Fuel Production From Plastic Wastes Pyrolysis

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emna Berrich-Betouche ◽  
Asma Dhahak ◽  
Abdelaziz Touati ◽  
Fethi Aloui
Keyword(s):  
High Density Polyethylene ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Inert Atmosphere ◽  
Fuel Production ◽  
Nitrogen Gas ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Plastic Wastes ◽  
C 30 ◽  
Pyrolysis Liquids

Energetic valorization of thermoplastic wastes (High-density polyethylene (PE) and Polypropylene (PP)) to produce fuel using pyrolysis process is presented in this paper. HDPE and PP pyrolysis experiments were carried out in a lab-scale batch reactor under an inert atmosphere. Nitrogen gas was used as carrier before and during the experiments. The temperature was varied from 293 K to approximately 773 K. The viscosities of HDPE, PP and the mixture 50% HDPE & 50 % PP pyrolysis liquids are respectively equal to 1.08 cP, 0.67 cP and 0.8 cP. Its densities are respectively equals to 0.735, 0.751 and 0.759 (at 20 °C–30 °C). The high calorific value (the heating Value) is respectively equals to 45.235 ± 0.641 MJ/kg, 46.151 ± 1.33 MJ/kg and 45.393 ± 0.87 MJ/kg. The liquids obtained have approximately the same Kerosene (Coal Oil) high calorific value (46 MJ/kg). The flash points are respectively equal to 32 °C, 31 °C and lesser than 25 °C for the mixture. They are lesser than coal oil and Diesel values which are equal to 38 °C for Kerosene and between 38 °C and 58 °C for Diesel. The mixture of two polymers decreases the viscosity values comparing to coal oil (1.7 cP) and Diesel (3.35 cP).

scholarly journals Characterization of Refuse Derived Fuel Production from Municipal Solid Waste: The Case Studies in Latvia and Lithuania

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 112-118
Author(s):  
Dace Âriņa ◽  
Rūta Bendere ◽  
Gintaras Denafas ◽  
Jānis Kalnačs ◽  
Mait Kriipsalu
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Fuel Production ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Refuse Derived Fuel ◽  
Morphological Composition ◽  
The Mean

AbstractThe authors determined the morphological composition of refuse derived fuel (RDF) produced in Latvia and Lithuania by manually sorting. The parameters of RDF (moisture, net calorific value, ash content, carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, sulphur, chlorine, metals) was determined using the EN standards. Comparing obtained results with data from literature, authors have found that the content of plastic is higher but paper and cardboard is lower than typical values. Results also show that the mean parameters for RDF can be classified with the class codes: Net heating value (3); chlorine (3); mercury (1), and responds to limits stated for 3rd class of solid recovered fuel. It is recommended to separate biological waste at source to lower moisture and ash content and increase heating value for potential fuel production from waste.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Gas Adsorption Filter (NgAF) to enhance producer gas quality

2021 ◽  
Vol 2053 (1) ◽  
pp. 012023
Author(s):  
Mohd Mahadzir Mohammud ◽  
Nor Azirah Mohd Fohimi ◽  
Muhammad Arif Ab Hamid Pahmi ◽  
Ariffatul Amirah Hairun Anuar
Keyword(s):  
Gas Adsorption ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Thermochemical Conversion ◽  
Cylindrical Shape ◽  
Producer Gas ◽  
Nitrogen Gas ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Small Pore ◽  
Combustible Gases ◽  
Solid Biomass

Abstract Biomass gasification is a thermochemical conversion process of solid biomass into a gaseous fuel called producer gas that can be used to generate power and electricity. The producer gas consists of around 47% of Nitrogen (N2), 24% Carbon Monoxide (CO), 16% Carbon Dioxide (CO2), 12% Hydrogen (H2), and 1% Methane (CH4). However, Nitrogen (N2) content in the producer gas reduces its heating values as N2 acts as a diluent because of the low calorific value (LCV) of gas. This study aims to design a Nitrogen gas filter for capturing nitrogen gas from producer gas to increase the heating value of producer gas as fuel in combustion. The method to increase the heating value of producer gas will increase the number of combustible gases or reduce the composition of non-combustible gases in producer gas. The use of material name zeolite with its microporous structures able to adsorb nitrogen molecules and act as catalysts to chemical reactions. Zeolites 5A have a small pore highly efficient to adsorb nitrogen gas because pore diameter is relatively similar to the size of nitrogen molecules. The quality of the producer gas depends on the design and operating parameters of the zeolite catalyst. Nitrogen Gas Adsorption Filter is a new method that has to be designed to improve the previous producer gas quality. Nitrogen Gas Adsorption Filter consists of a cylindrical shape body packed with crushed zeolites 5A. When this method of adsorption process is applied, the heating value of the producer gas is increased by observing the quantity of blue flame colour produced by NgAF.

scholarly journals Pembuatan minyak plastik dengan metode destilasi bertingkat

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-40
Author(s):  
Rahmady Setiawan ◽  
Untung Surya Dharma ◽  
Nopri Andriyansyah ◽  
Dwi Irawan ◽  
Repki Yanto
Keyword(s):  
High Density Polyethylene ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Complex Problem ◽  
Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Distillation Process ◽  
Distillation Method ◽  
Oil Viscosity ◽  
Temperature Variations ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Residual Material

Waste is unwanted residual material and is no longer used after the end of a process. garbage that cannot be decomposed (undegradable) which is rubbish that cannot rot like plastic, becomes a problem in itself, so much garbage is disposed of every day by humans becomes a very complex problem that is certainly very disturbing to the environment and ecosystem, therefore management is efficient and precise will be very helpful in efforts to reduce waste in the environment, by conducting a multilevel distillation process it is hoped that waste will become a fuel which is certainly more useful. The types of waste used in this study include: PET (Polyethylene terephthalate, HDPE (High Density Polyethylene), PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride), LDPE (Low Density Polyethylene, PP (Polypropylene), PS (Polystyrene). The purpose of this study is to know the value of Viscosity, Density, and Calorific Value of plastic oil which is processed by the distillation method stratified at temperature variations.From the tests conducted using temperature variations, the density value of oil sample C which is distilled at a temperature of 450o C in both tubes has the highest value, namely 0.844 gr / cm3.The highest heating value is in PP (Polyprophylene) oil of 43808.1 Joules / gram. The oil viscosity of sample C has the highest value of 1.9200 cSt.

scholarly journals Comparative Study on Plastic Materials as a New Source of Energy

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marius Constantinescu ◽  
Felicia Bucura ◽  
Roxana-Elena Ionete ◽  
Violeta-Carolina Niculescu ◽  
Eusebiu Ilarian Ionete ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
High Density Polyethylene ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Pyrolysis Process ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Maximum Test ◽  
Plastic Materials

The pyrolysis can be an attractive way to reduce the plastic waste and, in the same time, to obtain alternative conventional fuels. In this respect, four polymers (low-density polyethylene, high-density polyethylene, propylene and polystyrene) were used in the pyrolysis process. The experiments were carried out by using an in-house plant, which allowed a maximum test temperature of 450 �C. The product oil and the derived gas from the pyrolysis process were evaluated using different techniques, such as elemental analysis (EA), calorimetry, gas chromatography (GC), gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Furthermore, for a comparative study two catalysts, zeolite and lignite, were also used for the pyrolysis process, in order to observe their influences on the final products. The higher heating value obtained for the oil was in the 40.17-45.35 MJ/kg range, acceptable for the use of these oil as an alternative fuel for diesel engine. Also, the sulphur content from the obtained oil does not cause environment problems, being lower than the allowed limits (10 mg/L). In addition, the pyrolysis derived gas was rich in hydrocarbons, conducting to a high calorific value, in the 73.42 - 121.18 MJ/kg range.

Evaluasi Prediksi Higher Heating Value (HHV) Biomassa Berdasarkan Analisis Proksimat

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Made Dirgantara ◽  
Karelius Karelius ◽  
Marselin Devi Ariyanti, Sry Ayu K. Tamba
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Bomb Calorimeter ◽  
Hhv Prediction

Abstrak – Biomassa merupakan salah satu energi terbarukan yang sangat mudah ditemui, ramah lingkungan dan cukup ekonomis. Keberadaan biomassa dapat dimaanfaatkan sebagai pengganti bahan bakar fosil, baik itu minyak bumi, gas alam maupun batu bara. Analisi diperlukan sebagai dasar biomassa sebagai energi seperti proksimat dan kalor. Analisis terpenting untuk menilai biomassa sebagai bahan bakar adalah nilai kalori atau higher heating value (HHV). HHV secara eksperimen diukur menggunakan bomb calorimeter, namun pengukuran ini kurang efektif, karena memerlukan waktu serta biaya yang tinggi. Penelitian mengenai prediksi HHV berdasarkan analisis proksimat telah dilakukan sehingga dapat mempermudah dan menghemat biaya yang diperlukan peneliti. Dalam makalah ini dibahas evaluasi persamaan untuk memprediksi HHV berdasarkan analisis proksimat pada biomassa berdasarkan data dari penelitian sebelumnya. Prediksi nilai HHV menggunakan lima persamaan yang dievaluasi dengan 25 data proksimat biomassa dari penelitian sebelumnya, kemudian dibandingkan berdasarkan nilai error untuk mendapatkan prediksi terbaik. Hasil analisis menunjukan, persamaan A terbaik di 7 biomassa, B di 6 biomassa, C di 6 biomassa, D di 5 biomassa dan E di 1 biomassa.Kata kunci: bahan bakar, biomassa, higher heating value, nilai error, proksimat  Abstract – Biomass is a renewable energy that is very easy to find, environmentally friendly, and quite economical. The existence of biomass can be used as a substitute for fossil fuels, both oil, natural gas, and coal. Analyzes are needed as a basis for biomass as energy such as proximate and heat. The most critical analysis to assess biomass as fuel is the calorific value or higher heating value (HHV). HHV is experimentally measured using a bomb calorimeter, but this measurement is less effective because it requires time and high costs. Research on the prediction of HHV based on proximate analysis has been carried out so that it can simplify and save costs needed by researchers. In this paper, the evaluation of equations is discussed to predict HHV based on proximate analysis on biomass-based on data from previous studies. HHV prediction values using five equations were evaluated with 25 proximate biomass data from previous studies, then compared based on error value to get the best predictions. The analysis shows that Equation A predicts best in 7 biomass, B in 6 biomass, C in 6 biomass, D in 5 biomass, and E in 1 biomass. Key words: fuel, biomass, higher heating value, error value, proximate 

Production of fuels on the basis of sewage sludge through conditioning using high calorific value fractions

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl-Georg Schmelz ◽  
Anja Reipa ◽  
Hartmut Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Fluidised Bed ◽  
Sludge Treatment ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Fine Coal ◽  
Used Cars ◽  
Plastic Components

Emschergenossenschaft and Lippeverband operate 59 wastewater treatment plants which produce approx. 100,000 Mg TS of sewage sludge each year. Using sludge pressure pipelines, about 60 % of this sludge are transported to the central sludge treatment plant in Bottrop. The digested sludges are conditioned using fine coal and polymers and are dewatered using membrane filters. By adding coal, the heating value of the sludge is raised which enables autothermal combustion of the dewatered sludges in fluidised bed furnaces at the central sludge treatment plant. In order to replace coal, a fossil fuel, as conditioning agent, experiments were conducted using alternative materials with high heating values. The addition of shredder fluff agglomerates proved to be particularly successful. Shredder fluff agglomerates are a residue from the recycling of used cars and are generated in a multistage process (e.g. Volkswagen-SiCon Process) by separating the light shredder fraction (plastic components etc.) from the total shredder fluff. The fibrous material is outstandingly suitable for improving the dewaterability and for sufficiently raising the heating value of the dewatered sludge in order to enable autothermal combustion. Since first experiments showed very positive results, a full-scale long-term test-run will take place in 2007.

scholarly journals Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC) of Seaweed (Macroalgae) for Producing Hydrochar

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 1805
Author(s):  
Neel Patel ◽  
Bishnu Acharya ◽  
Prabir Basu
Keyword(s):  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Maritime Provinces ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Direct Combustion ◽  
Ecological Problems ◽  
Liquid Slurry ◽  
Work Done

Waste seaweed that is collected at coastal regions of maritime provinces in Canada is creating ecological problems as it promotes an anoxic event, which produces nearly zero dissolved oxygen in water along with hydrogen sulfide emission. The work done in this study attempts to address this issue by producing a coal-like solid hydrochar and nutritious liquid slurry (processed water) by employing a rather recent thermo-chemical process called hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) on the seaweed. The HTC was carried out in a batch reactor system for three different reaction temperatures, 180 °C, 200 °C, 220 °C, and three different reaction times, 30, 60, and 120 min. Each of the produced hydrochars was characterized by different analytical methods. The effects of the process conditions on the yield and the properties of the hydrochar and process water were examined. The hydrochar produced at 220 °C and 120 min showed the highest carbon content (48.5%) and heating value (18.93 MJ/kg). The energy density and carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio in the hydrochar increased significantly as compared to raw seaweed. Moreover, HTC reduced the ash yield and volatile compounds of the seaweed. Thus, hydrochar can be used as a fuel for direct combustion, in soil remediation, or in carbon sequestration applications.

ASSESSMENT OF ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF COMPOSITE FUEL PRODUCTION FROM THE PEAT AND BIOMASS

2021 ◽  
pp. 207-220
Author(s):  
Aleh I. Rodzkin ◽  
Evgenija V. Chernenok ◽  
Vasilij M. Sivko ◽  
Viatcheslav A. Rakovitch
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Fuel Production ◽  
Renewable Biomass ◽  
Prime Cost ◽  
Wood Residues ◽  
Composite Fuel ◽  
Feedstock Production

The goal of investigation was assessment of environmental impact and economic efficiency of composite briquette production on the base of peat and renewable biomass. Biomass for composite briquettes was obtained from straw (cereal crops and rape) and wood residues (sawdust, chips) Experimental composite briquette were produced from the mixture of peat and biomass in relation to – 25 : 75, 50 : 50, 75 : 25. The technological cards of biomass feedstock production for 6 variants were developed. Technological cards were used for calculation of emission into the atmosphere during life cycle of biomass production and prime cost of biomass. The lowest volume of gas (SO2, NOx, CO2) and particulate matter (PM) emission was installed for biomass production from the sawdust. The highest volume of emission was installed for production of biomass from the straw with pressing it in standard bale. The volume of CO2 emission for the sawdust production was 6 kg per ton of biomass and for the standard bale of straw was 19 kg per ton of biomass. Prime cost of sawdust production (lowest) was 11 belarusian rubles per ton of biomass, for the wood chips was 19 rubles per ton and for the straw varied from 26 to 33 rubles per ton in depend of technology. It was installed that growth of biomass rate in composite briquette had a good influence on number of basic fuel characteristics (contents of ash, sulfur and moisture). The variation of calorific value of briquette was not significant in depend of biomass contents. In accordance with assessment of all characteristics the better briquettes was obtained from the peat and sawdust.

scholarly journals Elementary analysis and energetic potential of the municipal sewage sludges from the Gdańsk and Kościerzyna WWTPs

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 00004
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Ostojski
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
High Water ◽  
Municipal Sewage ◽  
Municipal Sewage Sludge ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Sewage Sludges ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Elementary Analysis

This paper aims to present municipal sewage sludge (MSS) elementary analysis and energetic potential based on measurement of heat of combustion (higher heating value HHV) and calculation of calorific values (lower heating value LHV). The analysis takes into the consideration water content in sewage sludge, at different utilization stages, in wastewater treatment plants in Gdańsk Wschód and Kościerzyna – Pomeranian Voivodeship. The study yielded the following results (in % dry matter): ash 19÷31 %, C - 31÷36 %, H - 5÷6 %, N - 4÷6 %, O - 28÷32 %, S – 1 %. Calorific value of stabilized sludges in Gdańsk was on average 13.8÷15 MJ/kg. In case of sludges not undergoing digestion from Kościerzyna WWTP, the calorific value was at the level of 17.5 MJ/kg. Thus, sewage sludges are good energy carriers. High water content though is the problem, as it lowers the useful effect of heat. There is no alternative for thermal sewage sludge neutralization, which is in conformity with valid Polish National Waste Management Plan (KPGO 2022).

scholarly journals Experimental Study of Thermal and Catalytic Pyrolysis of Plastic Waste Components

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 3979 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azubuike Anene ◽  
Siw Fredriksen ◽  
Kai Sætre ◽  
Lars-Andre Tokheim
Keyword(s):  
High Density Polyethylene ◽  
Catalytic Pyrolysis ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Nitrogen Atmosphere ◽  
Waste Plastics ◽  
Molecular Weight Range ◽  
Thermal Pyrolysis ◽  
Pp Blends ◽  
Hydrocarbon Distribution

Thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of virgin low-density polyethylene (LDPE), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP) and mixtures of LDPE/PP were carried out in a 200 mL laboratory scale batch reactor at 460 °C in a nitrogen atmosphere. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out to study the thermal and catalytic degradation of the polymers at a heating rate of 10 °C/min. The amount of PP was varied in the LDPE/PP mixture to explore its effect on the reaction. In thermal degradation (TGA) of LDPE/PP blends, a lower decomposition temperature was observed for LDPE/PP mixtures compared to pure LDPE, indicating interaction between the two polymer types. In the presence of a catalyst (CAT-2), the degradation temperatures for the pure polymers were reduced. The TGA results were validated in a batch reactor using PP and LDPE, respectively. The result from thermal pyrolysis showed that the oil product contained significant amounts of hydrocarbons in the ranges of C7–C12 (gasoline range) and C13–C20 (diesel range). The catalyst enhanced cracking at lower temperatures and narrowed the hydrocarbon distribution in the oil towards the lower molecular weight range (C7–C12). The result suggests that the oil produced from catalytic pyrolysis of waste plastics has a potential as an alternative fuel.

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