APPLICATION OF MEAN AND STANDARD DEVIATION IN QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEYS: CONSTRUCT VALIDATION

A simple method using the descriptive statistics involving mean and standard deviation can be applied in questionnaire surveys. By focusing on the reliability and validity assessment, items should have roughly equivalent means and standard deviations within a Likert scale with the rule of thumb of 2:1 (ratio of the maximum standard deviation to the minimum standard deviation). A comprehensive study on the reliability and validity of the questionnaire to assess computer and internet usages is presented to illustrate how to perform a simple evaluation of the item-level descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation and frequency), the multitrait/multi-item correlation matrix (Pearson correlation and Biserial correlation) and reliability coefficients and inter-scale correlations (Cronbrach’s alpha and Hoyt’s method). This method is thus applicable in any research that employs a questionnaire.

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Do aggression and impulsivity dominate dark triad across genders?

10.31234/osf.io/t67xn ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Anupriya Singh ◽

Aisha Naeem ◽

Komal Chandiramani

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Standard Deviation ◽

Pearson Correlation ◽

Correlation Method ◽

Dark Triad ◽

T Test ◽

Descriptive Statistics ◽

Regression Analyses ◽

Future Directions ◽

Significant Relationships

The study investigated gender differences in Overall Dark Triad (Machiavellianism, Narcissism, and Psychopathy), Aggression, Impulsivity, and impact of Dark triad on Aggression and Impulsivity. Data was collected from 214 young adults. Analyses was done using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation). T-test was employed to analyze gender differences. Pearson Correlation Method and Multiple regression were used to assess the relation and prediction amongst the variables, respectively. T-test suggested significant gender differences in Machiavellianism, Psychopathy, and Overall Dark Triad, with females scoring high than males. No gender difference was observed in Aggression and Impulsivity. Correlation and regression analyses revealed several significant relationships between the above constructs. The research was concluded by briefly foregrounding some of the study’s implications and future directions.

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Reliability of the Minimum Masking Level as Outcome Variable in Tinnitus Clinical Research

American Journal of Audiology ◽

10.1044/2020_aja-20-00047 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 29 (3) ◽

pp. 429-435

Author(s):

Patricia C. Mancini ◽

Richard S. Tyler ◽

Hyung Jin Jun ◽

Tang-Chuan Wang ◽

Helena Ji ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Standard Deviation ◽

High Frequency ◽

Pearson Correlation ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Outcome Variable ◽

Reliable Estimate ◽

Moderate Correlation ◽

Trained Subjects ◽

The Relationship ◽

Minimum Intensity

Purpose The minimum masking level (MML) is the minimum intensity of a stimulus required to just totally mask the tinnitus. Treatments aimed at reducing the tinnitus itself should attempt to measure the magnitude of the tinnitus. The objective of this study was to evaluate the reliability of the MML. Method Sample consisted of 59 tinnitus patients who reported stable tinnitus. We obtained MML measures on two visits, separated by about 2–3 weeks. We used two noise types: speech-shaped noise and high-frequency emphasis noise. We also investigated the relationship between the MML and tinnitus loudness estimates and the Tinnitus Handicap Questionnaire (THQ). Results There were differences across the different noise types. The within-session standard deviation averaged across subjects varied between 1.3 and 1.8 dB. Across the two sessions, the Pearson correlation coefficients, range was r = .84. There was a weak relationship between the dB SL MML and loudness, and between the MML and the THQ. A moderate correlation ( r = .44) was found between the THQ and loudness estimates. Conclusions We conclude that the dB SL MML can be a reliable estimate of tinnitus magnitude, with expected standard deviations in trained subjects of about 1.5 dB. It appears that the dB SL MML and loudness estimates are not closely related.

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Knowledge assessment and barriers to cancer screening among Ghanaian community pharmacists

Journal of Oncology Pharmacy Practice ◽

10.1177/1078155220983413 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 107815522098341

Author(s):

Kofi B Mensah ◽

Adwoa Bemah Boamah Mensah ◽

Peter Yamoah ◽

Joseph Attakorah ◽

Varsha Bangalee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cancer Screening ◽

Reliability And Validity ◽

Community Pharmacists ◽

Online Questionnaire ◽

Screening Guidelines ◽

Validity Assessment ◽

Wide Range ◽

Chi Squared ◽

Primary Healthcare Provider ◽

To Come

Introduction Though there are controversies, cancer screening has been suggested to decrease mortality. Over the years, the most accessible primary healthcare provider; the community pharmacist, has developed an interest in being part of cancer screening activities and prevention of a wide range of other non-communicable diseases. To achieve this, community pharmacists need a working knowledge of the basic screening test and recommendations. Also, it’s important to acknowledge the barriers that may prevent the implementation of cancer-screening efforts at the community pharmacy. This study aims to determine the knowledge and barriers to cancer screening among Ghanaian community pharmacists. Methodology Knowledge and barriers to cancer screening was assessed using an online questionnaire in 435 community pharmacists. Descriptive statistics and Pearson's chi-squared tests were used to analyze the data. Results The reliability and validity assessment of the questionnaire after data collection revealed a Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.82 for knowledge on cancer screening. The SD and mean age of study participants were 2.48 ± 20.08. Only 25.7% of the participants had good knowledge. The most identified barrier was the lack of established guidelines (60.9%). There was no association between participants' demographics and their knowledge scores. Conclusions Community pharmacists can potentially have a large impact on early detection of cancer through screening. However, they have to improve their knowledge on general screening guidelines and be aware of available educational resources to increase their knowledge. It is also important for all stakeholders to come together to establish local screening modalities and recommendations for the country.

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The value of a simple method to decrease diagnostic errors in Turner syndrome: a case report

Journal of Medical Case Reports ◽

10.1186/s13256-021-02673-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Seyedetahere Mousavi ◽

Batool Amiri ◽

Saidee Beigi ◽

Mohammadreza Farzaneh

Keyword(s):

Case Report ◽

Standard Deviation ◽

Physical Examination ◽

Turner Syndrome ◽

X Chromosome ◽

Genetic Disorder ◽

Diagnostic Errors ◽

Height Velocity ◽

Target Height ◽

Simple Method

Abstract Introduction Turner syndrome is a genetic disorder in females and is the result of complete or partial loss of an X chromosome during fertilization. The missing X chromosome is originally either from the mother's ovum or the father's sperm cell. Approximately 45% of patients have the 45,X karyotype and the rest have other variants of Turner syndrome, which are either mosaicism patterns or structural abnormalities of the X chromosome. Here, we report a case of Turner syndrome that is the fifth case of Turner syndrome with balanced Robertsonian translocation of (13;14)(q10;q10), and the sixth case with 44,X chromosomes, reported in the literature thus far. Case presentation A 10.3-year-old Persian girl was brought to our clinic by her parents, with the complaint of failure to thrive and short height. She had been examined and investigated by endocrinologists since the age of 4 years, but no definite diagnosis was made. At the time of presentation, she had been through three provocative growth hormone tests and had been on no medications for about a year. Her physical examination revealed mild retrognathia and micrognathia. Initially, she was started on somatropin treatment which, after 12 months, did not appropriately improve her height velocity. Therefore, a more thorough physical examination was performed, in which high arched palate and low posterior hairline were observed. There was also a difference between target height and patient height standard deviation scores. Karyotype study was requested, and Turner syndrome was confirmed. Conclusion The diagnosis of this case was not straightforward, both because the somatic presentations were not obvious, and because the physicians had not looked for them when performing the physical examinations. This case report introduces a rare 44,X chromosome karyotype of Turner syndrome and highlights the value in using the difference between target height and patient height standard deviation scores as a simple and inexpensive tool for diagnosis of this syndrome.

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599 RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY ASSESSMENT OF ENDOSCOPIC ACTIVITY INDICES IN PEDIATRIC ULCERATIVE COLITIS

Gastrointestinal Endoscopy ◽

10.1016/j.gie.2020.03.304 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 91 (6) ◽

pp. AB50-AB51

Author(s):

Amanda Ricciuto ◽

Nicholas Carman ◽

Eric Benchimol ◽

Brian Ngo ◽

Anne M. Griffiths ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ulcerative Colitis ◽

Reliability And Validity ◽

Validity Assessment ◽

Activity Indices

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The Patient’s Denture Assessment (Thai version) is a valid and reliable tool for evaluating the outcome of treatment with complete denture

BMC Oral Health ◽

10.1186/s12903-021-01405-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Sahaprom Namano ◽

Orapin Komin

Keyword(s):

Treatment Outcome ◽

Pearson Correlation ◽

Treatment Success ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Reliability And Validity ◽

Complete Denture ◽

Care Clinic ◽

Geriatric Dentistry ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Denture Treatment

Abstract Background Complete tooth losses are still being major problems which resulted in lesser quality of life especially for elderly patients. However, there are still lack of questionnaire to evaluate the treatment outcome from the patient’s aspect. The objective of this study is to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Patient’s Denture Assessment-Thai version (PDA-T), then use this questionnaire to assess patient satisfaction with complete denture treatment outcome also investigates the factors involving their satisfaction. Methods The subjects comprised 120 edentulous adult patients (49 men/71 women; average age 70 years-old) from the Prosthodontic and the Geriatric Dentistry and Special Patients Care Clinic at the Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University during 2019 March‒2020 March. The patients were divided into two groups: the group experienced (Exper) (n = 54) with wearing complete dentures, and the non-experienced (NonExper) group (n = 66). The patients used the validated PDA-T to self-assess their treatment at different times. The Exper group completed the questionnaire at t0 (during treatment), t0.5 (2‒8-weeks after t0), and t1 (final follow-up). The NonExper group completed the questionnaire only at t1. Results In the Exper group, Cronbach’s α and average inter-item correlation was 0.95 (range 0.76‒0.95) and 0.47 (range 0.57‒0.83), respectively. The intraclass correlation coefficients (n = 18, 95% confidence interval) were 0.98 overall. The paired t-test (p < 0.05) between t0 and t1 indicated a significant difference between t0 and t1 in every PDA-T topic, and the effect size was 1.71. In the NonExper group, the Pearson correlation analysis indicated no significant correlation between the patients' demographics and masticatory function. Conclusion The reliability and validity of the PDA-T indicate it is a valuable tool for evaluating complete denture treatment. Treatment success affected the patients' satisfaction but was not associated with the type of doctors, genders, ages, or educational level.

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Establishment of a simple method to evaluate mixing times in a plastic bag photobioreactor using image processing based on freeware tools

10.21203/rs.3.rs-958895/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Michael Sandmann

Keyword(s):

Image Processing ◽

Optical Method ◽

Gas Flow ◽

Mixing Time ◽

Pearson Correlation ◽

Mixing Times ◽

Simple Method ◽

Area Of Interest ◽

Background Removal ◽

Programming Skills

Abstract Objective The aim of this work was to develop a simple optical method to determine the mixing time in a photobioreactor. The image processing method should be based on freeware tools and should not require programming skills. Results An optical method has been established to analyze images from recorded videos of mixing experiments. The basic steps are: 1. Extraction of a sequence of images from the video file; 2. Cropping of the pictures; 3. Background removal; and 4. Image analysis and mixing time evaluation based on quantification of pixel-to-pixel heterogeneity (standard deviation over pixel intensities) within a given area of interest. The novel method was generally able to track the dependency between aeration rate and mixing time within the investigated photobioreactor. In a direct comparison, a Pearson correlation coefficient of rho = 0.9957 was obtained. Gas flow rates between 10 L h−1, and 300 L h−1 resulted from mixing times of between 48 sec and 14 sec, respectively. This simple technique is applicable even without programming skills and can be used in education within high schools and in early stages of undergraduate programs.

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Classroom Instructional Practices of Islamic Education Teachers in the Basic Stage at Al-Mafraq Governorate and Its Relation to Gender and Experience Variables

International Journal of Education ◽

10.5296/ije.v7i3.7397 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 77

Author(s):

Nosiba Ali Al-Mousa

Keyword(s):

Standard Deviation ◽

Instructional Practices ◽

Reliability And Validity ◽

T Test ◽

Islamic Education ◽

Test Results ◽

Social Standard ◽

Basic Stage ◽

The Relationship

This study aimed to identify Classroom Instructional Practices of Islamic education teachers at basic stage in AL- Mafraq and to identify the relationship between these practices and gender and experience variables as well as interaction between them. The researcher prepared a scale which its reliability and validity were checked to measure the level of classroom instructional practices. The sample of study which consisted of (64) teachers (male and female) was chosen randomly. Data were collected and analyzed statistically using means, standard deviation, t-test and Tuky test. Results revealed that the classroom studying practices of Islamic education teachers in basic stage in AL- Mafraq agreed with acceptable educational and social standard (80%), whereas the percentage of the classroom instructional practices was (81-89%). The results also revealed lack of statistical significant differences in the classroom instructional practices of Islamic education teachers in the basic stage in AL- Mafraq due to the gender variable but there were statistical significant differences at (0,05=OC) in classroom instructional practices due to experience variable in favor of respondents with experiences ( 4 years and less) and 10 years and more).Additionally, there were no statistical significant differences in the classroom instructional practices of Islamic education teachers due to interaction between gender and experience variable. The researcher recommended conducting further studies with different variables.

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Reliability and Validity Assessment of the Observation of Human-Animal Interaction for Research (OHAIRE) Behavior Coding Tool

Frontiers in Veterinary Science ◽

10.3389/fvets.2018.00268 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Noémie A. Guérin ◽

Robin L. Gabriels ◽

Monique M. Germone ◽

Sabrina E. B. Schuck ◽

Anne Traynor ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reliability And Validity ◽

Validity Assessment ◽

Behavior Coding ◽

Human Animal ◽

Human Animal Interaction ◽

Animal Interaction

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Reliability and validity of a taekwondo electronic body protector

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part P Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology ◽

10.1177/1754337118815009 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 233 (2) ◽

pp. 202-209

Author(s):

Rizal Razman ◽

Ryan Wy Lunn Chong

Keyword(s):

Kinetic Energy ◽

Scoring System ◽

Reliability And Validity ◽

Descriptive Statistics ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

Testing Methods ◽

Mean Velocity ◽

The Past ◽

System Body ◽

Main Components

The Protector and Scoring System was introduced in taekwondo to encourage transparency in scoring during competition. The system, which has been used in the past two Olympics, consists of two main components, the electronic body protector and socks. The few studies that have been conducted on the Protector and Scoring System have not been comprehensive and used questionable testing methods. The main objectives of this study were to methodologically examine the validity and reliability of a Protector and Scoring System body protector. To fulfil these objectives, a customized mechanical pendulum was built to test the Protector and Scoring System. The reliability of the pendulum was first determined by tracking the pendulum’s mean velocity at impact for 50 trials on two separate occasions. Data from both days were compared and showed no significant differences ( p = 0.08). Mean kinetic energy of the pendulum was then calculated to be 55.52 J. For the experimental trial, the electronic body protector was divided into 12 sections. Each section was tested with the pendulum for 50 trials on two separate days. It was found that only three sections had no significant differences between the two days ( p > 0.01), while the rest of the sections had significantly different readings between Day 1 and Day 2. Based on the homologous descriptive statistics, only two sections were in the same group, which translated to the Protector and Scoring System being only 16.7% reliable overall for both days. In terms of validity, an independent samples t-test was used to determine the differences between the calculated kinetic energy from the pendulum (the criterion) and the displayed kinetic energy on the Protector and Scoring System, and values were found to be significantly different ( p < 0.01). Overall, the reliability and validity of the Protector and Scoring System was found to be questionable. The system needs to be examined exhaustively before being used in any future tournaments.

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