Effects of Conductive Nanomaterials on Hydrogen Production During Electrolysis

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Nageshkar ◽  
M. Srikanth ◽  
E. Jurak ◽  
R. Asmatulu
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Hydrogen Molecules ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Alternative Sources ◽  
Conductive Nanomaterials ◽  
Splitting Water

The world will run out of cheap oil in 20–30 years, causing energy costs to rise, and probably hitting the economies of many nations. Time is now to look for alternative sources of energy, so that a gentle transition from fossil fuels to renewable sources can take place. While several research programs are being conducted mostly on the sun and wind energies, there is one more source that covers 71% of the Earth surface, which is water. Splitting water by electrolysis forms oxygen and hydrogen molecules. Hydrogen has several uses in energy generation, including fuel cells, hydrogen-powered engines and stations, heating, household use, and many others. In this experiment, conductive nanoparticles were dispersed into a tap water at 60 °C with 1M concentration of sulfuric acid solution, and then electric current was passed through the dispersion at different DC voltages, leading to the formation of hydrogen gas at the cathode — the negative side of the cell. The industrial hydrogen production using acid and pressure is very expensive, and at this stage cannot compete with the fossil fuels. However, adding the nanoparticles increased the yield of hydrogen at lower voltages by up to 80%.

scholarly journals Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting Reaction System Based on Metal-Organic Halide Perovskites

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dohun Kim ◽  
Dong-Kyu Lee ◽  
Seong Min Kim ◽  
Woosung Park ◽  
Uk Sim
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Water Splitting ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Reaction System ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Production Environment ◽  
Organic Halide ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Production Of Hydrogen ◽  
Metal Organic

In the development of hydrogen-based technology, a key challenge is the sustainable production of hydrogen in terms of energy consumption and environmental aspects. However, existing methods mainly rely on fossil fuels due to their cost efficiency, and as such, it is difficult to be completely independent of carbon-based technology. Electrochemical hydrogen production is essential, since it has shown the successful generation of hydrogen gas of high purity. Similarly, the photoelectrochemical (PEC) method is also appealing, as this method exhibits highly active and stable water splitting with the help of solar energy. In this article, we review recent developments in PEC water splitting, particularly those using metal-organic halide perovskite materials. We discuss the exceptional optical and electrical characteristics which often dictate PEC performance. We further extend our discussion to the material limit of perovskite under a hydrogen production environment, i.e., that PEC reactions often degrade the contact between the electrode and the electrolyte. Finally, we introduce recent improvements in the stability of a perovskite-based PEC device.

scholarly journals The Hydrogen Fuel Alternative

MRS Bulletin ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.W. Crabtree ◽  
M.S. Dresselhaus
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Efficient Production ◽  
Renewable Fuels ◽  
Hydrogen Fuel ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Performance Challenges ◽  
Splitting Water

AbstractThe cleanliness of hydrogen and the efficiency of fuel cells taken together offer an appealing alternative to fossil fuels. Implementing hydrogen-powered fuel cells on a significant scale, however, requires major advances in hydrogen production, storage, and use. Splitting water renewably offers the most plentiful and climate-friendly source of hydrogen and can be achieved through electrolytic, photochemical, or biological means. Whereas presently available hydride compounds cannot easily satisfy the competing requirements for on-board storage of hydrogen for transportation, nanoscience offers promising new approaches to this challenge. Fuel cells offer potentially efficient production of electricity for transportation and grid distribution, if cost and performance challenges of components can be overcome. Hydrogen offers a variety of routes for achieving a transition to a mix of renewable fuels.

Energy in the 1980s - Geothermal power

1974 ◽  
Vol 276 (1261) ◽  
pp. 507-526
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Geothermal Heat ◽  
Power Stations ◽  
Geothermal Fluids ◽  
The World ◽  
Alternative Sources ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Installed Capacity

This paper deals mainly with the development of utilization of endogenous fluids in the world and particularly in Italy, together with a forecast of the potential increase in geothermal production. At the end of 1972 the installed capacity of the world’s geothermoelectric plants was approxim ately 1000 M W , of which 390.6 M W are installed in Italy. In the same year the electric energy generated by Italian power stations was 2582.4 GW h. In some countries, geothermoelectric energy costs ranged from 1.4 to 2.5 U.S. mills/M J (5 to 9 mills/kW h) as com pared with 1.66-3.9 U.S. mills/M J (6-14 mills/ kW h) for alternative sources. T he total geothermal capacity in the world is expected to double and perhaps to triple in the 1980s, as new installations are being constructed or planned in several therm al areas. The utilization of geothermal fluids for evaporating low-boiling liquids (freon, isobutane, etc.) or for driving a gravim etric loop, offers attractive possibilities of using therm al waters also for the generation of electricity. In many countries, low enthalpy fluids are used directly for other purposes (domestic and greenhouse heating, refrigeration and air-conditioning, production of fresh water, drying seaweeds and diatomites, etc.). The cost of geothermal heat thus employed is 0.7-1.2 $/GJ as com pared with about 2.6 $/GJ if fossil fuels are used. Due to this attractive cost, in the next few years there should be a rem arkable development in this type of utilization of low enthalpy fluids.

scholarly journals Biological Hydrogen Production from Amphora sp. Isolated from Eastern Coast of Thailand

2019 ◽  
Vol 93 ◽  
pp. 03004
Author(s):  
W Jangiam ◽  
P Tongtubtim ◽  
M Penjun
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Marine Algae ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Eastern Coast ◽  
The World ◽  
Many Sources

The world is finding ways of producing fuel from many sources to replace the fossil fuels. Hydrogen is considered one of the most promising fuels for the future. One biological way of producing hydrogen from solar energy is using photosynthetic microorganisms.The objective of this study is to search for marine algae which produce hydrogen and study the appropriate conditions to produce hydrogen from marine algae. Firstly, the 5 strains of algae were studied the total gas production. Amphora sp. was selected and studied the appropriate conditions to produce hydrogen gas. The first condition, we studied the important factors for marine algae which were present and absent sulfur. The second condition was to find the suitable pH for producing hydrogen which were pH 7, pH 8 and pH 9. The last condition, we studied the optimal light intensity which were 481, 1075 and 2085 lux. The result showed that Amphora sp. can produce hydrogen gas in present sulfur media, pH 8 and light intensity 2085 lux in volume 495.3 ml per 1 L of algae or the average rate of produce hydrogen is 0.798 ml per g of algae per hour.

scholarly journals BALANÇOS DE MASSA E ENERGIA PARA O PROCESSO DE PRODUÇÃO DE HIDROGÊNIO POR REFORMA EM FASE AQUOSA DE GLICEROL

e-xacta ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
José Izaquiel Santos da Silva ◽  
Edilailsa Januário de Melo ◽  
Eduardo De Paulo Ferreira ◽  
Mariana Freitas Moura ◽  
Shirley Caroline Nascimento
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Production Process ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Aqueous Phase Reforming ◽  
Energy Balances ◽  
Mass And Energy Balances

<p><em>O biodiesel vem sendo amplamente utilizado no mercado atual como uma alternativa de substituição aos combustíveis fósseis finitos. No final de sua produção, 10% da corrente de saída do processo é composta de glicerol. A conversão deste glicerol em hidrogênio é uma alternativa que visa agregar valor econômico a este subproduto. Sendo assim, este trabalho apresenta um estudo da reforma em fase aquosa de glicerol, subproduto de um processo de produção de biodiesel, utilizando catalisador de platina suportados em Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> para produção de hidrogênio. Para isto, os balanços de massa e energia foram analisados, onde os resultados mostraram uma corrente final constituída de hidrogênio e 4,66% de CO<sub>2</sub>,</em> <em>impactando em baixos gastos energéticos e gerando resíduos menos poluentes se comparados as rotas de reforma mais tradicionais empregadas na indústria</em><em>.</em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><em>Abstract</em></p><p><em> Biodiesel is being widely used in the current market in place of fossil fuels. At the end of its production process, 10% of the output stream is comprised of glycerol. The conversion of this glycerol into hydrogen is an alternative that can add economic value to the by-product. This paper presents a study of the aqueous-phase reforming of glycerol, by product of a biodiesel production process, over platinum catalysts supported on Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> for hydrogen production. For this, the mass and energy balances were analyzed, where the results showed a final current constituted of hydrogen and only 4.66% of CO<sub>2</sub>, impacting on low energy costs and the generation of less polluting residues when compared to the used in industry.</em></p>

scholarly journals Utilization of carbon nanotubes in hydrogen electrosynthesis from tropical fruit fermentation

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Carla de Oliveira Lopes ◽  
Fabiane Caxico de Abreu
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Reference Electrode ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Household Waste ◽  
Vitreous Carbon ◽  
Tropical Fruit ◽  
Working Electrode

ABSTRACT The use of fossil fuels, especially oil and gas, has accelerated in recent years, resulting in the global energy crisis. The fermentative biological process is a sustainable way to produce hydrogen, as it can use as a substrate various types of carbohydrate-rich industrial and household waste such as fruit, minimizing but not completely eliminating the problems caused by improper disposal of this material. From a perspective of energy conservation and use of renewable sources for energy generation, this work aims to contribute to the identification of the use of a currently unused portion of energy, optimizing hydrogen production from a fuel cell. microbial. The main nanomaterial used in electrolysis was carbon nanotubes (CNT) incorporated into carbon felt (CF). Cyclic voltammetry studies were also performed on three electrode systems: vitreous carbon electrode as working electrode, platinum electrode as auxiliary electrode and Ag / AgCl / Cl- as reference electrode. An electrochemical cell formed by two separate compartments was constructed. Before starting the electrolysis experiment, an experimental design was performed using the complete factorial design technique to analyze the influence of the variables selected for this study. The independent variables selected were: Tropical fruit liquor concentration in %v/v, type of working electrode, electrolysis time and pH of the electrolyte medium. The observed variable was the concentration in% v / v of the hydrogen gas obtained in the electrolysis. After the results of the tests, it was concluded that carbon nanotubes can be used as working electrode, presenting success in the hydrogen production process and that the pH of the electrolytic medium has a strong influence on this process. The present work was concluded presenting an alternative way in the production of a renewable energy source.

Global Warming and Its Multiple Causes

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Romdhane Ben Slama
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Greenhouse Effect ◽  
Infrared Radiation ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The One ◽  
Heat Released ◽  
Emission Of Greenhouse Gases

The global warming which preoccupies humanity, is still considered to be linked to a single cause which is the emission of greenhouse gases, CO2 in particular. In this article, we try to show that, on the one hand, the greenhouse effect (the radiative imprisonment to use the scientific term) took place in conjunction with the infrared radiation emitted by the earth. The surplus of CO2 due to the combustion of fossil fuels, but also the surplus of infrared emissions from artificialized soils contribute together or each separately,  to the imbalance of the natural greenhouse effect and the trend of global warming. In addition, another actor acting directly and instantaneously on the warming of the ambient air is the heat released by fossil fuels estimated at 17415.1010 kWh / year inducing a rise in temperature of 0.122 ° C, or 12.2 ° C / century.

scholarly journals Thermodynamic and Kinetic Considerations Regarding the Prospects for a Dual-Purpose Hydrogen Extraction and Separation Membrane

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 2136
Author(s):  
Karl Sohlberg
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Hydrogen Abstraction ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Catalytic Dehydrogenation ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
Physical Separation ◽  
Extraction And Separation ◽  
Separation Membrane ◽  
Hydrocarbon Sources ◽  
Critical Materials

Extraction of hydrogen from hydrocarbons is a logical intermediate-term solution for the escalating worldwide demand for hydrogen. This work explores the possibility of using a single membrane to accomplish both the catalytic dehydrogenation and physical separation of hydrogen gas as a possible way to improve the efficiency of hydrogen production from hydrocarbon sources. The present analysis shows that regions of pressure/temperature space exist for which the overall process is thermodynamically spontaneous (ΔG < 0). Each step in the process is based on known physics. The rate of hydrogen production is likely to be controlled by the barrier to hydrogen abstraction, with the density of H-binding sites also playing a role. A critical materials issue will be the strength of the oxide/metal interface.

scholarly journals Iridium Complex Catalyzed Hydrogen Production from Glucose and Various Monosaccharides

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 891
Author(s):  
Ken-ichi Fujita ◽  
Takayoshi Inoue ◽  
Toshiki Tanaka ◽  
Jaeyoung Jeong ◽  
Shohichi Furukawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Catalytic System ◽  
Catalytic Reaction ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Starting Material ◽  
Iridium Complex ◽  
Production Of Hydrogen ◽  
Bipyridine Ligand

A new catalytic system has been developed for hydrogen production from various monosaccharides, mainly glucose, as a starting material under reflux conditions in water in the presence of a water-soluble dicationic iridium complex bearing a functional bipyridine ligand. For example, the reaction of D-glucose in water under reflux for 20 h in the presence of [Cp*Ir(6,6′-dihydroxy-2,2′-bipyridine)(H2O)][OTf]2 (1.0 mol %) (Cp*: pentamethylcyclopentadienyl, OTf: trifluoromethanesulfonate) resulted in the production of hydrogen gas in 95% yield. In the present catalytic reaction, it was experimentally suggested that dehydrogenation of the alcoholic moiety at 1-position of glucose proceeded.

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