Vivaldi Antenna ◽  
5G Mobile Communication ◽  
Element Array ◽  
Ku Band

In this paper, antipodal Vivaldi antenna is designed for 5th generation (5G) mobile communication and Ku-band applications. The proposed designed has three layers. The upper layer consists of eight-element array of split-shaped leaf structures, which is fed by a 1-to-8 power divider network. Middle layer is a substrate made of Rogers 5880. The bottom layer consists of truncated ground and shorter mirror-image split leaf structures. The overall size of the designed antenna is confined significantly to 33.31 × 54.96 × 0.787 (volume in mm3), which is equivalent to 2λo× 3.3λo× 0.05λo (λo is free-space wavelength at 18 GHz). Proposed eight elements antenna is multi-band in nature covering Ku-bands (14.44–20.98 GHz), two millimeter wave (mmW) bands i.e., 24.34–29 GHz and 33–40 GHz, which are candidate frequency bands for 5G communications. The Ku-Band is suitable for radar applications. Proposed eight elements antenna is very efficient and has stable gain for 5G mobile communication and Ku-band applications. The simulation results are experimentally validated by testing the fabricated prototypes of the proposed design.

scholarly journals Characterization of RarA, a Novel AraC Family Multidrug Resistance Regulator in Klebsiella pneumoniae

2012 ◽  
Vol 56 (8) ◽  
pp. 4450-4458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Veleba ◽  
Paul G. Higgins ◽  
Gerardo Gonzalez ◽  
Harald Seifert ◽  
Thamarai Schneiders
Keyword(s):  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Efflux Pump ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Resistance Phenotype ◽  
Serratia Proteamaculans ◽  
Virulence Potential ◽  
Article Type ◽  
Acrab Efflux Pump

ABSTRACTTranscriptional regulators, such as SoxS, RamA, MarA, and Rob, which upregulate the AcrAB efflux pump, have been shown to be associated with multidrug resistance in clinically relevant Gram-negative bacteria. In addition to the multidrug resistance phenotype, these regulators have also been shown to play a role in the cellular metabolism and possibly the virulence potential of microbial cells. As such, the increased expression of these proteins is likely to cause pleiotropic phenotypes.Klebsiella pneumoniaeis a major nosocomial pathogen which can express the SoxS, MarA, Rob, and RamA proteins, and the accompanying paper shows that the increased transcription oframAis associated with tigecycline resistance (M. Veleba and T. Schneiders, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 56:4466–4467, 2012). Bioinformatic analyses of the availableKlebsiellagenome sequences show that an additional AraC-type regulator is encoded chromosomally. In this work, we characterize this novel AraC-type regulator, hereby called RarA (Regulator of antibiotic resistance A), which is encoded inK. pneumoniae,Enterobactersp. 638,Serratia proteamaculans568, andEnterobacter cloacae. We show that the overexpression ofrarAresults in a multidrug resistance phenotype which requires a functional AcrAB efflux pump but is independent of the other AraC regulators. Quantitative real-time PCR experiments show thatrarA(MGH 78578 KPN_02968) and its neighboring efflux pump operonoqxAB(KPN_02969_02970) are consistently upregulated in clinical isolates collected from various geographical locations (Chile, Turkey, and Germany). Our results suggest thatrarAoverexpression upregulates theoqxABefflux pump. Additionally, it appears thatoqxR, encoding a GntR-type regulator adjacent to theoqxABoperon, is able to downregulate the expression of theoqxABefflux pump, where OqxR complementation resulted in reductions to olaquindox MICs.

scholarly journals Characterization of Glycoside Hydrolase Family 5 Proteins in Schizosaccharomyces pombe

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1650-1660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Encarnación Dueñas-Santero ◽  
Ana Belén Martín-Cuadrado ◽  
Thierry Fontaine ◽  
Jean-Paul Latgé ◽  
Francisco del Rey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Schizosaccharomyces Pombe ◽  
Protein Characterization ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Glycoside Hydrolase Family ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Controlled Hydrolysis ◽  
Hydrolase Family

ABSTRACT In yeast, enzymes with β-glucanase activity are thought to be necessary in morphogenetic events that require controlled hydrolysis of the cell wall. Comparison of the sequence of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae exo-β(1,3)-glucanase Exg1 with the Schizosaccharomyces pombe genome allowed the identification of three genes that were named exg1 + (locus SPBC1105.05), exg2 + (SPAC12B10.11), and exg3 + (SPBC2D10.05). The three proteins have different localizations: Exg1 is secreted to the periplasmic space, Exg2 is a membrane protein, and Exg3 is a cytoplasmic protein. Characterization of the biochemical activity of the proteins indicated that Exg1 and Exg3 are active only against β(1,6)-glucans while no activity was detected for Exg2. Interestingly, Exg1 cleaves the glucans with an endohydrolytic mode of action. exg1 + showed periodic expression during the cell cycle, with a maximum coinciding with the septation process, and its expression was dependent on the transcription factor Sep1. The Exg1 protein localizes to the septum region in a pattern that was different from that of the endo-β(1,3)-glucanase Eng1. Overexpression of Exg2 resulted in an increase in cell wall material at the poles and in the septum, but the putative catalytic activity of the protein was not required for this effect.

scholarly journals Characterization of T Cells Specific for CFP-10 and ESAT-6 in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Infected Mauritian Cynomolgus Macaques

2017 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Ellis ◽  
Alexis Balgeman ◽  
Mark Rodgers ◽  
Cassaundra Updike ◽  
Jaime Tomko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Mhc Class Ii ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Cynomolgus Macaques ◽  
Mhc Haplotype

ABSTRACT Nonhuman primates can be used to study host immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mauritian cynomolgus macaques (MCMs) are a unique group of animals that have limited major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genetic diversity, such that MHC-identical animals can be infected with M. tuberculosis. Two MCMs homozygous for the relatively common M1 MHC haplotype were bronchoscopically infected with 41 CFU of the M. tuberculosis Erdman strain. Four other MCMs, which had at least one copy of the M1 MHC haplotype, were infected with a lower dose of 3 CFU M. tuberculosis. All animals mounted similar T-cell responses to CFP-10 and ESAT-6. Two epitopes in CFP-10 were characterized, and the MHC class II alleles restricting them were determined. A third epitope in CFP-10 was identified but exhibited promiscuous restriction. The CFP-10 and ESAT-6 antigenic regions targeted by T cells in MCMs were comparable to those seen in cases of human M. tuberculosis infection. Our data lay the foundation for generating tetrameric molecules to study epitope-specific CD4 T cells in M. tuberculosis-infected MCMs, which may guide future testing of tuberculosis vaccines in nonhuman primates.

The Fabrication of Silicon Nanopin with CsCl Nanoislands and Dry Etching for Field Emission

2013 ◽  
Vol 562-565 ◽  
pp. 1224-1228
Author(s):  
Marina Ashmkhan ◽  
Jing Liu ◽  
Bo Wang ◽  
Fu Ting Yi
Keyword(s):  
Field Emission ◽  
Thermal Evaporation ◽  
Dry Etching ◽  
Fabrication Process ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Gate Electrodes ◽  
Icp Etching ◽  
Lift Off ◽  
Photolithography Process ◽  
Ag Film

Silicon nano pin arrays with heights of 1.3-3.66um and diameter of 315-899nm, are fabricated by CsCl self-assemble for CsCl nano islands for mask and ICP etching for silicon pins. CsCl film is firstly deposited on the wafer by thermal evaporation and putted in the humid controlled environment to be developed to the CsCl islands with diameter of 341-915 nm as self-assembled technology. Then the ICP etching with SF6, CCl4, He gas is introduced to make the silicon nano pin by the mask of CsCl nano islands, and the silicon nano pins with the different height of 1.3-3.66 um are finished for field emission. The gated FEA templates are fabricated by photolithography process and the lift-off technology with Ti-Si film as the gate electrodes. The final template for field emission has the silicon nano pins with diameters of 31.7 nm on top, Ti-Ag film with thickness of 105nm and gate holes of 30um in diameter, and SU8 resist insulator structure with thickness of 4um and holes of 10um in diameter. The optimization of the fabrication process and the performance for the configuration will be made.

scholarly journals Molecular Characterization of the CytochromebGene andIn VitroAtovaquone Susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum Isolates from Kenya

2015 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 1818-1821 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luicer A. Ingasia ◽  
Hoseah M. Akala ◽  
Mabel O. Imbuga ◽  
Benjamin H. Opot ◽  
Fredrick L. Eyase ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Genetic Polymorphism ◽  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Mutant Allele ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Wild Type Allele ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Western Kenya ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACTThe prevalence of a genetic polymorphism(s) at codon 268 in the cytochromebgene, which is associated with failure of atovaquone-proguanil treatment, was analyzed in 227Plasmodium falciparumparasites from western Kenya. The prevalence of the wild-type allele was 63%, and that of the Y268S (denoting a Y-to-S change at position 268) mutant allele was 2%. There were no pure Y268C or Y268N mutant alleles, only mixtures of a mutant allele(s) with the wild type. There was a correlation between parasite 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) and parasite genetic polymorphism; mutant alleles had higher IC50s than the wild type.

scholarly journals Physiological and Transcriptional Characterization of Persistent and Nonpersistent Listeria monocytogenes Isolates

2011 ◽  
Vol 77 (18) ◽  
pp. 6559-6569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward M. Fox ◽  
Nola Leonard ◽  
Kieran Jordan
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Cetylpyridinium Chloride ◽  
Phenotype Microarray ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Benzethonium Chloride ◽  
Transcriptomic Sequencing ◽  
Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Compare Gene Expression

ABSTRACTThis study aimed to characterize physiological differences between persistent and presumed nonpersistentListeria monocytogenesstrains isolated at processing facilities and to investigate the molecular basis for this by transcriptomic sequencing. Full metabolic profiles of two strains, one persistent and one nonpersistent, were initially screened using Biolog's Phenotype MicroArray (PM) technology. Based on these results, in which major differences from selected antimicrobial agents were detected, another persistent strain and two nonpersistent strains were characterized using two antimicrobial PMs. Resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) was shown to be higher among persistent strains. Growth of persistent and nonpersistent strains in various concentrations of the QACs benzethonium chloride (BZT) and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) was determined. Transcriptomic sequencing of a persistent and a presumed nonpersistent strain was performed to compare gene expression among these strains in the presence and absence of BZT. Two strains, designated “frequent persisters” because they were the most frequently isolated at the processing facility, showed overall higher resistance to QACs. Transcriptome analysis showed that BZT induced a complex peptidoglycan (PG) biosynthesis response, which may play a key role in BZT resistance. Comparison of persistent and nonpersistent strains indicated that transcription of many genes was upregulated among persistent strains. This included three gene operons:pdu,cob-cbi, andeut. These genes may play a role in the persistence ofL. monocytogenesoutside the human host.

scholarly journals Discovery of a Conjugative Megaplasmid in Bifidobacterium breve

2014 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 166-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Bottacini ◽  
Mary O'Connell Motherway ◽  
Eoghan Casey ◽  
Brian McDonnell ◽  
Jennifer Mahony ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Sequencing ◽  
Dna Transfer ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Genomic Features ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Bifidobacterium Breve ◽  
Extrachromosomal Element ◽  
Foreign Dna ◽  
Transfer Apparatus

ABSTRACTBifidobacterium breveis a common and sometimes very abundant inhabitant of the human gut. Genome sequencing ofB. breveJCM 7017 revealed the presence of an extrachromosomal element, designated pMP7017 consisting of >190 kb, thus representing the first reported bifidobacterial megaplasmid.In silicocharacterization of this element revealed several genomic features supporting a stable establishment of the megaplasmid in its host, illustrated by predicted CRISPR-Cas functions that are known to protect the host against intrusion of foreign DNA. Interestingly, pMP7017 is also predicted to encode a conjugative DNA transfer apparatus and, consistent with this notion, we demonstrate here the conjugal transfer of pMP7017 to representative strains ofB. breveandB. longumsubsp.longum. We also demonstrate the presence of a megaplasmid with homology to pMP7017 in threeB. longumsubsp.longumstrains.

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