scholarly journals Resistance to Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics in Aquatic Systems: Anthropogenic Activities Modulate the Dissemination ofblaCTX-M-Like Genes

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (12) ◽  
pp. 4134-4140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Tacão ◽  
António Correia ◽  
Isabel Henriques
Keyword(s):  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
M Gene ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽  
Culture Independent ◽  
Microbiological Parameters ◽  
Clinical Environments ◽  
Environment Study ◽  
Resistant Strains

ABSTRACTWe compared the resistomes within polluted and unpolluted rivers, focusing on extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes, in particularblaCTX-M. Twelve rivers from a Portuguese hydrographic basin were sampled. Physicochemical and microbiological parameters of water quality were determined, and the results showed that 9 rivers were classified as unpolluted (UP) and that 3 were classified as polluted (P). Of the 225 cefotaxime-resistant strains isolated, 39 were identified as ESBL-producing strains, with 18 carrying ablaCTX-Mgene (15 from P and 3 from UP rivers). Analysis of CTX-M nucleotide sequences showed that 17 isolates produced CTX-M from group 1 (CTX-M-1, -3, -15, and -32) and 1 CTX-M that belonged to group 9 (CTX-M-14). A genetic environment study revealed the presence of different genetic elements previously described for clinical strains. ISEcp1was found in the upstream regions of all isolates examined. Culture-independentblaCTX-M-like libraries were comprised of 16 CTX-M gene variants, with 14 types in the P library and 4 types in UP library, varying from 68% to 99% similarity between them. Besides the much lower level of diversity among CTX-M-like genes from UP sites, the majority were similar to chromosomal ESBLs such asblaRAHN-1. The results demonstrate that the occurrence and diversity ofblaCTX-Mgenes are clearly different between polluted and unpolluted lotic ecosystems; these findings favor the hypothesis that natural environments are reservoirs of resistant bacteria and resistance genes, where anthropogenic-driven selective pressures may be contributing to the persistence and dissemination of genes usually relevant in clinical environments.

scholarly journals Serotyping and Evaluation of Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella Strains Detected in Wildlife and Natural Environments in Southern Italy

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 353
Author(s):  
Immacolata La Tela ◽  
Maria Francesca Peruzy ◽  
Nicola D’Alessio ◽  
Fabio Di Nocera ◽  
Francesco Casalinuovo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Water Environment ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Salmonella Serovars

Wild animals are potential vectors of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the environment. The present study aimed to investigate the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance among Salmonella serovars isolated from wildlife and the environment in Italy. A total of 164 Salmonella isolates were analyzed, and six different subspecies and 64 serovars were detected. High proportions of Salmonella isolates proved resistant to streptomycin (34.1%), followed by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (23.2%), tetracycline (17.7%), ciprofloxacin (14.63%) and ampicillin (11.59%). By source, the lowest level of resistance was observed in Salmonella serovars isolated from a water environment, while antimicrobial resistance was frequent in strains collected from shellfish, reptiles and birds. Multidrug-resistant strains were recovered from seafood (n = 11), mammals (n = 3) and water (n = 1). Three S. Typhimurium monophasic variant strains showed asimultaneous resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, which represents a recognized alert resistance profile for this serovar. These data indicate the environmental dissemination of resistant strains due to anthropogenic activities, which, in southern Italy, probably have a higher impact on marine ecosystems than on terrestrial ones. Moreover, as most of the animals considered in the present study are usually consumed by humans, the presence of resistant bacteria in them is a matter of great concern.

scholarly journals Frequency of Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria in Broiler Meat

2021 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 44
Author(s):  
Alina L. NISTOR ◽  
Mihaela MIHAI ◽  
Ancuța M. ROTAR ◽  
Carmen R. POP
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Broiler Meat ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Shigella Spp ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatments

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents the ability of microorganisms to resist antimicrobial treatments. AMR occurs when microorganisms change in order to reduce or eliminate the effect of antimicrobials, which they were previously susceptible. There were reported animal food products contaminated with antimicrobial resistant strains, like methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Camylobacter spp., extended spectrum-beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing-Enterobacteriaceae (Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp. etc.). The aim of this paper is to analyze the frequency of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in broiler meat, at European level. Data were obtained based on the latest EFSA and ECDC Reports, comparing the year 2016 with the year 2018 of the incidence of Salmonella spp., different serovars of Salmonella enterica subs. enterica and Escherichia coli producing ESBL and AmpC, in broiler meat. The incidence of resistant Salmonella spp. showed a decrease between 2016 and 2018. However, the incidence increased for different resistant serovars. Salmonella Infantis showed a decrease in the two years taken into consideration. Regarding the incidence of ESBL E. coli in broiler meat, the results showed an increase for resistance to ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin and ampicillin.

scholarly journals Emergence and Spread of Cephalosporinases in Wildlife: A Review

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1765
Author(s):  
Josman D. Palmeira ◽  
Mónica V. Cunha ◽  
João Carvalho ◽  
Helena Ferreira ◽  
Carlos Fonseca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
World Health ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Beta Lactamases ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Health Organization

In the last decade, detection of antibiotic resistant bacteria from wildlife has received increasing interest, due to the potential risk posed by those bacteria to wild animals, livestock or humans at the interface with wildlife, and due to the ensuing contamination of the environment. According to World Health Organization, cephalosporins are critically important antibiotics to human health. However, acquired resistance to β-lactams is widely distributed and is mainly mediated by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and AmpC beta-lactamases, such as cephalosporinases. This work thus aimed to compile and analyse the information available on the emergence and dissemination of cephalosporinases in wildlife worldwide. Results suggest a serious scenario, with reporting of cephalosporinases in 46 countries from all continents (52% in Europe), across 188 host species, mainly birds and mammals, especially gulls and ungulates. The most widely reported cephalosporinases, CTX-M-1, CTX-M-14, CTX-M-15 and CMY-2, were also the most common in wild animals, in agreement with their ubiquity in human settings, including their association to high-risk clones of Escherichia coli (E. coli), such as the worldwide distributed CTX-M-15/ST131 E. coli. Altogether, our findings show that anthropogenic activities affect the whole ecosystem and that public policies promoting animal and environmental surveillance, as well as mitigation measures to avoid antimicrobial misuse and AMR spread, are urgently needed to be out in practise.

scholarly journals Susceptibility of Commensal E. coli Isolated from Conventional, Antibiotic-Free, and Organic Meat Chickens on Farms and at Slaughter toward Antimicrobials with Public Health Relevance

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1321
Author(s):  
Laura Musa ◽  
Patrizia Casagrande Proietti ◽  
Maria Luisa Marenzoni ◽  
Valentina Stefanetti ◽  
Tana Shtylla Kika ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protective Factor ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Organic Systems ◽  
Microdilution Method ◽  
Resistant Strains

The spread of resistant bacteria from livestock to the food industry promoted an increase of alternative poultry production systems, such as organic and antibiotic-free ones, based on the lack of antimicrobial use, except in cases in which welfare is compromised. We aimed to investigate the antibiotic susceptibility of commensal Escherichia coli isolated from organic, antibiotic-free, and conventional broiler farms and slaughterhouses toward several antimicrobials critically important for human health. To assess antimicrobial susceptibility, all E. coli isolates and extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) E. coli were analysed by the microdilution method. The prevalence of tigecycline, azithromycin and gentamicin E. coli-resistant strains was highest in organic samplings. Conversely, the lowest prevalence of resistant E. coli strains was observed for cefotaxime, ceftazidime and ciprofloxacin in organic systems, representing a significant protective factor compared to conventional systems. All E. coli strains were colistin-susceptible. Contamination of the external environment by drug-resistant bacteria could play a role in the presence of resistant strains detected in organic systems. Of interest is the highest prevalence of cephalosporin resistance of E. coli in conventional samplings, since they are not permitted in poultry. Our results suggest that monitoring of antibiotic resistance of the production chain may be helpful to detect “risks” inherent to different rearing systems.

Impact of anthropogenic activities on the dissemination of antibiotic resistance across ecological boundaries

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijay Tripathi ◽  
Eddie Cytryn
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Current State ◽  
Ecological Boundaries ◽  
Clinical Environments

Antibiotics are considered to be one of the major medical breakthroughs in history. Nonetheless, over the past four decades, antibiotic resistance has reached alarming levels worldwide and this trend is expected to continue to increase, leading some experts to forecast the coming of a ‘post-antibiotic’ era. Although antibiotic resistance in pathogens is traditionally linked to clinical environments, there is a rising concern that the global propagation of antibiotic resistance is also associated with environmental reservoirs that are linked to anthropogenic activities such as animal husbandry, agronomic practices and wastewater treatment. It is hypothesized that the emergence and dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs) within and between environmental microbial communities can ultimately contribute to the acquisition of antibiotic resistance in human pathogens. Nonetheless, the scope of this phenomenon is not clear due to the complexity of microbial communities in the environment and methodological constraints that limit comprehensive in situ evaluation of microbial genomes. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding antibiotic resistance in non-clinical environments, specifically focusing on the dissemination of antibiotic resistance across ecological boundaries and the contribution of this phenomenon to global antibiotic resistance.

scholarly journals From environment to clinic: the role of pesticides in antimicrobial resistance

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Jeadran N Malagón-Rojas ◽  
Eliana L Parra Barrera ◽  
Luisa Lagos
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Current Crisis ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Chemical Substances ◽  
Raising Awareness ◽  
Clinical Environments

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in pathogens has been associated mainly with excessive use of antibiotics. Most studies of resistance have focused on clinical pathogens; however, microorganisms are exposed to numerous anthropogenic substances. Few studies have sought to determine the effects of chemical substances on microorganisms. Exposure to these substances may contribute to increased rates of AMR. Understanding microorganism communities in natural environments and AMR mechanisms under the effects of anthropogenic substances, such as pesticides, is important to addressing the current crisis of antimicrobial resistance. This report draws attention to molecules, rather than antibiotics, that are commonly used in agrochemicals and may be involved in developing AMR in non-clinical environments, such as soil. This report examines pesticides as mediators for the appearance of AMR, and as a route for antibiotic resistance genes and antimicrobial resistant bacteria to the anthropic environment. Available evidence suggests that the natural environment may be a key dissemination route for antibiotic-resistant genes. Understanding the interrelationship of soil, water, and pesticides is fundamental to raising awareness of the need for environmental monitoring programs and overcoming the current crisis of AMR.

scholarly journals Efficacy of loading dose colistin versus carbapenems for treatment of extended spectrum beta lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wasan Katip ◽  
Jukapun Yoodee ◽  
Suriyon Uitrakul ◽  
Peninnah Oberdorfer
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Response ◽  
Clinical Information ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Loading Dose ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽  
Clinical Utilization ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Infection Types ◽  
Intra Abdominal Infection

AbstractColistin provides in vitro activity against numerous ESBL-producing and carbapenem-resistant bacteria. However, clinical information with respect to its utilization in infection caused by ESBL producers is limited. The aim of this study was a comparison of mortality rates of loading dose (LD) colistin and carbapenems as definitive therapies in a cohort of patients with infections caused by ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. A retrospective cohort study in 396 patients with ESBL-producing E.coli and K.pneumoniae infection at a university-affiliated hospital was conducted between 1 January 2005 and 30 June 2015 to compare outcomes of infected patients who received LD colistin (95 patients) with carbapenems (301 patients). The three primary outcomes were 30-day mortality, clinical response and microbiological response. The most common infection types were urinary tract infection (49.49%), followed by pneumonia (40.66%), bacteremia (13.64%), skin and soft tissue infections (4.80%) and intra-abdominal infection (3.03%). LD colistin group provided higher 30-day mortality when compared with carbapenems group (HR 7.97; 95% CI 3.68 to 17.25; P = 0.001). LD colistin was also independently associated with clinical failure (HR 4.30; 95% CI 1.93 to 9.57; P = 0.001) and bacteriological failure (HR 9.49; 95% CI 3.76 to 23.96; P = 0.001) when compared with those who received carbapenems. LD colistin treatment was associated with poorer outcomes, i.e. mortality rate, clinical response and microbiological response. Moreover, when adjusted confounding factors, LD colistin was still less effective than carbapenems. It should be noted that, however, the use of Vitek-2 to assess colistin susceptibility could provide inaccurate results. Also, the difference in baseline characteristics could still remain in retrospective study although compensation by hazard ratio adjustment was performed. Therefore, clinical utilization of LD colistin should be recommended as an alternative for treatment ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae only in the circumstances where carbapenems cannot be utilized, but this recommendation must be considered carefully.

scholarly journals The Role of Aquatic Ecosystems (River Tua, Portugal) as Reservoirs of Multidrug-Resistant Aeromonas spp.

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 698
Author(s):  
Sónia Gomes ◽  
Conceição Fernandes ◽  
Sandra Monteiro ◽  
Edna Cabecinha ◽  
Amílcar Teixeira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Aquatic Ecosystems ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressures ◽  
Resistance Rates

The inappropriate use of antibiotics, one of the causes of the high incidence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria isolated from aquatic ecosystems, represents a risk for aquatic organisms and the welfare of humans. This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial resistance rates among riverine Aeromonas spp., taken as representative of the autochthonous microbiota, to evaluate the level of antibacterial resistance in the Tua River (Douro basin). The prevalence and degree of antibiotic resistance was examined using motile aeromonads as a potential indicator of antimicrobial susceptibility for the aquatic environment. Water samples were collected from the middle sector of the river, which is most impacted area by several anthropogenic pressures. Water samples were plated on an Aeromonas-selective agar, with and without antibiotics. The activity of 19 antibiotics was studied against 30 isolates of Aeromonas spp. using the standard agar dilution susceptibility test. Antibiotic resistance rates were fosfomycin (FOS) 83.33%, nalidixic acid (NA) 60%, cefotaxime (CTX) 40%, gentamicin (CN) 26.67%, tobramycin (TOB) 26.67%, cotrimoxazole (SXT) 26.67%, chloramphenicol (C) 16.67%, and tetracycline (TE) 13.33%. Some of the nalidixic acid-resistant strains were susceptible to fluoroquinolones. Multiple resistance was also observed (83.33%). The environmental ubiquity, the natural susceptibility to antimicrobials and the zoonotic potential of Aeromonas spp. make them optimal candidates for studying antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in aquatic ecosystems. Aquatic environments may provide an ideal setting for the acquisition and dissemination of antibiotic resistance because anthropogenic activities frequently impact them. The potential risk of multi- and pan-resistant bacteria transmission between animals and humans should be considered in a “One Health—One World” concept.

scholarly journals Testudines as Sentinels for Monitoring the Dissemination of Antibiotic Resistance in Marine Environments: An Integrative Review

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 775
Author(s):  
Kezia Drane ◽  
Roger Huerlimann ◽  
Michelle Power ◽  
Anna Whelan ◽  
Ellen Ariel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Sea Turtles ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Marine Environments ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Sensitivity Tests ◽  
Standard Culture

Dissemination of antibiotic resistance (AR) in marine environments is a global concern with a propensity to affect public health and many ecosystems worldwide. We evaluated the use of sea turtles as sentinel species for monitoring AR in marine environments. In this field, antibiotic-resistant bacteria have been commonly identified by using standard culture and sensitivity tests, leading to an overrepresentation of specific, culturable bacterial classes in the available literature. AR was detected against all major antibiotic classes, but the highest cumulative global frequency of resistance in all represented geographical sites was against the beta-lactam class by a two-fold difference compared to all other antibiotics. Wastewater facilities and turtle rehabilitation centres were associated with higher incidences of multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDRB) accounting for an average of 58% and 49% of resistant isolates, respectively. Furthermore, a relatively similar prevalence of MDRB was seen in all studied locations. These data suggest that anthropogenically driven selection pressures for the development of AR in sea turtles and marine environments are relatively similar worldwide. There is a need, however, to establish direct demonstrable associations between AR in sea turtles in their respective marine environments with wastewater facilities and other anthropogenic activities worldwide.

scholarly journals 157. patient to Environment Transmission of Multidrug-resistant Bacteria Within Intensive Care Units

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S207-S208
Author(s):  
Matthew J Ziegler ◽  
Brendan Kelly ◽  
Michael Z David ◽  
Lauren Dutcher ◽  
Pam C Tolomeo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Multiple Time ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽  
Environmental Transmission ◽  
Body Culture ◽  
Clinical Culture ◽  
Multiple Time Points

Abstract Background Identifying risk factors for environmental contamination with multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) is essential to prioritize methods for prevention of hospital transmission. Methods Patients admitted to an ICU with an MDRO detected on clinical culture in the prior 30 days were enrolled. Patients (4 body sites) and high-touch objects (HTO) (3 composite sites) in ICU rooms were sampled. Environmental transmission was defined by shared MDRO species cultured on patient and HTO cultures obtained on multiple time points during the patient’s stay. Risk factors for environmental transmission were identified with logistic regression. Results Forty-five patients were included (median 2 days of longitudinal sampling [IQR 1–4 days]). Enrollment anatomic cultures included extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales (ESBLE) (n=12, 27%), carbapenem-resistant organisms (CRO) (n=4, 9%), methicillin-resistant S.aureus (MRSA) (n=11, 24%), vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) (n=4, 9%), and C.difficile (CDIFF) (n=14, 31%). Patient colonization during serial sampling was common with CRO (n=21, 47%), ESBLE (n=16, 36%), and VRE (n=16, 36%) and less so with MRSA (n=7, 16%) and CDIFF (n=5, 11%). Detection of MDROs on environmental surfaces was also common with identification of CRO in 47% of patient rooms (n=21) and ESBLE in 29% (n=13); MRSA (n=2, 4%), VRE (n=9, 20%), and CDIFF (n=3, 7%) were rarer. Patient to environment transmission was observed in 40% of rooms (n=18). Thirteen (29%) rooms had foreign MDRO contamination (i.e., one not detected on a body culture), most (n=10) with CRO. Environmental MDROs were most common in bathroom/sinks (n=22), followed by surfaces near the patient (n=10), and least common surfaces often touched by staff within the room (n=6). On multivariable logistic regression, naïve to clustering by patient, recent receipt of a proton pump inhibitor (OR 2.35, 95% CI 1.00 – 5.52, P=0.049) and presence of one or more wounds (OR 2.56, 95% CI 1.05 – 6.26, P=0.038) were significantly associated with environmental transmission (OR 1.56, 95% CI 1.01 – 2.43, P=0.046) (Table 1). Conclusion MDRO contamination of patient rooms is common with detection of organisms attributed to, and foreign to, the occupant. Disclosures Michael Z. David, MD PhD, GSK (Consultant)

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