Can Children with Mild Mental Retardation Perceive Affordances for Action?

1993 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin E. Block
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Cognitive Disabilities ◽  
Ecological Perspective ◽  
Perceptual Judgment ◽  
Ecological Approach ◽  
Mild Mental Retardation ◽  
Standing Long Jump ◽  
Long Jump

Recent evidence utilizing an ecological approach to perception (Gibson, 1979; Warren, 1984) suggests that children acquire the ability to distinguish what movement an environment “affords” soon after they acquire motor skills (e.g., Gibson et al., 1987; Palmer, 1989; Ulrich, Thelen, & Niles, 1991). However, it is still unclear whether or not children with cognitive disabilities can accurately perceive affordances (see Burton, 1987, 1990). The purpose of this study was to determine if boys with mild mental retardation could perceive affordances for the skill of jumping distances (standing long jump). Boys with mild mental retardation were asked to judge whether or not various distances could be jumped across by use of a two-footed takeoff and landing. Perceptual judgment was then compared to actual maximum jumping distance. Results indicate that boys with mental retardation were able to accurately perceive the affordance for jumping distance. Results were explained via an ecological perspective.

scholarly journals Specific training for improving the skill and speed in junior football players

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (19) ◽  
pp. 207-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Monea ◽  
Rodica Prodan ◽  
Vlad Teodor Grosu
Keyword(s):  
Motor Skills ◽  
Performance Enhancement ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Standing Long Jump ◽  
Training Stage ◽  
Long Jump ◽  
Tactical Training ◽  
One Year ◽  
The One ◽  
Development Methods

Abstract Background. The purpose of the study was to realize the priorities in physical, technical and tactical training for junior football players. Moreover, preparing of the content was intended to optimize the use the most efficient methods and means for increasing the efficiency of speed and skill during the training and games. Objectives. Data were collected from 18 junior football players, with ages ranging from 14-15 years, members of the ACS Unirea (C) Tritenii de Jos team. The subjects were tested three times during the whole training stage, pre, middle and post-training examinations being performed. The three examinations consisted of 5 tests each: 50-meter sprint, standing long jump, 2000 meter running, maintaining the ball in the air and leading the ball through markers. Methods. Specific methods for developing the speed used in the study are based on repetitions (specific efforts at maximum or submaximal speed, under usual, relieved, severe conditions), on various efforts and intervals. Skill development methods took into account the complexity of coordinating action movements and the spatial, temporal, and motion force precision. For developing motor skills, the authors used the interval and circuit training. Results. All the participants attained higher levels of performance, both at the second and third examination, on each of the 5 tests. Data collected were analyzed using the One –Way ANOVA statistical procedure, which compares the results obtained by one single group of subjects. This procedure revealed, at a significant level of confidence, that the mean of the performance enhancement reached 50 percents along the one-year training stage. Conclusions. The research has shown that, by giving a more significant share of the best methods and means for developing the speed and skill in the physical training of junior footballers, the increase in the performance of these motor skills is significant.

scholarly journals Srovnání výkonnosti studentek studijních oborů Tělesná výchova a sport a Fyzioterapie v motorických testech

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 15-24
Author(s):  
Zdeněk Havel ◽  
Kateřina Vaníková
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Physical Education ◽  
General Population ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Sitting Position ◽  
Standing Long Jump ◽  
Long Jump ◽  
Health Studies ◽  
The Difference

The aim of this study is to contribute expansion of knowledge about the level of the performance and health oriented fitness at represented students of Physiotherapy on Faculty of Health Studies Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem. We compare resulting values with the values that were obtained by general population and students of Physical education and sports. Students participated these tests: progressive run for 20 meters, 2 kg heavy ball throw with both hands, standing long jump with both legs together, flexed – arm hang forward grip for woman, sit-up test 1 minute, deep bend in sitting position, Iowa Brace and calculated Body mass index (BMI). We asked two questions for our study. First, what is the level of motor skills students of Physiotherapy so academic students, what is the difference of level of motor skills between students of Physiotherapy compared with general population and second, what is the difference of the level of motor skills between students of Physiotherapy and students of Physical education and sports. Results showed that students of Physiotherapy had the same level of motor skills such as general population. Students of Physiotherapy had the same level in only two tests – deep bend in sitting position – flexibility and flexed-arm hang forward grip for woman with students of Physical education and sports.

scholarly journals The Effect of Eight-Weeks Coordinatıon Training on Tennis and Motor Skills Performance on 8-10 Years Children

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 1578-1582
Author(s):  
Mine Gül ◽  
Doğukan Çelik
Keyword(s):  
Motor Skills ◽  
Vertical Jump ◽  
T Test ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Standing Long Jump ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Coordination Training ◽  
Long Jump ◽  
And Control ◽  
Experimental Group

Aim: To examine the effects of coordination applied to 8-10 years old female athletes on tennis and some motor skills. Metodology: The athletes were randomly divided into experiment and control groups by applying Dewitt-Dugan tennis test, standing long jump, vertical jump, 20m speed, T test and square test. In the study, while the control group only participated in club training for 8 weeks, 5 days a week and 60 min.and the experimental group added coordination training education. Data was collected and entered in SPSS 22.0. Results: There was a significant difference (p<0.05) in the parameters of all measurements of the experimental group in the standing long jump, vertical jump, 20m speed, t test and Dewitt-Dugan parameters and no significant change in the square test results (p>0.05). Among the final measurement values of the experimental and control groups, significant differences were found in favor of the experimental group in the values of standing long jump, vertical jump, 20m speed and Dewitt-Dugan parameters, except for the T test and the square test (p<0.05). Conclusion: It can be said that the 8-week coordination training applied to the experimental group has a positive effect on the motor characteristics and tennis skill, and specific coordination movements added to each unit training can be beneficial for the athletes. Keywords:Racket Sports, coordination, skill development, training, drills.

Improving Reasoning and Recall: The Differential Effects of Elaborative Interrogation and Mnemonic Elaboration

1993 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Scruggs ◽  
Margo A. Mastropieri ◽  
G. Sharon Sullivan ◽  
L. Susan Hesser
Keyword(s):  
Learning Disabilities ◽  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Cognitive Disabilities ◽  
Mild Mental Retardation ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Elaborative Interrogation ◽  
Dinosaur Extinction ◽  
Direct Teaching ◽  
Mnemonic Instruction ◽  
Representational Pictures

This investigation sought to determine whether elaborative interrogation techniques would facilitate recall of information relevant to, but not included in, mnemonic and representational pictures. Fifty-three adolescents with learning disabilities or mild mental retardation were taught information about nine reasons for dinosaur extinction, ranked in order of plausibility. In the direct teaching condition, students were provided with each ordered reason and an explanation for why that reason may have resulted in dinosaur extinction. In the elaborative interrogation condition, students were provided with each ordered reason and prompted and questioned to provide an explanation for each. In the mnemonic elaborative interrogation condition, students were provided with mnemonic peg-words to facilitate recall of the ordered reasons for dinosaur extinction and also coached and prompted to provide explanations. Students' recall of ordered reasons was higher in the mnemonic elaborative interrogation condition, and students in the two elaborative interrogation conditions recalled more explanations than did students in the direct teaching condition. Further, students in both elaborative interrogation conditions more accurately linked reasons with explanations for those reasons. Findings are discussed with respect to previous findings of mnemonic instruction. Implications for teaching students with mild cognitive disabilities are provided.

scholarly journals Socio-Cultural and Somatic Factors Associated with Children’s Motor Competence

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Vitor P. Lopes ◽  
Diogo Monteiro
Keyword(s):  
Motor Skills ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Tennis Ball ◽  
Motor Competence ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Living Space ◽  
Equation Modelling ◽  
Standing Long Jump ◽  
Long Jump

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of somatic and socio-cultural factors on children’s motor competence (MC). MC was assessed through the standing long jump (SLJ), distance throw of a tennis ball (TTB), and 20 m dash (20 m) in 181 children (84 girls) with a mean age of 6.10(0.47) years. The effect of socio-economic status, house/living space, educational practices, the child’s interaction with peers and siblings, and the sum of five skinfolds (SS) were analysed via structural equation modelling (SEM) in each motor skill. The SEM models displayed a good fit to the data. In addition, standardized direct effects are significant on different outcome variables, except for brotherhood relationship (BR) and peer relationship in TTB, and 20 m dash and BR in standing long jump (SLJ). SS are negatively related to all motor skills.

scholarly journals The Test–Retest Reliability of the Bruininks–Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-Short Form in Youth with Down Syndrome—A Pilot Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 5367
Author(s):  
Vincenzo G. Nocera ◽  
Aaron P. Wood ◽  
Angela J. Wozencroft ◽  
Dawn P. Coe
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Motor Proficiency ◽  
Retest Reliability ◽  
Standing Long Jump ◽  
Long Jump ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

Background: It is unclear whether assessments of motor proficiency are reliable for individuals with Down syndrome. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the test–retest reliability of the Bruininks–Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-Short Form (BOT-2 SF) in youth with Down syndrome. Methods: Ten youth (ages 13.1–20.7 years) with Down syndrome completed the BOT-2 SF (14 items) plus a standing long jump on two separate occasions. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and standard error of measurement (SEM) were calculated to determine the test–retest reliability of the BOT-2 SF and the standing long jump. Results: The test–retest reliability of the BOT-2 SF overall scores and percentile rankings were considered excellent. The test–retest reliability of each of the subtests varied with classifications of poor (n = 5), fair to good (n = 6), and excellent (n = 4). Conclusion: Current evidence suggests that children with Down syndrome have reduced motor skills. However, there appears to be a lack of assessment tools that reliably evaluate the motor skills of this population. The results from this investigation suggest that the BOT-2-SF provides “excellent reliability” (≥0.75) to assess the motor skills in youth with Down syndrome.

scholarly journals Reference Values for Fitness Level and Gross Motor Skills of 4–6-Year-Old Chilean Children

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 797
Author(s):  
Andrés Godoy-Cumillaf ◽  
José Bruneau-Chávez ◽  
Paola Fuentes-Merino ◽  
Jaime Vásquez-Gómez ◽  
Mairena Sánchez-López ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Skills ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Gross Motor Skills ◽  
Fitness Level ◽  
Standing Long Jump ◽  
Long Jump ◽  
Shuttle Run

In childhood, fitness level is considered an important indicator of health, while gross motor skills are the basis of future motor competence. So far, no reference values have been found for the Chilean population. Therefore, this study aims to provide fitness level and gross motor skill reference values by gender and age of Chilean children aged 4–6 years. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted that included 728 children between 4 and 6 years old from the La Araucanía region of Chile. To assess the fitness level, the 20-m shuttle run test, standing long jump, handgrip dynamometry, 4x10m shuttle run, and Sit and Reach tests were used. Gross motor skills were assessed by five tests including aiming and catching and balance motor tasks. For fitness level, boys have better values in the long jump and dynamometry test, while girls have better values in flexibility. For estimated maximum volume of oxygen, at 5 years old there are significant differences in favour of boys, while at 6 years old in favour of girls. No statistically significant differences in speed/agility by gender were found. For gross motor skills, boys obtain higher values for catching and aiming tests, and girls for balance. The reference values for fitness level and gross motor skills shown in this study could aid physical education and health professionals in identifying children with low reference values, as well as in establishing objectives that will help to improve their health.

scholarly journals Students’ job-related physical condition. How fit are they ?

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (19) ◽  
pp. 33-38
Author(s):  
Ioan Galea ◽  
Dana Negru ◽  
Viorel Petru Ardelean ◽  
Corina Dulceanu ◽  
Iustin Olariu
Keyword(s):  
Motor Skills ◽  
Physical Condition ◽  
Physical Activities ◽  
Step Test ◽  
Anthropometric Parameters ◽  
Cardiovascular Endurance ◽  
Standing Long Jump ◽  
Weekly Physical Activity ◽  
Long Jump ◽  
Cardiovascular Capacity

Abstract Objectives: To establish the physical condition of “Aurel Vlaicu” Arad University' students, in relation with declared weekly physical activity, assuming that there are statistically significant differences between BMI, recreational physical activities and performances of the monitored samples according to physical condition standards data. Subjects. A number of 1169 students were evaluated, male (n=539), female (n=630), with gender median age: male 22.55y ± 5.59y, female 21.61y ± 4.87y. Methods: Anthropometric parameters (height, weight, BMI) were measured. Also, the following tests were performed: running speed (S), standing long jump (LJ), pushup (P), trunk lift (TL), Home Step Test (HST); and questionnaire DWPA (declared weekly physical activities). The data was processed with SPSS 14.0 for Windows and MedCalc. Results: By associating the declared weekly exercise with cardiovascular capacity, we found that although there is a positive correlation, for the results of the HST and the frequency of the declared weekly exercise this correlation is insignificant. Conclusions: Those who tend to exercise for more than twice a week have small cardiovascular endurance and low level motor skills. This suggests that exercise intensity is inadequate and does not lead to morphological and functional adaptive changes in the cardiopulmonary system, nor do they improve the students’ motor skills. The absence of proper physical condition, in addition to the mostly sedentary nature of future graduates’, jobs increases the risk of occurrence of diseases associated with physical inactivity.

scholarly journals The Importance of Fundamental Motor Skills in Identifying Differences in Performance Levels of U10 Soccer Players

Sports ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Jukic ◽  
Katarina Prnjak ◽  
Anja Zoellner ◽  
James J. Tufano ◽  
Damir Sekulic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Skills ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Subjective Evaluation ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Fundamental Motor Skills ◽  
Gross Motor Development ◽  
Standing Long Jump ◽  
Long Jump

This study examined the differences in fundamental motor skills (FMSs) and specific conditioning capacities (SCCs) between a coach’s classification of first team (FT) and second team (ST) U10 soccer players and examined the most important qualities based on how the coach differentiates them. The FT (n = 12; Mage = 9.72 ± 0.41) and ST (n = 11; Mage = 9.57 ± 0.41) soccer players were assessed using the Test of Gross Motor Development-2, standing long jump, sit and reach, diverse sprints, and the 20 m multistage fitness test (MSFT). The coach’s subjective evaluation of players was obtained using a questionnaire. No significant differences existed between the FT and ST in any variables (p > 0.05). However, large and moderate effect sizes were present in favour of the FT group in locomotor skills (d = 0.82 (0.08, 1.51)), gross motor quotient (d = 0.73 (0.00, 1.41)), height (d = 0.61 (−0.12, 1.29)), MSFT (d = 0.58 (−0.14, 1.25)), and maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) (d = 0.55 (−0.17, 1.22)). Furthermore, the coach perceived the FT group as having greater technical and tactical qualities relative to ST players. This suggests that it might be more relevant for players of this age to develop good FMS connected to technical skills, before focusing on SCC. Therefore, it might be beneficial for soccer coaches to emphasize the development of FMSs due to their potential to identify talented young soccer players and because they underpin the technical soccer skills that are required for future soccer success.

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