Exposure and Gender Effects in the Social Perception of Women Bodybuilders

1984 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loren Franck
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Psychology Students ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Gender Effects ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
The Social ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
And Gender

A 3 x 4 factorial design was used to test the affects of gender, frequency of exposure, and magnitude of exposure on subjects' ratings of women bodybuilders. Dependent variables were subjects' ratings of the bodybuilders' femininity, physical attractiveness, dominance, and aggressiveness. Subjects were 76 introductory psychology students (45 female, 31 male) at a large Utah university who completed a 10-item rating scale after viewing 20 color slides of some of the world's leading women bodybuilders. A multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) showed that males rated the women bodybuilders as more attractive than did females (p < .05) and that the longer they had been exposed to women bodybuilders, the higher were their attractiveness ratings for women bodybuilders (p < .05). Gender-frequency of exposure interaction effects were also statistically significant (p < .05). Males with low frequency of exposure rated the women bodybuilders as less dominant than did low-frequency females. However, high frequency-of-exposure males rated the women bodybuilders as more dominant than did high-frequency females. The study concludes with a discussion of the mere exposure hypothesis and status quo effects in an attempt to explain the results.

The Effects of College Music Instruction, Gender, and Musician Type on Income from Performing Music

2003 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-77
Author(s):  
Kris Chesky ◽  
Karendra Devroop
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Music Performance ◽  
Music Instruction ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Secondary Source ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
The Social ◽  
College Music ◽  
And Gender

Studies in the social sciences imply a relationship between levels of employment and potential adverse effects on health. The lack of information regarding musicians makes it difficult to describe and prepare for the potential adverse relationships between musicians’ economic patterns and health. The purpose of this study was to characterize economic patterns of musicians and to investigate the relationships between income from performing music and college music instruction, age, and gender. A total of 4,017 subjects participated in an Internet-based musician survey. Data analysis included the use of descriptive statistics, analysis of covariance, and multiple regression analysis. Results support the view that many musicians hold multiple jobs and that income from music performance is often a secondary source of income. Musicians with ≥4 years of college music instruction earned higher levels of income from performing music compared with musicians with less college music instruction. This study recognizes the need to consider the economic patterns of musicians and how these patterns may affect health adversely.

Efficacy of Differentiated Instruction and Conventional Methods on Low Achievers’ Interest in Learning and Gender

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 115-128
Author(s):  
Dominic Solomon Ojonugwa ◽  
Janet Ngozi Igbo ◽  
Hosea Abalaka Apeh ◽  
Eric Chima Ndukwu
Keyword(s):  
Differentiated Instruction ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Low Achievers ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Text Book ◽  
Innovative Teaching ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Post Test ◽  
And Gender

The need to seek for innovative teaching methods to enhance the interest of mathematics low achievers necessitated this study. This study examined the effect of differentiated instruction on low achievers’ interest in mathematics based on gender. The sample size for the study consists of 66 males and 80 females identified mathematics low achievers. The researchers used multi-stage sampling technique. Mathematics Interest Rating Scale was the instrument used in collecting data. The pre-test and post-test data were analyzed using mean, standard deviations and Analysis of Covariance.  Results revealed that the use of differentiated instruction in teaching mathematics low achievers in primary school increased their interest in mathematics than conventional method. Influence of gender on interest of mathematics low achievers is significant. The interaction effect of instructional strategies and gender on mathematics interest of low achievers is not significant. The study provided empirical evidence that differentiated instruction acted as valuable tool for enhancing interest and achievement in mathematics therefore, researchers may benefit from the outcome of this article for further research. The data could serve as reference point for empirical study. Curriculum designers and text books authors may include information on the method in children’s’ text book.

A population-based twin study of self-esteem and gender

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 1403-1409 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. KENDLER ◽  
C. O. GARDNER ◽  
C. A. PRESCOTT
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Gender Effects ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Gender

Background. Self-esteem (SE), a widely used construct in the social sciences, is usually conceptualized as a reflection of socialization and interpersonal experiences that may differ considerably between the genders.Methods. The Rosenberg self-esteem scale was assessed at personal interview in both members of 3793 unselected twin pairs (1517 male–male, 856 female–female and 1420 male–female) from the population-based Virginia Twin Registry. Gender effects on SE were assessed by both analysis of variance and biometrical twin modelling.Results. The mean SE score was slightly but significantly lower in women v. men, and in women who grew up with a male v. a female co-twin. Twin modelling suggested that: (i) individual differences in self-esteem in both men and women were best explained by genetic and individual-specific environment factors; (ii) heritability estimates were similar in women (32%) and in men (29%); and (iii) the same genetic factors that influenced SE in women also influenced SE in men. Analyses supported the validity of the equal environment assumption for SE. The heritability of SE cannot be explained by the moderate correlation between SE and symptoms of depression.Conclusions. These results are inconsistent with prominent gender-related aetiological models for SE, which postulate that individual differences arise from socialization experiences both within and outside the home of origin which differ widely for the two genders. Instead, a significant proportion of the population variance in SE is due to genetically-influenced temperamental variables that are the same in men and women.

scholarly journals Evolutionary Mechanism of Frangibility in Social Consensus System Based on Negative Emotions Spread

Complexity ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yao-feng Zhang ◽  
Hong-ye Duan ◽  
Zhi-lin Geng
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Opinion Leaders ◽  
Group Polarization ◽  
Social Consensus ◽  
Evolutionary Mechanism ◽  
The Social ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Better Than

To study the social consensus system under the spread of negative emotions, the nonlinear emergence model of frangibility of social consensus system is established based on Multiagent method, and effects of emotions spread frequency, opinion leaders, and shielding behavior of government on the frangibility of social consensus system are revealed. The simulation results show that the low-frequency negative emotions spread is better than the high-frequency one for reducing the frangibility of social consensus system. Low-frequency negative emotions spread will lead to the group polarization, while high frequency will lead to the collapse of system. The joining of opinion leaders who are with negative emotions can promote the frangibility of social consensus system, and collapse speed of social consensus system tends to increase with the influence of opinion leaders. Shielding behavior of government cannot effectively block the spread of negative emotions. On the contrary, it will enhance the frangibility of social consensus system.

scholarly journals RDoC, Psychopathology, and Naturalism: What’s New Is What’s Old?

2018 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-25
Author(s):  
Douglas Porter
Keyword(s):  
User Participation ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Research Domain Criteria ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
The Social ◽  
Political Effects ◽  
The Status ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Research Domain

The Research Domain Criteria project, although innovative, remains thoroughly grounded in a naturalist conception of psychopathology. Exploring the meaning of psychopathology with reference to social categories such as race and gender makes it apparent that, by taking this naturalist approach, Research Domain Criteria runs the risk of treating contingent social norms as immutable facts of nature. The political impact of this approach is inherently conservative as it perpetuates the status quo, even if the status quo entails discrimination. These political effects are not an inevitable outcome of the application of neuroscience to the study of psychopathology. Exploring the implications of neuroplasticity demonstrates that maintaining rigid dichotomies between the biological and the social is untenable. Accordingly, taking a neuroscience approach to psychopathology actually reveals the significance of social science, phenomenological, and narrative-based approaches to research and ultimately points toward the ethical significance of service user participation in the science of nosology.

scholarly journals Effect of personality traits on sensitivity, annoyance and loudness perception of low- and high-frequency noise

2020 ◽  
pp. 146134842094581
Author(s):  
Milad Abbasi ◽  
Mohammad Osman Tokhi ◽  
Mohsen Falahati ◽  
Saeid Yazdanirad ◽  
Maryam Ghaljahi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Frequency Noise ◽  
Low Frequency Noise ◽  
High Frequency Noise ◽  
Noise Annoyance ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Frequency Components

This paper presents investigations into a comparative assessment of the effects of low- and high-frequency noise in relation to personality traits. The high- and low-frequency noises used are produced in the research laboratory using CoolEdit software. In all, 80 candidates were exposed to equivalent continuous sound pressure level of 65 dBA of low- and high-frequency noise in an acoustic room with a 2-week interval. After 1 hour of exposure to noise, participants were asked to complete noise annoyance scale, Weinstein noise sensitivity questionnaire and loudness perception. The results obtained indicate that there is a significant difference between annoyance and perception of low-frequency noise in comparison to annoyance and perception of high-frequency noise, but no significant difference is noted between sensitivity to low- and high-frequency noise. The multivariate analysis of covariance test is applied, which reveals that personality traits have a significant effect on sensitivity to low- and high-frequency noise, annoyance due to low- and high-frequency noise, loudness perception of low-frequency noise, but no interaction effects are found. It is further shown that personality traits are more effective on sensitivity, annoyance and loudness perception to high-frequency noise than those of low-frequency noise, and such effects are not only influenced by severity of noise but also by personality traits and frequency components.

Extended High-Frequency Thresholds in Older Adults

1997 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 208-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lois J. Matthews ◽  
Fu-Shing Lee ◽  
John H. Mills ◽  
Judy R. Dubno
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Test Session ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Gender Effects ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
High Frequencies ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

Most measures of auditory sensitivity at extended high frequencies (frequencies greater than 8 kHz) have been obtained from listeners with normal hearing less than 40 years of age. The purpose of this study was (a) to measure thresholds at frequencies above 8 kHz in older listeners who, as a group, have elevated thresholds at lower frequencies, and (b) to assess test-retest reliability, age and gender effects, and the influence of thresholds below 8 kHz. Extended high-frequency (EHF) thresholds were measured for 162 older listeners (60–79 years) using a commercially available high-frequency audiometer, with a frequency range of 8 to 18 kHz and an intensity range of 0 to 110 dB SPL. Thresholds were measured once at the beginning of a 1- to 2-hour test session and then remeasured at the end of the test session. EHF thresholds of older listeners with normal hearing at conventional audiometric frequencies were substantially higher than the thresholds reported for younger listeners with normal hearing by Dreschler and van der Hulst (1987). EHF thresholds of older listeners with hearing loss at conventional audiometric frequencies were further elevated as compared to older listeners with normal hearing. Differences in EHF thresholds between females and males were either not present or were reduced when gender differences in conventional audiometric thresholds were taken into account. No significant differences were seen in thresholds at 8 kHz and higher between the 60- to 69- and 70- to 79-year-old age groups. Results also indicated that thresholds above 8 kHz can be measured in older listeners within a clinically acceptable ±10 dB test-retest range.

scholarly journals MANIFESTASI GENDER DALAM STRUKTUR BUDAYA SPIRITUAL MASYARAKAT TOANI TOLOTANG

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nensilianti Nensilianti
Keyword(s):  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Educational Opportunities ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status ◽  
Collecting Techniques ◽  
Individual Decisions ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Cultural Structure

This study aimed to describe the status, roles, and gender inequality in the cultural structure of Toani Tolotang communities. Collecting  techniques of the data are through observation, indepth interviews and focus group discussions. The results showed: (1) the manifestation of the injustice caused by differences in the social strata (status quo) in society, namely: the impression of slavery, oppression and economic deprivation, restraint in decision-making, and differences in educational opportunities, (2) the manifestation of gender inequality caused by the beliefs of Toani Tolotang communities, namely: the feelings and individual decisions constrained by the status quo,  the limitation of movement and productivity for pregnant women, the over loyalty of wife to husband , the  unbalanced of sharing  roles and workloads between men and women, and lack of respect for the work of women.

scholarly journals ¿Qué twiteastes tú? Variation in second person singular preterit –s in Spanish tweets

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chelsea Escalante
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Factor Group ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Singular Form ◽  
The Social ◽  
La Red ◽  
Methodological Aspects

Spanish dialects throughout Spain and the Americas have shown variation in the second person singular form of the preterit tense; in certain cases, a non-standard –s is found at the end of the verb conjugation (fuistes, comistes, dijistes, etc). This has been mentioned descriptively by several researchers as a cross-dialectal as well as historical feature of many dialects, yet little empirical data is available on this topic related to what factors constrain the variable. In fact, only one study has looked at this phenomenon from a variationist perspective (see Barnes, 2012). This study borrows certain methodological aspects of Barnes’ (2012) analysis of oral data but applies them to the analysis of the variable as it exists in the written sphere. Data is collected through the social media mogul Twitter and tabulated with the multiple regression logistic software, GoldVarb X (Sankoff, Tagliamonte, & Smith, 2005). The data suggests that verb frequency is the only factor group that significantly conditions one variant over another, with high frequency verbs highly conditioning the standard and low frequency verbs highly conditioning the non-standard. Varios dialectos españoles que se encuentran en España y en la Américas tienen una tendencia de demostrar variación en la forma de segunda persona singular del pretérito; en ciertos casos, se encuentra una –s no-estándar al final de la conjugación del verbo (fuistes, comistes, dijistes, etc). Este fenómeno ha sido mencionado descriptivamente por varios investigadores como un rasgo inter-dialectal y también histórico, sin embargo, no hay muchos datos empíricos disponibles acerca de qué factores lingüísticos restringen la variable. De hecho, solamente un estudio ha explorado el fenómeno desde la perspectiva variacionista (véase Barnes, 2012). Este estudio toma prestado algunos aspectos metodológicos del análisis de data oral de Barnes (2012) pero los aplica al análisis de la variable dentro del ámbito escrito. Los datos se recogen a través la red social enorme Twitter y se tabulan con el programa estadístico GoldVarb X (Sankoff, Tagliamonte, & Smith, 2005). Se encuentra que la frecuencia del verbo es el único factor que significativamente restringe la variable; los verbos de alta frecuencia condicionan el uso de la forma estándar mientras que los de baja frecuencia favorecen la no-estándar.

scholarly journals PAIN AND DEPRESSION AFFECT SELF-REPORTED STRESS RATINGS IN ADULTS WITH AND WITHOUT FIBROMYALGIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S716-S716
Author(s):  
Ha M Nguyen ◽  
Kristen Phillips ◽  
Barbara J Cherry ◽  
Laura Zettel-Watson
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Stress Perception ◽  
Chronic Pain Condition ◽  
The Social ◽  
Severity Scores ◽  
Social Readjustment Rating Scale ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Gender

Abstract Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic pain condition characterized by tenderness, fatigue, stiffness, joint pain, and physical and emotional distress. Depression is common, as well, and stress may be perceived as more severe. The current study examines perceived stress in adults ages 50 and older with and without FM. It was hypothesized that individuals with FM and/or depression would subjectively rate stressors as more severe compared to those without. Ninety-four participants (53% with FM, 78% female) aged 50 to 93 (M = 67.72, SD = 9.26) were administered an updated version of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) to assess amount of stress experienced in the past year. The difference between the SRRS pre-determined values and participants’ subjective ratings was calculated. Lower difference scores indicated that self-reported severity exceeded standardized values. Hierarchical linear regression analyses revealed that older adults and men were less likely to report exaggerated stressor severity (p &lt; .05). Controlling for age and gender, individuals with FM were significantly more likely to report stressor severity far above standardized severity scores (p &lt; .05). Results also revealed that both depression and chronic pain impact stress ratings, but impact is significantly greater for depression (p &lt; .001). When controlling for depression, FM impact is no longer significant, suggesting that depression is a stronger predictor of subjective stress. The findings emphasize the importance of stress management and lifestyle changes to reduce the likelihood of depression and stress perception in individuals experiencing chronic pain.

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