Wide-Range Many-Core SoC Design in Scaled CMOS: Challenges and Opportunities

Current computing platforms encourage the integration of thousands of processing cores, and their interconnections, into a single chip. Mobile smartphones, IoT, embedded devices, desktops, and data centers use Many-Core Systems-on-Chip (SoCs) to exploit their compute power and parallelism to meet the dynamic workload requirements. Networks-on-Chip (NoCs) lead to scalable connectivity for diverse applications with distinct traffic patterns and data dependencies. However, when the system executes various applications in traditional NoCs—optimized and fixed at synthesis time—the interconnection nonconformity with the different applications’ requirements generates limitations in the performance. In the literature, NoC designs embraced the Software-Defined Networking (SDN) strategy to evolve into an adaptable interconnection solution for future chips. However, the works surveyed implement a partial Software-Defined Network-on-Chip (SDNoC) approach, leaving aside the SDN layered architecture that brings interoperability in conventional networking. This paper explores the SDNoC literature and classifies it regarding the desired SDN features that each work presents. Then, we described the challenges and opportunities detected from the literature survey. Moreover, we explain the motivation for an SDNoC approach, and we expose both SDN and SDNoC concepts and architectures. We observe that works in the literature employed an uncomplete layered SDNoC approach. This fact creates various fertile areas in the SDNoC architecture where researchers may contribute to Many-Core SoCs designs.

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Layered Manufacturing: Challenges and Opportunities

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-758-ll1.4 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 758 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Khershed P. Cooper

Keyword(s):

Science Research ◽

Scientific Activity ◽

Layered Manufacturing ◽

Full Potential ◽

Local Composition ◽

Photosensitive Polymers ◽

Wide Range ◽

Challenges And Opportunities ◽

Future Direction

ABSTRACTLayered Manufacturing (LM) refers to computer-aided manufacturing processes in which parts are made in sequential layers relatively quickly. Parts that are produced by LM can be formed from a wide range of materials such as photosensitive polymers, metals and ceramics in sizes from a centimeter to a few meters with sub-millimeter feature resolutions. LM has found use in diverse areas including biomedical engineering, pharmaceuticals, aerospace, defense, electronics and design engineering. The promise of LM is the capability to make customized complex-shaped functional parts without specialized tooling and without assembly. LM is still a few years away from fully realizing its promise but its potential for manufacturing remains high. A few of the fundamental challenges in materials processing confronting the community are improving the quality of the surface finish, eliminating residual stress, controlling local composition and microstructure, achieving fine feature size and dimensional tolerance and accelerating processing speed. Until these challenges are met, the applicability of LM and its commercialization will be restricted. Sustained scientific activity in LM has advanced over the past decade into many different areas of manufacturing and has enabled exploration of novel processes and development of hybrid processes. The research community of today has the opportunity to shape the future direction of science research to realize the full potential of LM.

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Using chemical biology to assess and modulate mitochondria: progress and challenges

Interface Focus ◽

10.1098/rsfs.2016.0151 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 20160151 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Angela Logan ◽

Michael P. Murphy

Keyword(s):

Mitochondrial Function ◽

Chemical Biology ◽

Biomedical Sciences ◽

Interdisciplinary Approaches ◽

Wide Range ◽

Challenges And Opportunities ◽

Future Challenges ◽

The Many ◽

Opening Up

Our understanding of the role of mitochondria in biomedical sciences has expanded considerably over the past decade. In addition to their well-known metabolic roles, mitochondrial are also central to signalling for various processes through the generation of signals such as ROS and metabolites that affect cellular homeostasis, as well as other processes such as cell death and inflammation. Thus, mitochondrial function and dysfunction are central to the health and fate of the cell. Consequently, there is considerable interest in better understanding and assessing the many roles of mitochondria. Furthermore, there is also a growing realization that mitochondrial are a promising drug target in a wide range of pathologies. The application of interdisciplinary approaches at the interface between chemistry and biology are opening up new opportunities to understand mitochondrial function and in assessing the role of the organelle in biology. This work and the experience thus gained are leading to the development of new classes of therapies. Here, we overview the progress that has been made to date on exploring the chemical biology of the organelle and then focus on future challenges and opportunities that face this rapidly developing field.

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Tourism 2025: an industry perspective

Journal of Tourism Futures ◽

10.1108/jtf-12-2014-0021 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 53-57 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Simon Wallace ◽

Steve Riley

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Tourism Industry ◽

Collective Actions ◽

Content Type ◽

Stakeholder Support ◽

Wide Range ◽

Framework Model ◽

Challenges And Opportunities ◽

Small Industry ◽

Global Tourism

Purpose Tourism 2025 – Growing Value Together/Whakatipu Uara Ngatahi is a framework to unite New Zealand's large and diverse tourism industry and ignite strong, aspirational economic growth. Its goal is to see the tourism industry contribute $41 billion a year to the New Zealand economy by 2025, up from $24 billion now. It provides vital context for some collective actions by big or small industry clusters and for thousands of actions individual businesses will take each year. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach A wide range of tourism industry stakeholders were consulted over an 18‐month period to ensure the project was being developed on a solid, evidence‐based foundation. There was strong stakeholder support for a framework which the private sector takes ownership of and responsibility for, but which also recognises that public sector support is vital. The project team developed a “straw‐man” growth framework model which resulted in carrying out detailed investigations and consultation to test and, where necessary, adjust that model into its final form. Findings There were four major forces shaping the global tourism market. There was one positive force for New Zealand countered by three tough challenges. The strawman growth framework comprised five separate yet inter‐connected “cycle of growth” themes. These themes are relatively consistent with global national tourism plans that were studied. Used intelligently and in harmony, with the industry fully understanding the inter‐relationships and inter‐dependencies within the “cycle of growth”, the key themes enable the tourism industry to successfully come to grips with the challenges and opportunities ahead. Originality/value Tourism 2025 is aimed at aligning the industry on a pathway towards aspirational growth.

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Fixel-based Analysis of Diffusion MRI: Methods, Applications, Challenges and Opportunities

10.31219/osf.io/zu8fv ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Thijs Dhollander ◽

Adam Clemente ◽

Mervyn Singh ◽

Frederique Boonstra ◽

Oren Civier ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diffusion Mri ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Specific Information ◽

Analysis Framework ◽

Wide Range ◽

Challenges And Opportunities ◽

P Diffusion ◽

Modelling Techniques ◽

The Rich

Diffusion MRI has provided the neuroimaging community with a powerful tool to acquire in-vivo data sensitive to microstructural features of white matter, up to 3 orders of magnitude smaller than typical voxel sizes. The key to extracting such valuable information lies in complex modelling techniques, which form the link between the rich diffusion MRI data and various metrics related to the microstructural organisation. Over time, increasingly advanced techniques have been developed, up to the point where some diffusion MRI models can now provide access to properties specific to individual fibre populations in each voxel in the presence of multiple "crossing" fibre pathways. While highly valuable, such fibre-specific information poses unique challenges for typical image processing pipelines and statistical analysis. In this work, we review the "fixel-based analysis" (FBA) framework that implements bespoke solutions to this end, and has recently seen a stark increase in adoption for studies of both typical (healthy) populations as well as a wide range of clinical populations. We describe the main concepts related to fixel-based analyses, as well as the methods and specific steps involved in a state-of-the-art FBA pipeline, with a focus on providing researchers with practical advice on how to interpret results. We also include an overview of the scope of current fixel-based analysis studies (until August 2020), categorised across a broad range of neuroscientific domains, listing key design choices and summarising their main results and conclusions. Finally, we critically discuss several aspects and challenges involved with the fixel-based analysis framework, and outline some directions and future opportunities.

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Making Sense of “Nonsense” and More: Challenges and Opportunities in the Genetic Code Expansion, in the World of tRNA Modifications

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms23020938 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 938

Author(s):

Olubodun Michael Lateef ◽

Michael Olawale Akintubosun ◽

Olamide Tosin Olaoba ◽

Sunday Ocholi Samson ◽

Malgorzata Adamczyk

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Genetic Code ◽

Protein Design ◽

Side Chains ◽

Vast Number ◽

Trna Modifications ◽

Wide Range ◽

Challenges And Opportunities ◽

Code Extension ◽

Genetic Code Expansion

The evolutional development of the RNA translation process that leads to protein synthesis based on naturally occurring amino acids has its continuation via synthetic biology, the so-called rational bioengineering. Genetic code expansion (GCE) explores beyond the natural translational processes to further enhance the structural properties and augment the functionality of a wide range of proteins. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomal machinery have been proven to accept engineered tRNAs from orthogonal organisms to efficiently incorporate noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) with rationally designed side chains. These side chains can be reactive or functional groups, which can be extensively utilized in biochemical, biophysical, and cellular studies. Genetic code extension offers the contingency of introducing more than one ncAA into protein through frameshift suppression, multi-site-specific incorporation of ncAAs, thereby increasing the vast number of possible applications. However, different mediating factors reduce the yield and efficiency of ncAA incorporation into synthetic proteins. In this review, we comment on the recent advancements in genetic code expansion to signify the relevance of systems biology in improving ncAA incorporation efficiency. We discuss the emerging impact of tRNA modifications and metabolism in protein design. We also provide examples of the latest successful accomplishments in synthetic protein therapeutics and show how codon expansion has been employed in various scientific and biotechnological applications.

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Development of Substrates for Through Glass Vias

Additional Conferences (Device Packaging HiTEC HiTEN & CICMT) ◽

10.4071/2012dpc-tp14 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 (DPC) ◽

pp. 000832-000845 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Aric Shorey ◽

Scott Pollard

Keyword(s):

Material Properties ◽

Glass Composition ◽

Coefficient Of Thermal Expansion ◽

Cost Effective ◽

High Volume ◽

Chemical Durability ◽

Thin Glass ◽

Wide Range ◽

Challenges And Opportunities ◽

Substantial Progress

Through-substrate vias are critical for 3DS-IC integration. The choice of glass as an interposer substrate, TGV, present some interesting challenges and opportunities, making glass a compelling alternative to silicon. There are two primary challenges to begin building a precision interposer in thin glass. The first is high quality thin glass wafers (300 mm OD, thickness 0.05 to 0.10 mm, warp and TTV of 30 μm and 1 μm respectively). The second challenge is developing a process capable of providing small (5–10 μm) precision vias in a cost-effective way. “Glass” represents a large class of materials with a wide range of material properties. The first step in developing TGV is to identify the most appropriate glass composition for the application, which furthermore defines important properties such as coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and other mechanical properties, chemical durability and electrical properties. The manufacturing process used to develop the glass has a significant impact on quality and manufacturability. Fusion formed glass provides a solution for high volume manufacturing supply in an as-formed, ultra-thin, pristine glass manufactured to tight tolerances, and avoids the issues associated with polishing or thinning. The supply of 50 μm to 100 μm as-formed ultra-thin glass wafers can compare very favorably in cost relative to polished or thinned glass as well as thinned silicon wafer. While there are many technologies that have demonstrated vias in glass, challenges relating to via size and pitch, wafer strength and reliability remain to be resolved. However, substantial progress has been made to meet these challenges. Specific characterization data from some of these processes to demonstrate vias on the order of 10 μm diameter with a 100 μm glass thickness in alternative glass materials will be presented.

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Biomimicry in Bio-Manufacturing: Developments in Melt Electrospinning Writing Technology Towards Hybrid Biomanufacturing

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app9173540 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (17) ◽

pp. 3540 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Ferdows Afghah ◽

Caner Dikyol ◽

Mine Altunbek ◽

Bahattin Koc

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Tissue Engineering ◽

Cell Attachment ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Future Perspective ◽

Melt Electrospinning ◽

Wide Range ◽

Challenges And Opportunities ◽

Potential Applications ◽

Homogeneous Cell

Melt electrospinning writing has been emerged as a promising technique in the field of tissue engineering, with the capability of fabricating controllable and highly ordered complex three-dimensional geometries from a wide range of polymers. This three-dimensional (3D) printing method can be used to fabricate scaffolds biomimicking extracellular matrix of replaced tissue with the required mechanical properties. However, controlled and homogeneous cell attachment on melt electrospun fibers is a challenge. The combination of melt electrospinning writing with other tissue engineering approaches, called hybrid biomanufacturing, has introduced new perspectives and increased its potential applications in tissue engineering. In this review, principles and key parameters, challenges, and opportunities of melt electrospinning writing, and particularly, recent approaches and materials in this field are introduced. Subsequently, hybrid biomanufacturing strategies are presented for improved biological and mechanical properties of the manufactured porous structures. An overview of the possible hybrid setups and applications, future perspective of hybrid processes, guidelines, and opportunities in different areas of tissue/organ engineering are also highlighted.

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Plastics recycling: challenges and opportunities

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rstb.2008.0311 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 364 (1526) ◽

pp. 2115-2126 ◽

Cited By ~ 814

Author(s):

Jefferson Hopewell ◽

Robert Dvorak ◽

Edward Kosior

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Renewable Resource ◽

Gas Production ◽

Rapid Expansion ◽

Natural Habitats ◽

Oil And Gas Production ◽

Wide Range ◽

Challenges And Opportunities ◽

Product Reuse

Plastics are inexpensive, lightweight and durable materials, which can readily be moulded into a variety of products that find use in a wide range of applications. As a consequence, the production of plastics has increased markedly over the last 60 years. However, current levels of their usage and disposal generate several environmental problems. Around 4 per cent of world oil and gas production, a non-renewable resource, is used as feedstock for plastics and a further 3–4% is expended to provide energy for their manufacture. A major portion of plastic produced each year is used to make disposable items of packaging or other short-lived products that are discarded within a year of manufacture. These two observations alone indicate that our current use of plastics is not sustainable. In addition, because of the durability of the polymers involved, substantial quantities of discarded end-of-life plastics are accumulating as debris in landfills and in natural habitats worldwide. Recycling is one of the most important actions currently available to reduce these impacts and represents one of the most dynamic areas in the plastics industry today. Recycling provides opportunities to reduce oil usage, carbon dioxide emissions and the quantities of waste requiring disposal. Here, we briefly set recycling into context against other waste-reduction strategies, namely reduction in material use through downgauging or product reuse, the use of alternative biodegradable materials and energy recovery as fuel. While plastics have been recycled since the 1970s, the quantities that are recycled vary geographically, according to plastic type and application. Recycling of packaging materials has seen rapid expansion over the last decades in a number of countries. Advances in technologies and systems for the collection, sorting and reprocessing of recyclable plastics are creating new opportunities for recycling, and with the combined actions of the public, industry and governments it may be possible to divert the majority of plastic waste from landfills to recycling over the next decades.

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Progress, Challenges and Opportunities in Divalent Transition Metal-Doped Cobalt Ferrites Nanoparticles Applications

Advanced Functional Materials ◽

10.5772/intechopen.93298 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Oana Cadar ◽

Thomas Dippong ◽

Marin Senila ◽

Erika-Andrea Levei

Keyword(s):

Cost Effective ◽

Synthesis Methods ◽

Application Range ◽

High Electrical Resistivity ◽

Cobalt Ferrites ◽

Wide Range ◽

Challenges And Opportunities ◽

Preparation Route ◽

Metal Doped ◽

New Applications

Engineered nanomaterials with tailored properties are highly required in a wide range of industrial fields. Consequently, the researches dedicated to the identification of new applications for existing materials and to the development of novel promising materials and cost effective, eco-friendly synthesis methods gained considerable attention in the last years. Cobalt ferrite is one of the nanomaterials with a wide application range due to its unique properties such as high electrical resistivity, negligible eddy current loss, moderate saturation magnetization, chemical and thermal stability, high Curie temperature and high mechanical hardness. Moreover, its structural, magnetic and electrical properties can be tailored by the selection of preparation route, chemical composition, dopant ions and thermal treatment. This chapter presents the recent applications of nanosized cobalt ferrites doped or co-doped with divalent transition ions such as Zn2+, Cu2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Cd2+ obtained by various synthesis methods in ceramics, medicine, catalysis, electronics and communications.

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