“Retirement” from Intercollegiate Sport: Theoretical and Empirical Considerations

1985 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan L. Greendorfer ◽  
Elaine M. Blinde
Keyword(s):  
Sport Participation ◽  
Intercollegiate Athletes ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Former Athletes ◽  
Adjustment Difficulties ◽  
Sport Retirement ◽  
Intercollegiate Sport ◽  
Social Interests ◽  
Alternative Conceptualization ◽  
Males And Females

Survey data from 1,123 former intercollegiate athletes (427 males and 697 females) were examined relative to commitment to a sport role, educational and occupational preparation, postcareer sport participation, social interests, and adjustment to sport retirement. Chi-square and factor analyses revealed that the former athletes in this study did not totally withdraw from the system of sport, that some shifting or reprioritization of interests occurred during their athletic career, and that the process of leaving sport may be more gradual or transitional than previously believed. Patterns obtained were similar for both males and females, and there was little evidence to suggest these athletes experienced adjustment difficulties. In light of these findings, an alternative conceptualization of the sport “retirement” process is offered.

scholarly journals Quality of Life of People with Disabilities from Sport Participation Point of View

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dagmar Nemček
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Sport Participation ◽  
Sport Activity ◽  
People With Disabilities ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Subjective Quality Of Life ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
People With Physical Disabilities

SummaryThe aim of the study was to compare the satisfaction with quality of life indicators (QoLI) and quality of life domains (QoLD) scores between people with physical disabilities (PPD) and people who are deaf or hard of hearing (PD/HH) from sport participation point of view. The study included 315 individuals with PPD (n = 150; male = 76) and PD/HH (n = 165; male = 85) divided into two groups of those who are regularly participating in sport and those who are not participating in any sport activity in their leisure. The second part of the Subjective Quality of Life Analysis (S.QUA.L.A.) was used. The Pearson chi-square test was used to determine the differences in 23 QoLI and 5 QoLD between PPD and PD/HH from sport participation point of view and student’s two-sample t-test was used to compare overall quality of life (QoL). We found that PD/HH who are participating regularly in sport presented significantly higher satisfaction with 7 evaluated QoLI and with all 5 QoLD. Overall QoL score was significantly higher (p < .01) in PD/HH. In the group of people who are not participating in sport we found significantly higher satisfaction with 13 QoLI in PD/HH and with 8 QoLI in PPD. Satisfaction with 4 QoLD was significantly higher in PD/HH and only with domain (physical health) were significantly higher satisfied PPD (p < .01). Overall QoL score did not show significant differences between groups of people with disabilities who are not participating in any sport. The results of our study confirmed that PD/HH have significantly higher QoL comparing PPD no matter if they participating in sport or not. This evaluation measured by S.QUA.L.A shows that it is a suitable tool to asses QoL in people with different kinds of disabilities.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of Brucellosis and Associated Risk Factors among Indigenous Breeds of Goats in Wukari, Taraba State, Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olaolu T. Olufemi ◽  
Danjuma B. Dantala ◽  
Paul A. Shinggu ◽  
Umesi A. Dike ◽  
Gbeminiyi R. Otolorin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
The Public ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
La Jolla

A cross-sectional study was conducted in Wukari, Taraba state, Nigeria, to determine the prevalence of Brucella antibodies and the risk factors associated with brucellosis in indigenous breeds of goats. A total of 386 goats were sampled from three political wards: Puje, Avyi, and Hospital: harvested sera samples were subjected to Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT). GraphPad Prism version 7.03 for Windows (GraphPad Software, La Jolla California, USA) was used to analyse the association between seroprevalence of brucellosis and age, sex, breed, location, and management system by using Chi square and Fisher’s exact test as appropriate. Brucellosis was detected in all three wards: Puje; 15%, Avyi; 6.6%, and Hospital; 7.6%. A prevalence rate of 2.8%, 8%, 18.7%, and 1% was recorded for <20-month, 22-35-month, 36-45-month, and ≥46-55-month age categories, respectively (P < 0.05). Only 9.5% was observed for male animals while 9.8% was observed for female animals with no statistical difference between the males and females. Breed-specific seroprevalence yielded 7.4%, 5.4% 12%, 12.8%, and 11.6%, for Cross, West Africa Dwarf, Red Sokoto, Kano Brown, and Sahel breeds of goat, respectively. There is an evidence of brucellosis (9.6%) in Wukari L.G.A, Taraba State, and age is a risk factor for the disease in the study area. There is a need to enlighten the public on the zoonotic potentials and economic impacts of brucellosis.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Tension Type Headache among Young Adults and Their Gender Difference on Percieved Stress Scale: A Comparative Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Priyanka Yadav
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Tension Type Headache ◽  
Primary Headaches ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Perceived Stress Scale ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Stress Scale ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Type Headache ◽  
Tension Type Headaches

Background: Tension-type headaches (TTH), together with migraines, are the most common primary headaches, affecting 80% of the general population. Stress is known to be a contributing factor to chronic tension-type headache (CTH), with research indicating that mental stress is the most commonly reported trigger and aggravating factor of a CTH episode. The study was conducted to find out the prevalence of TTH among youths of 18-25 age reporting frequent headache and to compare the perceived stress level among the diagnosed male and females of TTH. Methods: Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) rating and an IHS (International Headache Society) TTH Diagnostic questionnaire were used in this study. A sample of 150 students including 75 males and 75 females in the age group of 18-25 years complaining of frequent headache were taken from different colleges and universities located in Rewari district of Haryana. In the second phase, only the diagnosed cases of tension type headache participated in the study and fill the perceived stress scale questionnaire. After data collection, analysis of data using SPSS software was done which then further help in testing the hypothesis and extracting the result and inferences. Descriptive analysis of quantitative data expressed as mean and standard deviation. Mean and Chi square test were used for comparison of individual on quantitative parameters between groups. P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age of subjects with TTH was 22.79 ±2.14. Prevalence of TTH among frequent headache sufferers is 68%. Out of 68% TTH cases 66.7% subjects have episodic TTH and 33.3% have chronic TTH. Value of PSS * Gender Pearson chi square is 5.151 at a significance value of .076 and it shows that there would be no significant differences exist between males and females on perceived stress score. Conclusion: TTH is more prevalent among females as compared to males. No significant differences exist between males and females on perceived stress scores.

scholarly journals A Pragmatic Study of Requests by Males and Females in Online Religious Forums

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. p70
Author(s):  
Othman Khalid Al Shboul
Keyword(s):  
Computer Mediated Communication ◽  
Mediated Communication ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Computer Mediated ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Request Strategies ◽  
Pragmatic Study

The current study investigates the request strategies used by males and females in online religious forums. It aims to explore request types realized by linguistic formulas used by males and females when they make requests in computer-mediated communication. The study offers pragmatic and sociolinguistic explanations for these differences. It also discusses the functions of these requestive forms such as asking for more clarifications or to request the addressee to answer a question directly. This study found that there are seven strategies used by the participants to make their requests. Most of which are shared by males and females. The study applied Chi-square test to show whether or not the differences in the use of each type of requests between the two groups (males and females) are statistically significant.

scholarly journals Knowledge, Attitudes and Practice of Dental Implants among Dental Interns in Saudi Arabia – A Cross-Sectional Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 440-449
Author(s):  
Khaled Alzahrani ◽  
Abdulrahman Mohammed Alnafisah ◽  
Khalid Gohormallah Alzahrani ◽  
Khalid Ghalib Alharbi
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Dental Implants ◽  
Clinical Skills ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Males And Females

Objective: The aim of the study is to assess knowledge, attitude and practices of dental implants among dental interns in Saudi Arabia Materials and Methods: A self-designed, close-ended questionnaire was distributed among 205 interns chosen by stratified random sampling technique. The questionnaire consisted of 28 items pertaining to demographic characteristics, knowledge and practices of dental implants. Responses were coded and entered into spreadsheet software (Microsoft Excel 16.0.) and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, IBM Version 22.0) and contingency tables and chi-square test (χ2). Results: The majority of the participants were males (64.4%), between 24-26 years of age (64%) and had a GPA between 4-5 (63.4%). The majority of the participants gained knowledge of dental implants through theoretical lectures (98.5%), and most of them (80%) knew, what material, an implant was made up of. Almost all participants (91.7%) knew that dental implants had surface modifications. Most (64.4%) believed that case selection is the most important criteria for the success of dental implant therapy, and this differed significantly among participants with respect to GPA (p=0.03). Many participants (60%) believed that the most important advantage of dental implants over fixed prosthesis is that reduction of adjacent tooth is not needed, and this differed significantly between males and females (p=0.026). There was a significant difference (p<0.001) between males and females when it came to confidence in independently restoring teeth using dental implants. 63% of the participants were confident to use dental implants in their future practice. Conclusion: Knowledge of dental implants among dental interns is satisfactory, but this study reveals that participants lack practical experience and would like to acquire more clinical skills. Limitations: The response rate of participants from each university was low, which made comparisons between different universities difficult because sample size from some universities was very small, which could not produce statistically accurate results.

The Concentration of Salivary Steroid Hormones and the Prevalence of Gingivitis at Puberty

1988 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 397-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Morishita ◽  
H. Aoyama ◽  
K. Tokumoto ◽  
Y. Iwamoto
Keyword(s):  
Phase Contrast ◽  
Morphological Differentiation ◽  
Gingival Inflammation ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Probing Depth ◽  
Whole Saliva ◽  
Contrast Microscope ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Bacterial Plaque ◽  
Chi Square Analysis

Gingival conditions of 1323 junior high schoolchildren aged 12-15 were examined, and 132 children who had either healthy gingivae or severe gingivitis were called to the clinic. More precise examination of gingivitis was performed by assessment of Jackson's gingivitis index (G.I.), probing depth (P.D.), and bleeding on probing. Whole saliva was collected, and the salivary concentrations of estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone were determined by radioimmunoassay. Subgingival bacterial plaque was sampled from 36 children, and total bacterial counts and morphological differentiation were performed under a phase-contrast microscope. For statistical analysis, both males and females were divided into two groups according to the concentration of each sex hormone and subgrouped by the results of clinical examinations. Chi-square analysis using 2-by-2 tables was performed to determine the relation between salivary steroid hormone levels and gingival inflammation. The results suggest that unbalanced secretion of certain hormones might be one of the factors promoting gingivitis at puberty.

scholarly journals Sport Participation Influences Perceptions of Mate Characteristics

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 147470491201000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albrecht I. Schulte-Hostedde ◽  
Mark A. Eys ◽  
Michael Emond ◽  
Michael Buzdon
Keyword(s):  
Mate Choice ◽  
Sport Participation ◽  
Team Sport ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
The Social ◽  
Initial Hypothesis ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Larger Sample

Sport provides a context in which mate choice can be facilitated by the display of athletic prowess. Previous work has shown that, for females, team sport athletes are more desirable as mates than individual sport athletes and non-participants. In the present study, the perceptions of males and females were examined regarding potential mates based on sport participation. It was predicted that team sport athletes would be more positively perceived than individual sport athletes and non-participants by both males and females. A questionnaire, a photograph, and manipulated descriptions were used to gauge perceptual differences with respect to team sport athletes, individual sport athletes, and extracurricular club participants for 125 females and 119 males from a Canadian university. Both team and individual sport athletes were perceived as being less lazy, more competitive, and healthier than non-participants by both males and females. Interestingly, females perceived male athletes as more promiscuous than non-athletes, which upholds predictions based on previous research indicating (a) athletes have more sexual partners than non-athletes, and (b) females find athletes more desirable as partners than non-participants. Surprisingly, only males perceived female team sport athletes as more dependable than non-participants, and both team and individual sport athletes as more ambitious. This raises questions regarding the initial hypothesis that male team athletes would be perceived positively by females because of qualities such as the ability to cooperate, likeability, and the acceptance of responsibilities necessary for group functioning. Future studies should examine similar questions with a larger sample size that encompasses multiple contexts, taking into account the role of the social profile of sport in relation to mate choice and perception.

Digital Photographs in Analysis of Lip Prints for Gender Identification

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-57
Author(s):  
Pratibha Poudel ◽  
Ritesh Srii ◽  
Swagat Kumar Mahanta
Keyword(s):  
Forensic Odontology ◽  
Observer Variation ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Type I ◽  
Gender Identification ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Digital Photographs ◽  
Kappa Test ◽  
Males And Females

Introduction: Cheiloscopy is considered as an emerging method in forensic odontology for identification of gender. There are several methods given in literature to identify the lip print types. Digital photographs can be used to study the lip prints for gender identification. Objective: The aim of the study was to identify the predominant lip print pattern in males and females by using digital photographs. Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study included 206 subjects, comprising 103 males and 103 females. Digital photographs were used to identify the lip print patterns. The classification given by Suzuki and Tsuchihashi was used to further classify the lip patterns. Kappa test was applied to check for inter observer variation. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 23. The association between gender and lip print type was tested by Chi square test. Results: Type I was the most common lip print followed by Type I’. Type V was the least common lip print followed by Type IV. Type I and Type II were the most common pattern in females and males respectively and these differences were found to be statistically significant (p<0.01). Conclusion: Digital photographs are very useful for identification of lip print pattern. The variation in lip print pattern among males and females can be taken as an aid in gender determination.

Reasons for Career Termination in Danish Elite Athletes: Investigating Gender Differences and the Time-point as Potential Correlates

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 49-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Moesch
Keyword(s):  
Female Athletes ◽  
Elite Athletes ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Peak Performance ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Being There ◽  
Career Termination ◽  
Time Point

Abstract Introduction: Career termination, an inevitable step in every athlete’s career, has received increased attention within sport psychological research. A career termination that results in psychological problems is of special concern for sport federations, organizations and clubs. Research has shown that it is crucial to consider an athlete’s the reason for career termination. There is evidence that the causes of an involuntary and unplanned career termination are disadvantageous for athletes’ well-being. There are many important aspects of career termination, such as cultural and social aspects, gender, and the time-point of the occurrence. The present study therefore aims at investigating the causes of career termination and possible correlates with gender and the time-point thereof among Danish elite athletes. Method: Data was gathered from 68 retired Danish elite athletes about their reasons for career termination and about its time-point. A qualitative analysis with the reasons mentioned by the athletes was performed. Moreover, t-tests and chi-square tests were conducted to analyze differences between males and females, and among athletes ending their career at different time-points in their career. Results: The results revealed 10 different reasons given for career termination with lack of motivation, injury or health problems and family related reasons being the top three. Female athletes mentioned that they ended their career due to family-related reasons more often than their male peers. More than a third of all athletes ended their career before their perceived achievement of peak performance. Financial reasons seemed to be of more importance for career termination for athletes ending their career before or at peaking, whereas family-related reasons were more often mentioned by athletes during or after their performance peak. Discussion and conclusion: The results of the study provide an overview of the career termination reasons of Danish elite athletes, which can provide practitioners and organizations with helpful insight when designing respective interventions. When planning such interventions it could be advantageous to deliver specific support for women to enable them to optimally combine family life with an elite sport career.

Sport as a Site for Women’s Group and Societal Empowerment: Perspectives from the College Athlete

1994 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine M. Blinde ◽  
Diane E. Taub ◽  
Lingling Han
Keyword(s):  
Sport Participation ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
College Athlete ◽  
Telephone Interviews ◽  
Female Bonding ◽  
Intercollegiate Sport ◽  
Sport Teams ◽  
Common Goals ◽  
Societal Level ◽  
A Site

This exploratory study examines the potential of intercollegiate sport participation to empower women at the group and societal levels. Telephone interviews were conducted with 24 women athletes from various sport teams at three Division I universities. Findings demonstrate that at the group level, sport facilitates female bonding and the development of a group identity and common goals. Empowerment at the societal level was noted when athletes indicated that their participation in sport challenged societal perceptions of women as well as making them more aware of gender inequalities in sport. However, the sport context did not appear to be an effective vehicle in enhancing athletes’ consciousness as women or encouraging their activism in support of women’s issues.

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