Cross-country comparison of cigarette and vaping product marketing exposure and use: findings from 2016 ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey

ObjectiveTo compare exposure to and use of certain cigarette and vaping product marketing among adult smokers and vapers in four countries with contrasting regulations—Australia (AU), Canada, England and the USA.Data sourcesAdult smokers and vapers (n=12 294) from the 2016 International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey (4CV1).AnalysisSelf-reported exposure to cigarette and vaping product advertising through point-of-sale, websites/social media, emails/texts, as well as exposure to and use of price offers were assessed for country differences using logistic regression models adjusted for multiple covariates.ResultsReported exposure to cigarette advertising exposure at point-of-sale was higher in the USA (52.1%) than in AU, Canada and England (10.5%–18.5%). Exposure to cigarette advertising on websites/social media and emails/texts was low overall (1.5%–10.4%). Reported exposure to vaping ads at point-of-sale was higher in England (49.3%) and USA (45.9%) than in Canada (32.5%), but vaping ad exposure on websites/social media in Canada (15.1%) was similar with England (18.4%) and the USA (12.1%). Exposure to vaping ads via emails/texts was low overall (3.1%–9.9%). Exposure to, and use of, cigarette price offers was highest in the USA (34.0 % and 17.8 %, respectively), but the use rate among those exposed was highest in AU (64.9%). Exposure to, and use of, price offers for vaping products was higher in the USA (42.3 % and 21.7 %) than in AU, Canada and England (25.9%–31.5 % and 7.4%–10.3 %).ConclusionsPatterns of cigarette and vaping product marketing exposure generally reflected country-specific policies, except for online vaping ads. Implications for research and policy are discussed.

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Exposure to Point-of-Sale Marketing of Cigarettes and E-Cigarettes as Predictors of Smoking Cessation Behaviors

Nicotine & Tobacco Research ◽

10.1093/ntr/ntx246 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 212-219 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Dale S Mantey ◽

Keryn E Pasch ◽

Alexandra Loukas ◽

Cheryl L Perry

Keyword(s):

Smoking Cessation ◽

Cigarette Smoking ◽

Cue Reactivity ◽

Cigarette Smokers ◽

Point Of Sale ◽

Cigarette Advertising ◽

Advertising Exposure ◽

Cigarette Cessation ◽

Product Displays ◽

The Impact

Abstract Introduction Cue-reactivity theory suggests that smoking-related visual cues such as point-of-sale (POS) marketing (eg, advertising, product displays) may undermine cessation attempts by causing an increase in nicotine cravings among users. This study examined the relationship between recall of exposure to POS marketing and subsequent cessation behaviors among young adult cigarette smokers. Methods Participants included 813, 18–29 year old (m = 21.1, SD = 2.70), current cigarette smokers attending 24 Texas colleges. Multivariable logistic regression models examined the impact of baseline self-reported exposure to cigarette and e-cigarette advertising and product displays, on using e-cigarettes for cessation and successful cigarette cessation at 6-month follow-up. Two-way interactions between product-specific advertising and between product-specific displays were examined to determine if the marketing of one product strengthened the cue reactivity of the other. Baseline covariates included sociodemographic factors, past quit attempts, intentions to quit smoking, and nicotine dependence. Results Exposure to e-cigarette displays was associated with lower odds of cigarette smoking cessation, controlling for covariates and conventional cigarette display exposure. E-cigarette advertising was positively associated with the use of e-cigarettes for cigarette cessation among participants exposed to low (ie, at least 1 SD below the mean) levels of cigarette advertising. Cigarette advertising was associated with the use of e-cigarettes for cigarette cessation only among those exposed to low levels of e-cigarette advertising. Exposure to cigarette displays was not associated with either outcome. Conclusion Smoking-related cues at POS may undermine successful cigarette cessation. Exposure to product displays decrease odds of cessation. Advertising exposure increased odds for using e-cigarettes for cessation attempts, but may have guided smokers towards an unproven cessation aid. Implications By examining the interaction of conventional cigarette and e-cigarette marketing exposure, this study adds a unique insight into the impact of retail tobacco marketing on cigarette smoking cessation behavior among young adults. These findings suggest that policies that balance encouraging cigarette smoking cessation while limiting marketing strategies should be considered, such as POS product displays, that may undermine successful cessation attempts.

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Regulating Tobacco Product Advertising and Promotions in the Retail Environment: A Roadmap for States and Localities

The Journal of Law Medicine & Ethics ◽

10.1111/jlme.12326 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 43 (4) ◽

pp. 878-896

Author(s):

Tamara Lange ◽

Michael Hoefges ◽

Kurt M. Ribisl

Keyword(s):

Premature Death ◽

Smoking Initiation ◽

Tobacco Product ◽

Causal Chain ◽

Point Of Sale ◽

Cigarette Advertising ◽

Marketing Expenditures ◽

Advertising Exposure ◽

Continue Smoking

The evidence linking tobacco product advertising to adolescent smoking initiation and resulting long-term addiction, premature death, and disability is well established. Each link in the causal chain has been substantiated: children and adolescents are especially vulnerable to advertising; point-of-sale advertising comprises 92.1% of cigarette advertising and marketing expenditures by manufacturers and 71.3% of smokeless tobacco advertising; tobacco companies have targeted youth through advertising; advertising exposure causes adolescents to start and to continue smoking; among adults who become daily smokers, nearly all first use of cigarettes occurs by 18 years of age; adolescents who smoke are at high risk for long-term addiction because their brains are still developing; and long-term addiction results in the tremendous personal, social and financial costs of tobacco-related illnesses.

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Utilizing Twitter Data Analysis and Deep Learning to Identify Drug Use (Preprint)

10.2196/preprints.14681 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Joseph Tassone ◽

Peizhi Yan ◽

Mackenzie Simpson ◽

Chetan Mendhe ◽

Vijay Mago ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Media ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Deep Learning ◽

Decision Tree ◽

Semantic Meaning ◽

Predictive Capability ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Twitter Data ◽

Data Points ◽

Positive Classification

BACKGROUND The collection and examination of social media has become a useful mechanism for studying the mental activity and behavior tendencies of users. OBJECTIVE Through the analysis of a collected set of Twitter data, a model will be developed for predicting positively referenced, drug-related tweets. From this, trends and correlations can be determined. METHODS Twitter social media tweets and attribute data were collected and processed using topic pertaining keywords, such as drug slang and use-conditions (methods of drug consumption). Potential candidates were preprocessed resulting in a dataset 3,696,150 rows. The predictive classification power of multiple methods was compared including regression, decision trees, and CNN-based classifiers. For the latter, a deep learning approach was implemented to screen and analyze the semantic meaning of the tweets. RESULTS The logistic regression and decision tree models utilized 12,142 data points for training and 1041 data points for testing. The results calculated from the logistic regression models respectively displayed an accuracy of 54.56% and 57.44%, and an AUC of 0.58. While an improvement, the decision tree concluded with an accuracy of 63.40% and an AUC of 0.68. All these values implied a low predictive capability with little to no discrimination. Conversely, the CNN-based classifiers presented a heavy improvement, between the two models tested. The first was trained with 2,661 manually labeled samples, while the other included synthetically generated tweets culminating in 12,142 samples. The accuracy scores were 76.35% and 82.31%, with an AUC of 0.90 and 0.91. Using association rule mining in conjunction with the CNN-based classifier showed a high likelihood for keywords such as “smoke”, “cocaine”, and “marijuana” triggering a drug-positive classification. CONCLUSIONS Predictive analysis without a CNN is limited and possibly fruitless. Attribute-based models presented little predictive capability and were not suitable for analyzing this type of data. The semantic meaning of the tweets needed to be utilized, giving the CNN-based classifier an advantage over other solutions. Additionally, commonly mentioned drugs had a level of correspondence with frequently used illicit substances, proving the practical usefulness of this system. Lastly, the synthetically generated set provided increased scores, improving the predictive capability. CLINICALTRIAL None

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Using social media to recruit study participants for a randomized trial for hypertension

European Heart Journal - Digital Health ◽

10.1093/ehjdh/ztaa010 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 71-74

Author(s):

Lida Feyz ◽

Yale Wang ◽

Atul Pathak ◽

Manish Saxena ◽

Felix Mahfoud ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Media ◽

Randomized Trial ◽

Recruitment Strategies ◽

Trial Recruitment ◽

Efficient Strategy ◽

Time Period ◽

The Usa ◽

Study Participants ◽

Recruitment Period

Abstract Aims The present study aimed to evaluate the potential of social media as an approach to recruit hypertensive subjects. Methods and results In addition to conventional trial recruitment, Facebook ads were run. Over a 115-day recruitment period, Facebook reached 5.3 million people in 168 separate campaigns run in the proximity of 19 sites in the USA and 14 sites in Europe. A total of 182 839 participants (3.4%) clicked on the ad; of those 10 483 subjects (5.7%) completed a dedicated questionnaire. This resulted in 3632 potential candidates. A total of 285 potential candidates were recruited by various recruitment strategies in the specified time period, of which 184/285 (64.6%) came from Facebook. When comparing Facebook with a 7-day radio spot in the same time period, 48 radio spots were launched; resulting in nine inquiries with eventually five potential candidates and two consents. Conclusion Targeted social media was a successful and efficient strategy to recruit hypertensive subjects.

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Ectopic pregnancy: exploration of its global research architecture using density-equalising mapping and socioeconomic benchmarks

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018394 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (10) ◽

pp. e018394 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dörthe Brüggmann ◽

Jana Kollascheck ◽

David Quarcoo ◽

Michael H Bendels ◽

Doris Klingelhöfer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ectopic Pregnancy ◽

Gdp Per Capita ◽

Related Research ◽

Depth Analysis ◽

The Usa ◽

Per Capita ◽

The Uk ◽

Research Architecture ◽

Country Specific ◽

Global Research

ObjectiveAbout 2% of all pregnancies are complicated by the implantation of the zygote outside the uterine cavity and termed ectopic pregnancy. Whereas a multitude of guidelines exists and related research is constantly growing, no thorough assessment of the global research architecture has been performed yet. Hence, we aim to assess the associated scientific activities in relation to geographical and chronological developments, existing research networks and socioeconomic parameters.DesignRetrospective, descriptive study.SettingOn the basis of the NewQIS platform, scientometric methods were combined with novel visualising techniques such as density-equalising mapping to assess the scientific output on ectopic pregnancy. Using the Web of Science, we identified all related entries from 1900 to 2012.Results8040 publications were analysed. The USA and the UK were dominating the field in regard to overall research activity (2612 and 723 publications), overall citation numbers and country-specific H-Indices (US: 80, UK: 42). Comparison to economic power of the most productive countries demonstrated that Israel invested more resources in ectopic pregnancy-related research than other nations (853.41 ectopic pregnancy-specific publications per 1000 billlion US$ gross domestic product (GDP)), followed by the UK (269.97). Relation to the GDP per capita index revealed 49.3 ectopic pregnancy-specific publications per US$1000 GDP per capita for the USA in contrast to 17.31 for the UK. Semiqualitative indices such as country-specific citation rates ranked Switzerland first (24.7 citations per ectopic pregnancy-specific publication), followed by the Scandinavian countries Finland and Sweden. Low-income countries did not exhibit significant research activities.ConclusionsThis is the first in-depth analysis of global ectopic pregnancy research since 1900. It offers unique insights into the global scientific landscape. Besides the USA and the UK, Scandinavian countries and Switzerland can also be regarded as leading nations with regard to their relative socioeconomic input.

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Abstract P707: Trends, Predictors and Outcomes of Cerebrovascular Disease Amongst Patients With Thrombotic Microangiopathy

Stroke ◽

10.1161/str.52.suppl_1.p707 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 52 (Suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Priyadarshee Patel ◽

Urvish K Patel ◽

Graca Vanessa ◽

Abhinav Patel ◽

Davis Chacko ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thrombotic Microangiopathy ◽

Thrombus Formation ◽

Cerebral Arteries ◽

Temporal Trends ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Coagulation System ◽

Trend Test ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

The Usa

Background: Thrombotic Microangiopathy (TMA) is a rare disorder affecting the coagulation system causing microangiopathic thrombus formation within various blood vessels including the cerebral arteries. It may be seen in association with thrombocytopenia, anemia, purpura and kidney failure as well as complications of various systemic viral illnesses. We sought to estimate the trends, predictors, and outcomes of CeVD in patients having ™ from a nationally representative database of the USA. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we identified hospitalization with TM using ICD-9/10-CM from the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) for the years 2008-2017. Prevalence of CeVD was identified by validated ICD-9/10-CM codes. We utilized Cochran Armitage trend test and multivariable survey logistic regression models to analyze temporal trends, outcomes and predictors of any CeVD in TM patients. Results: Out of a total 58,850 hospitalizations among TMA patients, 4,668 (7.9%) developed CeVD. Prevalence of CeVD increased from 6.2% in 2008 to 8.2% in 2017 (pTrend<0.001). Patients who developed CeVD were older and more likely to be female. In multivariable regression analysis, increasing age (OR 1.2; 95%CI 1.1-1.2; p<0.0001); females (OR 1.3; 95%CI 1.1-1.6;p<0.0004); African American (OR 1.4; 95%CI 1.2-1.7;p<0.001) and hypertension (OR 1.3; 95%CI 1.1-1.6; p<0.0001). CeVD was also associated with higher length of stay (18 vs 12 days; p<0.001). Additionally, CeVD was associated with higher in-hospital mortality (aOR 2.1; 95%CI 1.7-2.5; p<0.001) and discharge to facility (aOR 3.0; 95%CI 2.4-3.5; p<0.001) after adjusting with confounders. Conclusion: We observed the mildly incremental prevalence of CeVD among TMA patients. We were able to identify the TMA patient population susceptible to CeVD, most commonly occurring in older, females and African Americans. CeVD was also associated with significantly poor outcomes in TM. These findings may pose similarities to other systemic viral illness-induced thrombotic microangiopathy such as COVID-19. Further studies are required to improve the outcomes of these susceptible patient populations.

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ROLE AND MAIN DIRECTIONS OF INTERNET MARKETING DEVELOPMENT

International scientific journal Internauka Series Economical Sciences ◽

10.25313/2520-2294-2021-4-7111 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Liudmyla Kurylo ◽

◽

Yaroslav Kozchenko ◽

Keyword(s):

Social Media ◽

Retention Rate ◽

Internet Marketing ◽

Social Media Marketing ◽

The Internet ◽

Online Environment ◽

Building Relationships ◽

Internet Users ◽

The Usa ◽

The Moment

The author conducted a study of the role and actual functions of Internet marketing nowadays, analyzed the latest publications and studies of domestic and foreign scientists relating to Internet marketing. The definitions of Internet marketing by various scientists were considered. It was determined by the problematic that exists in the field of internet marketing at the moment. A review of modern tools we identified the main tools of Internet marketing, by which the communication occurs on the Internet: SEO (Search Engine Optimisation), search (paid) advertising, Media advertising, SMM (Social Media Marketing) social media marketing, content marketing, E-mail marketing; Hootsuit's company research analysis determined the number of Internet users and purchasing power in the online environment, which averaged 500 USD per year. The number of Internet users in the online environment averaged 500 USD per year. And also to prioritise specific types of products. We have also identified that search engines are the main source of learning new information for consumers. Having analysed the dynamics of internet penetration in Ukraine, it appears that the number of internet users increased by 8% in 2019, with 22.96 million Ukrainians using the internet at the end of 2019. The article examines the possibilities of Internet marketing tools that become available when using such a tool as web analytics, including: personalised offers to customers, building relationships with customers, after a purchase is made and increasing their retention rate. A study of advertising costs on the social network Facebook, during the presidential elections in Ukraine in 2019 and during the presidential race in the USA in 2020 was conducted. And also defined the role played by social networks in building relationships with the target audience. During the research, recommendations for the use of the main tools of Internet marketing were made and it was determined which business areas are not suitable for each of the tools. Based on the research and statistical data was predicted directions of development of Internet marketing.

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Prevalence of Cigarette Advertising and Other Promotional Strategies at the Point of Sale in St Louis, Missouri: Analysis by Store Type and Distance From a School

Preventing Chronic Disease ◽

10.5888/pcd11.130150 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Joaquin Barnoya ◽

Graham Colditz ◽

Sarah Moreland-Russell ◽

Julianne Cyr ◽

Doneisha Snider ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Point Of Sale ◽

Cigarette Advertising ◽

Promotional Strategies

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Country-Specific Prevalence and Incidence of Youth-Onset Type 2 Diabetes: A Narrative Literature Review

Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1159/000510499 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 76 (5) ◽

pp. 289-296 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jane L. Lynch ◽

Margarita Barrientos-Pérez ◽

Mona Hafez ◽

Muhammad Yazid Jalaludin ◽

Margarita Kovarenko ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Diagnostic Criteria ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

National Guidelines ◽

Incidence Data ◽

Epidemiology Data ◽

The Usa ◽

The Uk ◽

Country Specific

Background: With increased awareness of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in children and adolescents, an overview of country-specific differences in epidemiology data is needed to develop a global picture of the disease development. Summary: This study examined country-specific prevalence and incidence data of youth-onset T2D published between 2008 and 2019, and searched for national guidelines to expand the understanding of country-specific similarities and differences. Of the 1,190 articles and 17 congress abstracts identified, 58 were included in this review. Our search found the highest reported prevalence rates of youth-onset T2D in China (520 cases/100,000 people) and the USA (212 cases/100,000) and lowest in Denmark (0.6 cases/100,000) and Ireland (1.2 cases/100,000). However, the highest incidence rates were reported in Taiwan (63 cases/100,000) and the UK (33.2 cases/100,000), with the lowest in Fiji (0.43 cases/100,000) and Austria (0.6 cases/100,000). These differences in epidemiology data may be partly explained by variations in the diagnostic criteria used within studies, screening recommendations within national guidelines and race/ethnicity within countries. Key Messages: Our study suggests that published country-specific epidemiology data for youth-onset T2D are varied and scant, and often with reporting inconsistencies. Finding optimal diagnostic criteria and screening strategies for this disease should be of high interest to every country. Trial Registration: Not applicable.

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Child awareness of and access to cigarettes: impacts of the point-of-sale display ban in England

Tobacco Control ◽

10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054511 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 28 (5) ◽

pp. 526-531 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Anthony A Laverty ◽

Eszter Panna Vamos ◽

Christopher Millett ◽

Kiara C-M Chang ◽

Filippos T Filippidis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Drug Use ◽

Regression Models ◽

Multivariate Logistic Regression ◽

Tobacco Advertising ◽

Point Of Sale ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Annual Survey ◽

Perceived Difficulty ◽

Ease Of Access

IntroductionEngland introduced a tobacco display ban for shops with >280 m2 floor area (‘partial ban’) in 2012, then a total ban in 2015. This study assessed whether these were linked to child awareness of and access to cigarettes.MethodsData come from the Smoking, Drinking and Drug Use survey, an annual survey of children aged 11–15 years for 2010–2014 and 2016. Multivariate logistic regression models assessed changes in having seen cigarettes on display, usual sources and ease of access to cigarettes in shopsResultsDuring the partial display ban in 2012, 89.9% of children reported seeing cigarettes on display in the last year, which was reduced to 86.0% in 2016 after the total ban (adjusted OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.66). Reductions were similar in small shops (84.1% to 79.3%)%) and supermarkets (62.6% to 57.3%)%). Although the ban was associated with a reduction in the proportion of regular child smokers reporting that they bought cigarettes in shops (57.0% in 2010 to 39.8% in 2016), we did not find evidence of changes in perceived difficulty or being refused sale among those who still did.DiscussionTobacco point-of-sale display bans in England reduced the exposure of children to cigarettes in shops and coincided with a decrease in buying cigarettes in shops. However, children do not report increased difficulty in obtaining cigarettes from shops, highlighting the need for additional measures to tackle tobacco advertising, stronger enforcement of existing laws and measures such as licencing for tobacco retailers.

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