scholarly journals Computational Study of Behavior of Gas Absorption in Data Center Equipment and its Effects on the Rate of Corrosion/Contamination

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tejeshkumar Bagul ◽  
Kanan Pujara ◽  
Jimil Shah ◽  
Oluwaseun Awe ◽  
Dereje Agonafer
Keyword(s):  
Data Center ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Printed Circuit Boards ◽  
Data Centers ◽  
Computational Study ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Gas Absorption ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Test Setup ◽  
Paddle Wheel

The reliability of the data center equipment is being compromised as the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers recommendable psychometric limits are stretched outside the recommendable zones. When the ambient conditions are conducive enough the humidity and the gaseous contaminants present in the data centers react with the elements of Printed Circuit Boards (PCB) at various temperatures. The products of the reaction may lead to short circuit or extra resistance to the passage of current. This poses an increased threat to the reliability of the PCB. Contamination has become a serious problem in the developing nations like China and India where new data centers are rapidly coming up. The heavy industrialization and vehicular activities are the major source of the contamination. The losses due the corrosion of PCB by contaminants depends on various factors like concentration of gases, amount of humidity present, time of the day, location of the data center, filtration technique used for the air-conditioning system, etc. An actual study of effects of contaminants in data centers across the world would be a tedious task. Computational study saves the time as well as cost for this study. This research study gives deeper insights of the reaction mechanism. A computational study of the reaction of copper foils (representing the PCB) placed in a Paddle Wheel Test setup would be carried out. A Paddle Wheel Test setup gives us the flexibility to test various gases, that could pose a threat to data center equipment, without disturbing the actually data center servers. A reaction of hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide on copper in the presence of humidity will be carried out in this study.

Design for Sustainable Data Center Energy Use and Eco-Footprint

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milton Meckler
Keyword(s):  
Data Center ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Data Centers ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Operational Reliability ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Air Conditioning Systems

What does remain a growing concern for many users of Data Centers is their continuing availability following the explosive growth of internet services in recent years, The recent maximizing of Data Center IT virtualization investments has resulted in improving the consolidation of prior (under utilized) server and cabling resources resulting in higher overall facility utilization and IT capacity. It has also resulted in excessive levels of equipment heat release, e.g. high energy (i.e. blade type) servers and telecommunication equipment, that challenge central and distributed air conditioning systems delivering air via raised floor or overhead to rack mounted servers arranged in alternate facing cold and hot isles (in some cases reaching 30 kW/rack or 300 W/ft2) and returning via end of isle or separated room CRAC units, which are often found to fight each other, contributing to excessive energy use. Under those circumstances, hybrid, indirect liquid cooling facilities are often required to augment above referenced air conditioning systems in order to prevent overheating and degradation of mission critical IT equipment to maintain rack mounted subject rack mounted server equipment to continue to operate available within ASHRAE TC 9.9 prescribed task psychometric limits and IT manufacturers specifications, beyond which their operational reliability cannot be assured. Recent interest in new web-based software and secure cloud computing is expected to further accelerate the growth of Data Centers which according to a recent study, the estimated number of U.S. Data Centers in 2006 consumed approximately 61 billion kWh of electricity. Computer servers and supporting power infrastructure for the Internet are estimated to represent 1.5% of all electricity generated which along with aggregated IT and communications, including PC’s in current use have also been estimated to emit 2% of global carbon emissions. Therefore the projected eco-footprint of Data Centers into the future has now become a matter of growing concern. Accordingly our paper will focus on how best to improve the energy utilization of fossil fuels that are used to power Data Centers, the energy efficiency of related auxiliary cooling and power infrastructures, so as to reduce their eco-footprint and GHG emissions to sustainable levels as soon as possible. To this end, we plan to demonstrate significant comparative savings in annual energy use and reduction in associated annual GHG emissions by employing a on-site cogeneration system (in lieu of current reliance on remote electric power generation systems), introducing use of energy efficient outside air (OSA) desiccant assisted pre-conditioners to maintain either Class1, Class 2 and NEBS indoor air dew-points, as needed, when operated with modified existing (sensible only cooling and distributed air conditioning and chiller systems) thereby eliminating need for CRAC integral unit humidity controls while achieving a estimated 60 to 80% (virtualized) reduction in the number servers within a existing (hypothetical post-consolidation) 3.5 MW demand Data Center located in southeastern (and/or southern) U.S., coastal Puerto Rico, or Brazil characterized by three (3) representative microclimates ranging from moderate to high seasonal outside air (OSA) coincident design humidity and temperature.

scholarly journals New Data Center Performance Index: Perfect Design Data Center—PDD

Climate ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 110
Author(s):  
Alexandre F. Santos ◽  
Pedro D. Gaspar ◽  
Heraldo J. L. de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Data Center ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Data Centers ◽  
Current Method ◽  
Energy Usage ◽  
Design Data ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Power Usage Effectiveness ◽  
Approximate Result ◽  
Classification Table

Data Centers (DC) are specific buildings that require large infrastructures to store all the information needed by companies. All data transmitted over the network is stored on CDs. By the end of 2020, Data Centers will grow 53% worldwide. There are methodologies that measure the efficiency of energy consumption. The most used metric is the Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) index, but it does not fully reflect efficiency. Three DC’s located at the cities of Curitiba, Londrina and Iguaçu Falls (Brazil) with close PUE values, are evaluated in this article using the Energy Usage Effectiveness Design (EUED) index as an alternative to the current method. EUED uses energy as a comparative element in the design phase. Infrastructure consumption is the sum of energy with Heating, Ventilating and Air conditioning (HVAC) equipment, equipment, lighting and others. The EUED values obtained were 1.245 (kWh/yr)/(kWh/yr), 1.313 (kWh/yr)/(kWh/yr) and 1.316 (kWh/yr)/(kWh/yr) to Curitiba, Londrina and Iguaçu Falls, respectively. The difference between the EUED and the PUE Constant External Air Temperature (COA) is 16.87% for Curitiba, 13.33% for Londrina and 13.30% for Iguaçu Falls. The new Perfect Design Data center (PDD) index prioritizes efficiency in increasing order is an easy index to interpret. It is a redefinition of EUED, given by a linear equation, which provides an approximate result and uses a classification table. It is a decision support index for the location of a Data Center in the project phase.

Exergy-Based Optimization Strategies for Multi-Component Data Center Thermal Management: Part I — Analysis

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amip J. Shah ◽  
Van P. Carey ◽  
Cullen E. Bash ◽  
Chandrakant D. Patel
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Management ◽  
Data Center ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Data Centers ◽  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Prior Work ◽  
Operating Strategy ◽  
Air Space

As heat dissipation in data centers rises by orders of magnitude, inefficiencies such as recirculation will have an increasingly significant impact on the thermal manageability and energy efficiency of the cooling infrastructure. For example, prior work has shown that for simple data centers with a single Computer Room Air-Conditioning (CRAC) unit, an operating strategy that fails to account for inefficiencies in the air space can result in suboptimal performance. To enable system-wide optimality, an exergy-based approach to CRAC control has previously been proposed. However, application of such a strategy in a real data center environment is limited by the assumptions inherent to the single-CRAC derivation. This paper addresses these assumptions by modifying the exergy-based approach to account for the additional interactions encountered in a multi-component environment. It is shown that the modified formulation provides the framework necessary to evaluate performance of multi-component data center thermal management systems under widely different operating circumstances.

Research on Intelligent Air Conditioning System of Data Center

2014 ◽  
Vol 602-605 ◽  
pp. 928-932
Author(s):  
Min Li ◽  
Yun Wang ◽  
Zheng Qian Feng ◽  
Wang Li
Keyword(s):  
Heat Exchange ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Data Center ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Data Centers ◽  
Cooling Efficiency ◽  
Exchange System ◽  
Air Conditioning System ◽  
Running Time ◽  
Heat Exchange System

By studying the energy-saving technologies of air-conditioning system in data centers, we designed a intelligent air conditioning system, improved the cooling efficiency of air conditioning system through a reasonable set of hot and cold aisles, reduced the running time of HVAC by using the intelligent heat exchange system, an provided a reference for energy saving research of air conditioning system of data centers.

Achieving Ultra-Low Energy Consumption in Data Center Mechanical Systems Through Indirect Airside Economization

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Comperchio ◽  
Sameer Behere
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Data Center ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Data Centers ◽  
Mechanical Systems ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Vapor Compression ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Air Temperatures

Data center cooling systems have long been burdened by high levels of redundancy requirements, resulting in inefficient system designs to satisfy a risk-adverse operating environment. As attitudes, technologies, and sustainability awareness change within the industry, data centers are beginning to realize higher levels of energy efficiency without sacrificing operational security. By exploiting the increased temperature and humidity tolerances of the information technology equipment (ITE), data center mechanical systems can leverage ambient conditions to operate in economization mode for increased times during the year. Economization provides one of the largest methodologies for data centers to reduce their energy consumption and carbon footprint. As outside air temperatures and conditions become more favorable for cooling the data center, mechanical cooling through vapor-compression cycles is reduced or entirely eliminated. One favorable method for utilizing low outside air temperatures without sacrificing indoor air quality is through deploying rotary heat wheels to transfer heat between the data center return air and outside air without introducing outside air into the white space. A metal corrugated wheel is rotated through two opposing airstreams with varying thermal gradients to provide a net cooling effect at significantly reduced electrical energy over traditional mechanical cooling topologies. To further extend the impacts of economization, data centers are also able to significantly raise operating temperatures beyond what is traditionally found in comfort cooling applications. The increase in the dry bulb temperature provided to the inlet of the information technology equipment, as well as an elevated temperature rise across the equipment significantly reduces the energy use within a data center.

Development of a Technique to Measure Deliquescent Relative Humidity of Particulate Contaminants and Determination of the Operating Relative Humidity of a Data Center

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jimil M. Shah ◽  
Roshan Anand ◽  
Satyam Saini ◽  
Rawhan Cyriac ◽  
Dereje Agonafer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Data Center ◽  
Printed Circuit Boards ◽  
Data Centers ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Circuit Boards ◽  
Printed Circuit

Abstract A remarkable amount of data center energy is consumed in eliminating the heat generated by the IT equipment to maintain and ensure safe operating conditions and optimum performance. The installation of Airside Economizers, while very energy efficient, bears the risk of particulate contamination in data centers, hence, deteriorating the reliability of IT equipment. When RH in data centers exceeds the deliquescent relative humidity (DRH) of salts or accumulated particulate matter, it absorbs moisture, becomes wet and subsequently leads to electrical short circuiting because of degraded surface insulation resistance between the closely spaced features on printed circuit boards. Another concern with this type of failure is the absence of evidence that hinders the process of evaluation and rectification. Therefore, it is imperative to develop a practical test method to determine the DRH value of the accumulated particulate matter found on PCBs (Printed Circuit Boards). This research is a first attempt to develop an experimental technique to measure the DRH of dust particles by logging the leakage current versus RH% (Relative Humidity percentage) for the particulate matter dispensed on an interdigitated comb coupon. To validate this methodology, the DRH of pure salts like MgCl2, NH4NO3 and NaCl is determined and their results are then compared with their published values. This methodology was therefore implemented to help lay a modus operandi of establishing the limiting value or an effective relative humidity envelope to be maintained at a real-world data center facility situated in Dallas industrial area for its continuous and reliable operation.

Load Capacity and Thermal Efficiency Optimization of a Research Data Center Using Computational Modeling

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph R. H. Schaadt ◽  
Kamran Fouladi ◽  
Aaron P. Wemhoff ◽  
Joseph G. Pigeon
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Data Center ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Data Centers ◽  
Load Capacity ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Optimal Operating ◽  
Cold Aisle Containment ◽  
Operating Points ◽  
The Ideal

Data centers are most commonly cooled by air delivered to electronic equipment from centralized cooling systems. The research presented here is motivated by the need for strategies to improve and optimize the load capacity and thermal efficiency of data centers by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Here, CFD is used to model and optimize the Villanova Steel Orca Research Center (VSORC). VSORC, presently in the design stages, will provide a testing environment as well as the capability to investigate best practices and state of the art strategies including hybrid cooling, IT load distribution, density zones, and hot aisle and cold aisle containment. The results of this study will be used in the overall design and construction of the aforementioned research data center. The objective of this study is to find the optimal operating points and design layout of a data center while still meeting certain design constraints. A focus is on finding both the ideal total supply flow rate of the air conditioning units and the ideal chilled water supply temperature (CHWST) setpoint under different data center design configurations and load capacities. The total supply flow rate of the air conditioning units and the supply temperature setpoint of the chilled water system are varied as design parameters in order to systematically determine the optimal operating points. The study also examines the influence of hot aisle and cold aisle containment strategies in full containment, half containment, and no containment configurations on the determined optimal operating conditions for the modeled research data center.

A Comparison of Parametric and Multivariable Optimization Techniques in a Raised-Floor Data Center

2013 ◽  
Vol 135 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Srinarayana Nagarathinam ◽  
Babak Fakhim ◽  
Masud Behnia ◽  
Steve Armfield
Keyword(s):  
Data Center ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Data Centers ◽  
Parametric Optimization ◽  
Flow Distribution ◽  
Optimization Procedure ◽  
Optimization Techniques ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Response Surface Optimization ◽  
Ceiling Height

It is well known that the flow distribution in data centers can be effected by a variety of parameters such as rack and computer room air conditioning (CRAC) positions, raised-floor height, ceiling height, and percentage opening of perforated tiles. In the present paper, numerical simulations are conducted to optimize the layout of a raised-floor data center with respect to these parameters. Two different approaches have been used: parametric optimization; and a multivariable approach using response surface optimization. In the parametric optimization procedure, the data center is optimized with respect to the maximum temperature in the room. While in the multivariable approach, a cost function is constructed from all the rack inlet temperatures and is minimized. The results show that the multivariable approach is computationally economical and the optimized layout gives a better thermal performance compared to that of parametric optimization.

Effect of Data Center Layout on Rack Inlet Air Temperatures

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Schmidt ◽  
Madhusudan Iyengar
Keyword(s):  
Data Center ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Data Centers ◽  
Floor Tile ◽  
Electronic Equipment ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Thermal Profile ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Switching Equipment

The heat dissipated by large servers and switching equipment is reaching levels that make it very difficult to cool these systems in data centers or telecommunications rooms. Some of the highest powered systems are dissipating upwards of 4000 watts/ft2(43,000 watts/m2) based on the equipment footprint. When systems dissipate this amount of heat and then are clustered together within a data center significant cooling challenges can result. This paper describes the thermal profile of 3 data center layouts (2 are of the same data center but different points in time with a different layout). Detailed measurements of all three were taken: electronic equipment power usage; perforated floor tile airflow; cable cutout airflow; computer room air conditioning (CRAC) airflow, temperatures and power usage; electronic equipment inlet air temperatures. Although the detailed measurements were recorded this paper will focus at the macro level results of the data center to see if some patterns present themselves that might be helpful for future guidelines of data center layout for optimized cooling. Specifically, areas of the data center where racks have similar inlet air temperatures are examined relative to the rack and CRAC unit layout.

scholarly journals Ecoenergetic Comparison of HVAC Systems in Data Centers

Climate ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre F. Santos ◽  
Pedro D. Gaspar ◽  
Heraldo J. L. de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Data Center ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Data Centers ◽  
Hvac Systems ◽  
Montreal Protocol ◽  
Joint Work ◽  
Holistic View ◽  
Refrigeration Equipment ◽  
Air Conditioning Systems

The topic of sustainability is of high importance today. Global efforts such as the Montreal Protocol (1987) and the Kigali Amendment (2016) are examples of joint work by countries to reduce environmental impacts and improve the level of the ozone layer, the choice of refrigerants and air conditioning systems, which is essential for this purpose. But what indicators are to be used to measure something so necessary? In this article, the types of air conditioning and GWP (Global Warming Potential) levels of equipment in the project phase were discussed, the issue of TEWI (Total Equivalent Warming Impact) that measures the direct and indirect environmental impacts of refrigeration equipment and air conditioning and a new methodology for the indicator was developed, the TEWI DC (DC is the direct application for Data Center), and using the formulas of this new adapted indicator it was demonstrated that the TEWI DC for Chicago (USA) was 2,784,102,640 kg CO2/10 years and Curitiba (Brazil) is 1,252,409,640 kg CO2/10 years. This difference in value corresponds to 222.30% higher annual emissions in Chicago than in Curitiba, showing that it is much more advantageous to install a Data Center in Curitiba than in Chicago in terms of environmental impact. The TEWI indicator provides a more holistic view, helping to combine energy and emissions into the same indicator.

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