The prevention of tetanus - the use of Human Antitetanus Immunoglobulin

1975 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 77-79

Tetanus is a preventable though rare disease. In Britain, its incidence is steadily diminishing.1 The average annual number of deaths from tetanus over the period 1960–70 was 17 compared with 45 in the period 1950–60. The disease has been notifiable since October 1968 but the number of notifications returned annually does not represent the true incidence.

Author(s):  
С.Н. Волков ◽  
А.И. Житенев ◽  
О.Н. Рублевская ◽  
Ю.А. Курганов ◽  
И.Г. Костенко ◽  
...  

Подтопления урбанизированных территорий, когда вода в периоды ливневых дождей поднимается на поверхность, затапливая улицы и подвалы, наблюдаются достаточно часто. Происходят они по разным причинам или их совокупности. Перечень мероприятий для сокращения количества таких подтоплений в мировой практике отработан. К ним можно отнести мероприятия, направленные на уменьшение коэффициента стока водосборных площадей, а также на увеличение свободных регулирующих объемов сетей и коллекторов и т. п. Однако оценка их эффективности в Российской Федерации затруднена в связи с тем, что нормативный метод гидравлического расчета предусматривает учет значений периодов однократного превышения расчетных интенсивностей дождей p, который указывает, с какой периодичностью переполняются сети. Но этот метод не отвечает на вопрос, с какой периодичностью pp происходят затопления территорий в результате выхода воды на поверхность. На примере Санкт-Петербурга приведен расчетный метод для определения среднегодового числа затоплений, а также результаты оценки эффективности мероприятий, направленных на их сокращение. Flooding of urbanized areas happens quite often, while, during periods of heavy rains, water rises to the surface flooding streets and basements. Flooding occurs for different reasons or due to their combination. The list of measures to reduce the flooding rate has been worked out in the world practice. These include measures aimed at reducing the runoff coefficient of drainage areas, as well as increasing the spare regulating capacities of the networks and sewers, etc. However, evaluating their effectiveness in the Russian Federation is complicated by the fact that the standard method of hydraulic calculation provides for taking into account the values ​​of the periods of one-time excess of the calculated rainfall rates p that indicates the overflow rate in the networks. However, this method does not determine the rate pp of area flooding that results from the water spills. Through the example of St. Petersburg, a calculation method is presented for determining the average annual number of floods, as well as the results of evaluating the effectiveness of measures aimed at reducing them.


2020 ◽  
pp. 67-73
Author(s):  
L. Golovina ◽  
O. Logacheva

The trends of changes in the structure of production costs and profitability of agricultural organizations of the Orel region are studied. The ratio of income and expenses that develops in the course of business activity is analyzed. The share of the cost of purchased products in the composition of material costs in connection with its growth is highlighted. The emphasis is placed on ensuring the systematic development of agricultural production in the region. The fact of a decrease in the share of wages in the structure of costs for the main production and a reduction in the average annual number of employees is revealed. The study is supplemented by an analysis of vacancies in agriculture in Russia, highlighting the most popular and highly paid professions in the agricultural sector of the country.


2017 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-110
Author(s):  
Rafał Ciaputa ◽  
Janusz Madej ◽  
Patryk Łagodzki ◽  
Joanna Pakuła* ◽  
Małgorzata Kandefer-Gola ◽  
...  

The aim of the study was to analyze the frequency and location of tumors in domestic as well as exotic animals in Lower Silesia. The research material consisted of 4174 cases of malignancies from dogs, cats, horses and exotic animals taken at the time of surgery or biopsy sections. The largest group consisted of tumors of dogs – 3519 cases (84.31%), followed by cat – 498 cases (11.93%), ferrets – 27 cases (0.65%), rats – 24 cases (0.57%), horses – 12 cases (0.28%), rabbits – 21 cases (0.5%), guinea pigs, 21 (0.5%). The average annual number of tests performed (2087 cases per year) may suggest an increased awareness of the need for veterinarians’ testing for histopathology, whose purpose is to determine the prognosis of their patients, as well as the further proceedings. Tumors were divided into 6 histological types. The largest group were malignant epithelial and mesenchymal. It can be concluded that in domestic animals cancer most often occurs in carnivores, 60% of the cases considered as malignant tumors, and 40% benign (dogs), and correspondingly in cats (76% and 24%) equally in both sexes in dogs and 20% prevalence of disease in male cats. In contrast, among the 146 reported cases referred to by us as exotic, cancer accounted for 59.6% and 40.4% benign.


Author(s):  
Inna Manaeva

Foreign researchers are testing Gibrat’s law on the example of firms, regions and countries. The importance of empirical confirmation of this law lies in the fact that it allows us to determine whether the population of a city, region or country as a whole has a common growth path and whether there is single size dependence between them. The relevance of this study is determined by the need to expand the indicators to assess the growth of cities using Gibrat’s law in modern Russian conditions. The purpose of the article is to analyze the feasibility of Gibrat’s law in Russian cities by indicators: population of the city, population density in the city, average annual number of employees in enterprises in the city, average monthly wage in the city, number of enterprises and organizations in the city, as well as to determine the appropriateness of using this law for urban systems of Russia. In the Ural, Siberian and Far Eastern federal districts (2009–2016), in the North-Western, Volga, Siberian and Far Eastern federal districts (2016–2018), the growth rate of cities does not depend on their initial size. Gibrat’s law was confirmed for the following indicators: population density in a city in 2009–2016 in the Siberian Federal District, in 2016–2018 in all federal districts, except for the North Caucasian Federal District; average annual number of employees in a city in the Southern (2003–2009, 2009–2016), Ural (2009–2016), Siberian (2009–2016), Northwestern (2016–2018), North Caucasian (2016–2018) and Far Eastern (2016–2018) federal districts; average monthly salary in the cities of the Siberian Federal District (2009–2016), in the Central, Northwestern and Ural Federal Districts (2016–2018); number of enterprises and organizations in the city in the Southern Federal District (2009–2016), in the North Caucasian, Volga, Ural and Siberian federal districts (2016–2018).


The article is devoted to the modeling and forecasting of socio-economic development of the region. The dependence of GRP per capita of the Belgorod region on the average annual number of employed in the economy, the consolidated budget revenues, the volume of innovative works and services, the consumer price index, the industrial production index, the balanced financial result, exports was established. The analysis of the matrix of pair correlation coefficients of the selected indicators allowed to choose as the most significant explanatory variables the consolidated budget revenues and the average annual number of employees in the economy. The models of socio-economic development of the region were built. The quality of the models was evaluated. It was revealed that the most accurate is the power regression model. The forecast of further changes in GRP per capita was built on the basis of the retrospective analysis data. The method of extrapolation based on the construction of trend models for each explanatory variable was used to carry out the forecast.


Rheumatology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan Rutter ◽  
Peter C Lanyon ◽  
Mary Bythell ◽  
Sarah Stevens ◽  
Jeanette Aston ◽  
...  

Abstract Background The true incidence of Kawasaki disease (KD) in England is unknown. In KD treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) can be lifesaving, but it is both expensive and in limited supply. In collaboration with Public Health England’s National Congenital Anomaly and Rare Disease Registration Service (NCARDRS) we aimed to determine the incidence of KD in England. Methods We worked within NCARDRS to access patient-identifiable Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) data, enabled by their legal permissions (CAG 10-02(d)/2015). We extracted all patients receiving a primary or additional diagnostic code for KD between April 2003 -March 2017. For patients identified in Nottingham University Hospitals Trust, we reviewed the coding accuracy in their medical records. We calculated incidence with 95% Poisson confidence intervals among children in England using the total number of cases newly diagnosed in the study period. We used the ONS mid-year estimates for 2016 for the denominator. Results 37 patients were coded as having KD in our Trust. All had a clinical diagnosis of KD (positive predictive value 100%). 32 patients were paediatric cases treated for KD; the remaining 5 patients were diagnosed in adult life on the basis of pathognomonic angiogram findings. It was not possible to apply classification criteria because the required information was not always available. During the 13-year study period we identified 3345 cases in children aged <5, and 4234 cases in children <16 in England. The incidence in children aged <5 years was 7.50 (95% CI: 7.25-7.76)/100,000 person-years, and 40.7% of cases were female. Incidence in children aged <16 was 3.09 (95% CI: 3.00-3.19)/100,000 person-years, and 41% of cases were female. Conclusion Analysis of HES data within NCARDRS has provided population-based estimates of incidence of KD for the whole of England. Our estimates are higher than in previous studies. Validation of coding accuracy has shown our methods were specific, and they are likely to be sensitive given KD is always treated in hospital. Accurate incidence estimates are essential for appropriate resource allocation, given the limited availability of lifesaving IVIG treatment. Disclosures M. Rutter None. P.C. Lanyon None. M. Bythell None. S. Stevens None. J. Aston None. F.A. Pearce None.


Abstract Rainfall and snowfall have different effects on energy balance calculations and land-air interactions in terrestrial models. The identification of precipitation types is crucial to understand climate change dynamics and the utilization of water resources. However, information regarding precipitation types is not generally available. The precipitation obtained from meteorological stations across China recorded types only before 1979. This study parameterized precipitation types with air temperature, relative humidity and atmospheric pressure from 1960 to 1979, and then identified precipitation types after 1980. Results show that the main type of precipitation in China was rainfall, and the average annual rainfall days (amounts) across China accounted for 83.08% (92.55%) of the total annual precipitation days (amounts). The average annual snowfall days (amounts) in the northwestern region accounted for 32.27% (19.31%) of the total annual precipitation days (amounts), which is considerably higher than the national average. The average annual number of rainfall and snowfall days both displayed a downward trend while the average annual amounts of these two precipitation types showed an upward trend, but without significance at 0.1 levels. The annual number of rainfall and snowfall days in the southwestern region decreased significantly (-2.27 d/decade and -0.31 d/decade, p < 0.01). The annual rainfall amounts in the Jianghuai region increased significantly (40.70 mm/decade, p < 0.01), and the areas with the most significant increase in snowfall amounts were the northwestern (3.64 mm/decade, p < 0.01). These results can inform our understanding of the distribution and variation of precipitation with different types in China.


2007 ◽  
Vol 136 (6) ◽  
pp. 771-781 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. COLLARD ◽  
S. BERTRAND ◽  
K. DIERICK ◽  
C. GODARD ◽  
C. WILDEMAUWE ◽  
...  

SUMMARYIn Belgium, non-typhoidal salmonellosis and campylobacteriosis are the two most frequently reported foodborne illnesses. During 2005, a 71% decrease of Salmonella Enteritidis infections compared with the average annual number cases in the period 2000–2004 was recorded by the Belgian National Reference Centre for Salmonella and Shigella. After the peak of 1999, the total number of salmonellosis cases decreased gradually, with the exception of 2003 when an increase was again recorded due to the rise of isolates belonging to the serotype Enteritidis. PT4, the predominant phage type of serotype Enteriditis over recent years (except in 2003), became the second most prevalent phage type in 2005 after PT21. We present in this paper the epidemiology (incidence and trends) of human salmonellosis in Belgium and assess the role of the vaccination programme in layer flocks on the decline of the incidence of human salmonellosis and foodborne outbreaks due to S. Enteritidis.


2021 ◽  
Vol 946 (1) ◽  
pp. 012030
Author(s):  
G V Ustyugov ◽  
V V Ershov

Abstract The research dwells on the danger of mud volcanism for human economic activity, namely, oil and gas production. We performed quantitative assessment of mud volcanoes activities, using Azerbaijan and Kerch-Taman region as examples. Average annual number of mud volcanoes eruptions is 3–4 for Azerbaijan and 1–2 for Kerch-Taman region. We estimate the catalogues of mud volcanic eruptions for those areas to be 52 % and 39 % complete, respectively. Mud volcanoes eruptions are quite frequent. In both regions, over 50 % of all recorded eruptions occur within ten years of the latest eruption. Analysis of mud volcanic eruptions catalogues shows that the volume of breccia ejected during an eruption is practically not related to how long the mud volcano was quiescent. Analysis of potential impact of seismicity on mud volcanic activity shows that the probability of mud volcanoes responding to an earthquake is 6 % and 10 % for Azerbaijan and Kerch-Taman region, respectively.


2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 117
Author(s):  
Latifa Amiar ◽  
Rachida Soulaymani-Bencheikh ◽  
Faical El Hattimy ◽  
Hinde Hami ◽  
Ahmed Aarab ◽  
...  

The present work consists of a retrospective study of suicidal intoxication during a period stretching from January 1980 to December 2013, reported to the Poison Control and Pharmaco-vigilance Center of Morocco through two systems of data collection: Toxicological Information and Toxico-vigilance. The objective is to determine the spatio-temporal evolution of the incidence, lethality and mortality related to suicides and suicide attempts through intoxication in Morocco. During the study period, the average annual number of suicidal intoxications was 707 cases. All regions of Morocco have been affected but at variable rates. The average age of the victims is 24.39 ± 0.08 years, with a sex ratio of 2.41 in favor of the female sex. In the space of 34 years, the incidence is 2.4 per 100,000 inhabitants, the mortality is 0.67 per million inhabitants and the lethality is 0.08%. The annual increase in biological indicators makes suicides and suicide attempts a public health problem, through hospital care and the resulting socio-economic and psychological consequences. This problem seems much more common in urban areas and particularly in the big cities of Morocco.


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