Optimum torrefaction range for Macaw husks aiming its use as a solid biofuel

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Robson L Silva ◽  
Omar Seye ◽  
Paulo P. S. Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Residence Times ◽  
Biomass Feedstock ◽  
Severity Factor ◽  
Optimization Criteria ◽  
Residual Biomass ◽  
Solid Biofuel

Abstract Biomass feedstock is broadly available in many countries and a significant amount of residual biomass comes from agriculture and forest crops. This study aims to identify a consistent criteria for optimize Macaw husks torrefaction process maximizing the energy content and minimizing the mass loss. The optimization criteria is based on the Severity Factor (SF), HHVTorrified and ηSolid-Yield. The energy density (ρEnergy) does not provide consistent and indisputable evidence as an optimization criteria; the same applies to Energy-Mass Co-benefit Index (EMCI) and ηEnergy-Yield. This investigation combined few temperatures (180°C, 220°C, and 260°C) with different residence times (20, 40, and 60 min) and found that the optimum torrefaction range for Macaw husk is 220

Fine-scale taxonomic and temporal variability in the energy density of invertebrate prey of juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha

2020 ◽  
Vol 655 ◽  
pp. 185-198
Author(s):  
J Weil ◽  
WDP Duguid ◽  
F Juanes
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Temporal Variability ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Temporal Differences ◽  
Juvenile Chinook Salmon ◽  
Juvenile Chinook

Variation in the energy content of prey can drive the diet choice, growth and ultimate survival of consumers. In Pacific salmon species, obtaining sufficient energy for rapid growth during early marine residence is hypothesized to reduce the risk of size-selective mortality. In order to determine the energetic benefit of feeding choices for individuals, accurate estimates of energy density (ED) across prey groups are required. Frequently, a single species is assumed to be representative of a larger taxonomic group or related species. Further, single-point estimates are often assumed to be representative of a group across seasons, despite temporal variability. To test the validity of these practices, we sampled zooplankton prey of juvenile Chinook salmon to investigate fine-scale taxonomic and temporal differences in ED. Using a recently developed model to estimate the ED of organisms using percent ash-free dry weight, we compared energy content of several groups that are typically grouped together in growth studies. Decapod megalopae were more energy rich than zoeae and showed family-level variability in ED. Amphipods showed significant species-level variability in ED. Temporal differences were observed, but patterns were not consistent among groups. Bioenergetic model simulations showed that growth rate of juvenile Chinook salmon was almost identical when prey ED values were calculated on a fine scale or on a taxon-averaged coarse scale. However, single-species representative calculations of prey ED yielded highly variable output in growth depending on the representative species used. These results suggest that the latter approach may yield significantly biased results.

scholarly journals Peanut Shell for Energy: Properties and Its Potential to Respect the Environment

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 3254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel-Angel Perea-Moreno ◽  
Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro ◽  
Quetzalcoatl Hernandez-Escobedo ◽  
Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Co2 Reduction ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Peanut Shell ◽  
Agroindustrial Waste ◽  
Solid Biofuel ◽  
Peanut Shells ◽  
Industrial Heating

The peanut (Arachys hypogaea) is a plant of the Fabaceae family (legumes), as are chickpeas, lentils, beans, and peas. It is originally from South America and is used mainly for culinary purposes, in confectionery products, or as a nut as well as for the production of biscuits, breads, sweets, cereals, and salads. Also, due to its high percentage of fat, peanuts are used for industrialized products such as oils, flours, inks, creams, lipsticks, etc. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) statistical yearbook in 2016, the production of peanuts was 43,982,066 t, produced in 27,660,802 hectares. Peanuts are grown mainly in Asia, with a global production rate of 65.3%, followed by Africa with 26.2%, the Americas with 8.4%, and Oceania with 0.1%. The peanut industry is one of the main generators of agroindustrial waste (shells). This residual biomass (25–30% of the total weight) has a high energy content that is worth exploring. The main objectives of this study are, firstly, to evaluate the energy parameters of peanut shells as a possible solid biofuel applied as an energy source in residential and industrial heating installations. Secondly, different models are analysed to estimate the higher heating value (HHV) for biomass proposed by different scientists and to determine which most accurately fits the determination of this value for peanut shells. Thirdly, we evaluate the reduction in global CO2 emissions that would result from the use of peanut shells as biofuel. The obtained HHV of peanut shells (18.547 MJ/kg) is higher than other biomass sources evaluated, such as olive stones (17.884 MJ/kg) or almond shells (18.200 MJ/kg), and similar to other sources of biomass used at present for home and industrial heating applications. Different prediction models of the HHV value proposed by scientists for different types of biomass have been analysed and the one that best fits the calculation for the peanut shell has been determined. The CO2 reduction that would result from the use of peanut shells as an energy source has been evaluated in all production countries, obtaining values above 0.5 ‰ of their total emissions.

scholarly journals Quantifying and separating the effects of macronutrient composition and non-macronutrients on energy density

2001 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary K. Grunwald ◽  
Helen M. Seagle ◽  
John C. Peters ◽  
James O. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Dietary Fat ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Mathematical Methods ◽  
Macronutrient Composition ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Food Records ◽  
Dietary Energy Density

The purpose of the present study was to estimate and compare the effects of macronutrient composition (relative portions of macronutrients) and of non-macronutrient components (e.g. water and fibre) on energy density (energy per unit weight) of the diets of human subjects. We used standard macronutrient energy content values to develop a simple conceptual model and equation for energy density in terms of % energy from dietary fat and % non-macronutrients by weight. To study these effects in self-selected diets of free-living subjects, we used four consecutive days of self-weighed and recorded food records for thirty-two male and thirteen female free-living adult subjects. In the range of typical human diets, the effect of % non-macronutrients by weight was several times greater than that of % energy from dietary fat, both in absolute terms and relative to daily variation in subjects' diets. Both effects were large enough to be physiologically important. Non-macronutrients (% by weight) alone explained much more of the variation in self-selected dietary energy density either between subjects (R2 95 %) or day-to-day (R2 95 %) than did % energy from dietary fat (R2 5 % and 6 % respectively). Omitting beverages gave similar results. The smaller effect of macronutrient composition on energy density of diets is mainly because alterations in macronutrient composition affect only the portion of typical dietary intake that is macronutrients (one-quarter to one-third of weight). Mathematical methods are also useful in analysing observational data and for separating effects of macronutrient composition and non-macronutrients in intervention studies. These results illustrate the importance of considering non-macronutrients in the design and analysis of experimental or observational dietary data.

scholarly journals New and simple equations to estimate the energy and fat contents and energy density of humans in sickness and health

1993 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 631-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
John F. Sutcliffe ◽  
Grant S. Knight ◽  
Jaime C. Pinilla ◽  
Graham L. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Frame Size ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Body Energy

Two formulas were derived to estimate the energy content of the human body which use only body mass, total body water by 3H2O dilution space and body minerals assessed by anthropometry. The formulas were tested in a body composition database of 561 patients and 151 normal volunteers using established metabolizable energy values for protein, fat and glycogen. Total body protein was determined by in vivo neutron activation analysis (IVNAA), body water by dilution of tritium and body minerals from skeletal frame size. Body glycogen was assumed to be 14.6 % of the mineral component. Body fat was obtained by difference, body mass less the sum of water, protein, minerals and glycogen. The standard deviation in the estimate of body energy content was 30 MJ or 4.1 % of the energy content of reference man. Two formulas for body energy content were derived by regression with body mass, total body water and body minerals or height. Two formulas for energy density and formulas for percentage body fat were similarly derived.

scholarly journals GLITEROS enteral formula based on tempeh flour and jicama flour for patients with hyperglycemia

Food Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (S3) ◽  
pp. 38-45
Author(s):  
V. Sutikno ◽  
A. Rahadiyanti ◽  
D.Y. Fitranti ◽  
D.N. Afifah ◽  
C. Nissa
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Dietary Fiber ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
American Society ◽  
Enteral Formula

Critically ill patients are susceptible to hyperglycemia during the treatment in the hospital. This condition could reduce immunity and increase the risk of mortality. The use of commercial diabetes-specific enteral reduces blood glucose level but increase the hospitalization cost due to the long-term period. Therefore, the homemade enteral formula developed using tempeh flour and jicama flour. GLITEROS comes from glycemia, tempeh and Pachyrhizus erosus. Arginine, glycine, and isoflavone contained in tempeh flour could improve insulin secretion. Moreover, inulin in jicama flour could control the increasing of blood glucose levels. The purpose of this study was to analyze the viscosity, macro-nutrient content, food fiber and protein digestibility of GLITEROS enteral formula. GLITEROS made from tempeh flour, jicama flour, soybean oil, skim milk, maltodextrin, and sugar. This study was an experimental design with three groups formula, A1 (1:1), A2 (5:3), A3 (2:3). Variables include viscosity, energy density, energy content, carbohydrates, protein, fat, dietary fiber and protein digestibility each with 3x repetitions in duplicate. The data were analyzed using Kruskal Wallis and One-way ANOVA. A1 formula had the highest carbohydrate (62%), dietary fiber (25.59%), and fat (10.49%) lower than A2 and A3 formula. A2 formula had 0.98 kcal/mL density energy and 984 kcal energy, 11,73 cP lower than A3 and A1 formula. A3 formula had the highest density energy (1.13 kcal/ mL), energy (1132.45 kcal), 36.10 cP viscosity, and protein (14.89%) lower than A1 and A2 formula. A1 formula is the most eligible in viscosity, energy density, energy content and protein of enteral formula for hyperglycemia patient according to American Diabetes Association (ADA), Canadian Diabetes Association (CDA), American Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN) requirements.

scholarly journals Product Characteristics of Torrefied Wood Sawdust in Normal and Vacuum Environments

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (20) ◽  
pp. 3844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi-Kai Chih ◽  
Wei-Hsin Chen ◽  
Hwai Chyuan Ong ◽  
Pau Loke Show
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Vacuum System ◽  
Residence Times ◽  
Product Characteristics ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Wood Sawdust ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
High Volatility

To investigate the efficacy of torrefaction in a vacuum environment, wood sawdust was torrefied at various temperatures (200–300 °C) in different atmospheres (nitrogen and vacuum) with different residence times (30 and 60 min). It was found that the amount of biochar reduced at the same rate—regardless of atmosphere type—throughout the torrefaction process. In terms of energy density, the vacuum system produced biochar with better higher heating value (HHV, MJ/kg) than the nitrogen system below 250 °C. This was the case because the moisture and the high volatility compounds such as aldehydes diffused more easily in a vacuum. Over 250 °C, however, a greater amount of low volatility compounds evaded from the vacuum system, resulting in lower higher heating value in the biochar. Despite the mixed results with the solid products, the vacuum system increased the higher heating value of its liquid products more significantly than did the nitrogen system regardless of torrefaction temperature. It was found that 23% of the total energy output came from the liquid products in the vacuum system; the corresponding ratio was 19% in the nitrogen system. With liquid products contributing to a larger share of the total energy output, the vacuum system outperformed the nitrogen system in terms of energy density.

Estimation of Productivity and the Construction of Energy Budgets

2021 ◽  
pp. 430-457
Author(s):  
Peter A. Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Standing Crop ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Potassium Dichromate ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Energy Budgets ◽  
Bomb Calorimetry ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Living Material ◽  
Crop Energy

Methods to assess the size of a population and the interactions between populations in terms of biomass (weight of living material) or energy content are described. Biomass can be expressed as wet weight, dry weight (DW), shell-free dry weight (SFDW), ash-free dry weight, or as the amount of organic carbon present. The energy content of a material may be determined directly by oxidation, either by potassium dichromate in sulphuric acid, or by burning in oxygen and determining the amount of heat liberated. The latter method—bomb calorimetry—is most convenient and is widely used in ecology, but it involves drying the material, and volatile substances can be lost. Methods to estimate standing-crop, energy density, feeding and assimilation, and production are reviewed. Energy budgets can usefully be summarized and compared if the efficiencies of various processes are calculated. Dynamic energy budget models are introduced.

Computational insights into novel dicobalt polynitrogen: structure, stability, intermolecular interaction, and application

2017 ◽  
Vol 95 (6) ◽  
pp. 656-663
Author(s):  
Tingting Zhu ◽  
Ping Ning ◽  
Jinhui Peng ◽  
Xiuying Zhang ◽  
Lihong Tang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Intermolecular Interaction ◽  
Density Functional ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Energetic Material ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Structure Stability ◽  
Chemical Hardness ◽  
Covalent Interaction

Previous studies have suggested that polynitrogen species are significant as potential candidates for superior energetic material. In this paper, the polynitrogen species of Co2(N5)4 were reasonably designed and studied by the density functional theory (DFT), and five isomers of Co2(N5)4 were selected. These species were explored in detail, including structure, stability, intermolecular interaction, and application. The five isomers, each with its own special structure feature, were stable enough based on the analysis of bond energy, chemical hardness, and aromaticity. Furthermore, the intermolecular interactions suggested the presence of a covalent interaction in the Co–Co and N–N bonds, the electronic delocalization in cyclo-N5, and the ionic feature in the Co–N bond. In addition, all of the title species held high-energy content. Compared with the known high energy density materials of HB(N5)3Be2(N5)3BH, energetic material of nitromethane, and famous nitramine explosive HMX (1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane), Co2(N5)4 holds a stronger advantage. The five Co2(N5)4 species were located at 27.8–35.8 kcal/mol per N2 unit, their energy densities were about 2.73 × 104 MJ/kg, and their mass densities were in the range of 2.60–2.74 g/cm3. Significantly, the 4-1 was the most stable, and its density was also the greatest among the five species. Thus, it has the most potential as a high energy density material.

Within-population variability in egg characteristics of walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) and white sucker (Catostomus commersoni)

1997 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 1006-1014 ◽  
Author(s):  
T A Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Stizostedion Vitreum ◽  
White Sucker ◽  
Catostomus Commersoni ◽  
Female Age ◽  
Size And Age Structure ◽  
The Relationship

I examined variation in egg characteristics among individual females of sympatrically spawning walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) and white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) from Lake Manitoba. White sucker produced eggs of greater dry mass and energy content than walleye. Walleye egg dry mass varied between years and was positively related to both female length and age. The relationship between white sucker egg dry mass and female length varied between years. Egg energy density did not vary with respect to female length in either species. Egg energy density varied between years for walleye but not white sucker. Hatching success of walleye eggs was positively related to female age and negatively related to female length adjusted for age. Length and dry mass of walleye larvae at hatch increased with egg dry mass. Results suggest that the quality of eggs produced by walleye and white sucker populations may vary with the size and age structure of the populations and among spawning years.

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