Long-term effects of the perinatal environment on respiratory control

2008 ◽  
Vol 104 (4) ◽  
pp. 1220-1229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan W. Bavis ◽  
Gordon S. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Critical Period ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Respiratory Control ◽  
Regulatory System ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Functional Implications ◽  
Risk Of Disease ◽  
Fine Tune

The respiratory control system exhibits considerable plasticity, similar to other regions of the nervous system. Plasticity is a persistent change in system behavior triggered by experiences such as changes in neural activity, hypoxia, and/or disease/injury. Although plasticity is observed in animals of all ages, some forms of plasticity appear to be unique to development (i.e., “developmental plasticity”). Developmental plasticity is an alteration in respiratory control induced by experiences during “critical” developmental periods; similar experiences outside the critical period will have little or no lasting effect. Thus complementary experiments on both mature and developing animals are generally needed to verify that the observed plasticity is unique to development. Frequently studied models of developmental plasticity in respiratory control include developmental manipulations of respiratory gas concentrations (O2 and CO2). Environmental factors not specifically associated with breathing may also trigger developmental plasticity, however, including psychological stress or chemicals associated with maternal habits (e.g., nicotine, cocaine). Despite rapid advances in describing models of developmental plasticity in breathing, our understanding of fundamental mechanisms giving rise to such plasticity is poor; mechanistic studies of developmental plasticity are of considerable importance. Developmental plasticity may enable organisms to “fine tune” their phenotype to optimize the performance of this critical homeostatic regulatory system. On the other hand, developmental plasticity could also increase the risk of disease later in life. Future directions for studies concerning the mechanisms and functional implications of developmental plasticity in respiratory motor control are discussed.

Disruption of adenosinergic modulation of ventilation at rest and during hypercapnia by neonatal caffeine in young rats: role of adenosine A1 and A2A receptors

2007 ◽  
Vol 292 (4) ◽  
pp. R1621-R1631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaspard Montandon ◽  
Richard Kinkead ◽  
Aida Bairam
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Respiratory Control ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Water Control ◽  
A2a Receptors ◽  
Rat Pups ◽  
Freely Behaving ◽  
Hypercapnic Response

Caffeine is commonly used to treat respiratory instabilities related to prematurity. However, the role of adenosinergic modulation and the potential long-term effects of neonatal caffeine treatment (NCT) on respiratory control are poorly understood. To address these shortcomings, we tested the following hypotheses: 1) adenosine A1- and A2A-receptor antagonists modulate respiratory activity at rest and during hypercapnia; 2) NCT has long-term consequences on adenosinergic modulation of respiratory control. Rat pups received by gavage either caffeine (15 mg/kg) or water (control) once a day from postnatal days 3 to 12. At day 20, rats received intraperitoneal injection with vehicle, DPCPX (A1 antagonist, 4 mg/kg), or ZM-241385 (A2A antagonist, 1 mg/kg) before plethysmographic measurements of resting ventilation, hypercapnic ventilatory response (5% CO2), and occurrence of apneas in freely behaving rats. In controls, data show that A2A, but not A1, antagonist decreased resting ventilation by 31% ( P = 0.003). A1 antagonist increased the hypercapnic response by 60% ( P < 0.001), whereas A2A antagonist increased the hypercapnic response by 42% ( P = 0.033). In NCT rats, A1 antagonist increased resting ventilation by 27% ( P = 0.02), but the increase of the hypercapnic response was blunted compared with controls. A1 antagonist enhanced the occurrence of spontaneous apneas in NCT rats only ( P = 0.005). Finally, A2A antagonist injected in NCT rats had no effect on ventilation. These data show that hypercapnia activates adenosinergic pathways, which attenuate responsiveness (and/or sensitivity) to CO2 via A1 receptors. NCT elicits developmental plasticity of adenosinergic modulation, since neonatal caffeine persistently decreases ventilatory sensitivity to adenosine blockers.

Development of the microbiome-gut-brain axis and its effect on behavior

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca C. Knickmeyer
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Environmental Chemicals ◽  
Microbial Colonization ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Community Influences ◽  
Mutualistic Relationship ◽  
System 2

Humans coexist in a mutualistic relationship with the gut microbiota, a complex ecologic community of commensal, symbiotic, and pathogenic microorganisms inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract. This chapter reviews evidence from both human and animal studies that the composition of this community influences development of the host brain. Infancy represents a critical period in the establishment of the gut microbiome and early alterations in microbial colonization may have long-term effects on mental health. Several mechanisms through which the microbiota could affect brain development are discussed including 1) activation of the peripheral immune system, 2) production of neuroactive metabolites, and 3) processing of nutrients and environmental chemicals. The chapter concludes with a discussion of whether modulation of the gut microbiota represents a tractable strategy for treating or preventing complex neurodevelopmental disorders.

Rodent models of early environment effects on offspring development and susceptibility to neurological diseases in adulthood

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence Coutellier
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Early Environment ◽  
Offspring Development ◽  
Early Life Events

AbstractEvents early in life can program brain for a pattern of neuroendocrine and behavioral responses in later life. This mechanism is named “developmental phenotypic plasticity”. Experimental evidences from rodents show that early experiences influence long-term development of behavioral, neuroendocrine and cognitive functions. While some neonatal conditions lead to positive outcomes, offspring might also display neurological dysfunctions in adulthood in case of adverse conditions during the early development. Different factors have been suggested to mediate the effects of neonatal conditions on offspring development but their exact contribution as well as their interaction still needs to be clarified. Studies based on rodents have been developed to model the long-term effects of early environmental conditions on the developing brain. These studies highlight importance of maternal behavior in mediating the effects of early environmental conditions on the offspring. However, other studies suggest that aside from the level of maternal care, other factors (gender, neonatal glucocorticoid levels) contribute to the adjustment of offspring phenotype to early environmental cues. Altogether, rodents-based evidence suggests that developmental plasticity is a very complex phenomenon mediated by multiple factors that interact one to each other. Ultimately, the goal is to understand how early life events can lead to advantageous phenotype in adult life, or, on the contrary, can predispose individuals to psychopathologies such as depression or anxiety.

scholarly journals Low-protein diet in adult male rats has long-term effects on metabolism

2014 ◽  
Vol 221 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ananda Malta ◽  
Júlio Cezar de Oliveira ◽  
Tatiane Aparecida da Silva Ribeiro ◽  
Laize Peron Tófolo ◽  
Luiz Felipe Barella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Protein Restriction ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Autonomous Nervous System ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Insulinotropic Effect ◽  
Tissue Accretion

Nutritional insults during developmental plasticity have been linked with metabolic diseases such as diabetes in adulthood. We aimed to investigate whether a low-protein (LP) diet at the beginning of adulthood is able to program metabolic disruptions in rats. While control rats ate a normal-protein (23%; NP group) diet, treated rats were fed a LP (4%; LP group) diet from 60 to 90 days of age, after which an NP diet was supplied until they were 150 days old. Plasma levels of glucose and insulin, autonomous nervous system (ANS), and pancreatic islet function were then evaluated. Compared with the NP group, LP rats exhibited unchanged body weight and reduced food intake throughout the period of protein restriction; however, after the switch to the NP diet, hyperphagia of 10% (P<0.05), and catch-up growth of 113% (P<0.0001) were found. The LP rats showed hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and higher fat accretion than the NP rats. While the sympathetic tonus from LP rats reduced by 28%, the vagus tonus increased by 21% (P<0.05). Compared with the islets from NP rats, the glucose insulinotropic effect as well as cholinergic and adrenergic actions was unaltered in the islets from LP rats. Protein restriction at the beginning of adulthood induced unbalanced ANS activity and fat tissue accretion later in life, even without functional disturbances in the pancreatic islets.

Invited Review: Developmental plasticity in respiratory control

2003 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 375-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
John L. Carroll
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Phenotypic Diversity ◽  
Acute Hypoxia ◽  
Respiratory Control ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Postnatal Maturation

Development of the mammalian respiratory control system begins early in gestation and does not achieve mature form until weeks or months after birth. A relatively long gestation and period of postnatal maturation allows for prolonged pre- and postnatal interactions with the environment, including experiences such as episodic or chronic hypoxia, hyperoxia, and drug or toxin exposures. Developmental plasticity occurs when such experiences, during critical periods of maturation, result in long-term alterations in the structure or function of the respiratory control neural network. A critical period is a time window during development devoted to structural and/or functional shaping of the neural systems subserving respiratory control. Experience during the critical period can disrupt and alter developmental trajectory, whereas the same experience before or after has little or no effect. One of the clearest examples to date is blunting of the adult ventilatory response to acute hypoxia challenge by early postnatal hyperoxia exposure in the newborn. Developmental plasticity in neural respiratory control development can occur at multiple sites during formation of brain stem neuronal networks and chemoafferent pathways, at multiple times during development, by multiple mechanisms. Past concepts of respiratory control system maturation as rigidly predetermined by a genetic blueprint have now yielded to a different view in which extremely complex interactions between genes, transcriptional factors, growth factors, and other gene products shape the respiratory control system, and experience plays a key role in guiding normal respiratory control development. Early-life experiences may also lead to maladaptive changes in respiratory control. Pathological conditions as well as normal phenotypic diversity in mature respiratory control may have their roots, at least in part, in developmental plasticity.

scholarly journals Resistance Exercise in Prostate Cancer Patients: a Short Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-39
Author(s):  
Andrej Zdravkovic ◽  
Timothy Hasenoehrl ◽  
Richard Crevenna
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Positive Effects

Abstract Purpose of Review The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of recent findings concerning the utilization of resistance exercise (RE) in prostate cancer (PCa), in particular as pertaining to the management of cancer therapy side effects. Recent Findings As of late, studies investigating the effects of RE in PCa patients have found positive effects on muscle strength, body composition, physical functioning, quality of life, and fatigue. The combination of RE and impact training appears to decrease the loss of bone mineral density. RE seems to be well accepted and tolerated, even by patients with bone metastatic disease, although a modification of the RE prescription is often necessary. Summary In PCa patients, RE has been well-researched and the data are clear that it is beneficial in multiple ways. Future directions should look at the long-term effects of RE, including mortality and relapse, as well as implementation of exercise programs.

Nanomaterials to Fight Cancer: An Overview on Their Multifunctional Exploitability

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 2760-2777
Author(s):  
Rossana Terracciano ◽  
Danilo Demarchi ◽  
Massimo Ruo Roch ◽  
Simone Aiassa ◽  
Guido Pagana
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Detection ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Internalization Rate ◽  
Open Issues ◽  
Critical Aspects

In recent years the worldwide research community has highlighted innumerable benefits of nanomaterials in cancer detection and therapy. Nevertheless, the development of cancer nanomedicines and other bionanotechnology requires a huge amount of considerations about the interactions of nanomaterials and biological systems, since long-term effects are not yet fully known. Open issues remain the determination of the nanoparticles distributions patterns and the internalization rate into the tumor while avoiding their accumulation in internal organs or other healthy tissues. The purpose of this work is to provide a standard overview of the most recent advances in nanomaterials to fight cancer and to collect trends and future directions to follow according to some critical aspects still present in this field. Complementary to the very recent review of Wolfram and Ferrari which discusses and classifies successful clinically-approved cancer nanodrugs as well as promising candidates in the pipeline, this work embraces part of their proposed classification system based on the exploitation of multifunctionality and extends the review to peer-reviewed journal articles published in the last 3 years identified through international databases.

scholarly journals Early sex-dependent differences in response to environmental stress

Reproduction ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serafin Pérez-Cerezales ◽  
Priscila Ramos-Ibeas ◽  
Dimitrios Rizos ◽  
Pat Lonergan ◽  
Pablo Bermejo-Alvarez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Environmental Stressors ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Placental Development ◽  
Foetal Development ◽  
Male And Female

Greek: ΑΒΓΔΕΖΗΘΙΚΛΜΝΞΟΠΡΣΤΥΦΧΨΩαβγδεζηθικλμνξοπρςστυφχψω Special: ¡〉〈♂♀•○▽△□■⇒⇐↕↔↓→↑←⅓™€…‡†”“’‘‖—–¿¾½¼»¶®«©§¥£¢ Math: +│⊥⊙⊇⊆≧≦≥≤≡≠≒≈≅∽∼∴∮∬∫∥∠∞∝√∗−∑∏∉∈∇∂ÅΩ″′‰÷×·±°¬= Latin: ÀŸšŠœŒěĚčČċćĆăĂāÿýüûúùøöõôóòñïîíìëêéèçæåäãâáàÝÜÛÚÙØÖÕÔÓÒÑÏÎÍÌËÊÉÈÇÆÅÄÃÂÁ Developmental plasticity enables the appearance of long-term effects in offspring caused by exposure to environmental stressors during embryonic and foetal life. These long-term effects can be traced to pre- and post-implantation development, and in both cases the effects are usually sex-specific. During preimplantation development, male and female embryos exhibit an extensive transcriptional dimorphism mainly driven by incomplete X-chromosome inactivation. These early developmental stages are crucial for the establishment of epigenetic marks that will be conserved throughout development, making it a particularly susceptible period for the appearance of long-term epigenetic-based phenotypes. Later in development, gonadal formation generates hormonal differences between the sexes, and male and female placentae exhibit different responses to environmental stressors. The maternal environment, including hormones and environmental insults during pregnancy, contributes to sex-specific placental development that controls genetic and epigenetic programming during foetal development, regulating sex-specific differences, including sex-specific epigenetic responses to environmental hazards, leading to long-term effects. This review summarizes several human and animal studies examining sex- specific responses to environmental stressors during both the periconception period (caused by differences in sex chromosome dosage) and placental development (caused by both sex chromosomes and hormones). The identification of relevant sex-dependent trajectories caused by sex-chromosomes and/or sex-hormones is essential to define diagnostic markers and prevention/intervention protocols.

Sex-specific embryonic origin of postnatal phenotypic variability

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 38 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Laguna-Barraza ◽  
P. Bermejo-Álvarez ◽  
P. Ramos-Ibeas ◽  
C. de Frutos ◽  
A. P. López-Cardona ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Phenotypic Variability ◽  
Early Embryo ◽  
Preimplantation Embryos ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
Long Term Effects

Preimplantation developmental plasticity has evolved in order to offer the best chances of survival under changing environments. Conversely, environmental conditions experienced in early life can dramatically influence neonatal and adult biology, which may result in detrimental long-term effects. Several studies have shown that small size at birth, which is associated with a greater risk of metabolic syndrome, is largely determined before the formation of the blastocysts because 70%–80% of variation in bodyweight at birth has neither a genetic nor environmental component. In addition, it has been reported that adult bodyweight is programmed by energy-dependent process during the pronuclear stage in the mouse. Although the early embryo has a high developmental plasticity and adapts and survives to adverse environmental conditions, this adaptation may have adverse consequences and there is strong evidence that in vitro culture can be a risk factor for abnormal fetal outcomes in animals systems, with growing data suggesting that a similar link may be apparent for humans. In this context, male and female preimplantation embryos display sex-specific transcriptional and epigenetic regulation, which, in the case of bovine blastocysts, expands to one-third of the transcripts detected through microarray analysis. This sex-specific bias may convert the otherwise buffered stochastic variability in developmental networks in a sex-determined response to the environmental hazard. It has been widely reported that environment can affect preimplantation development in a sex-specific manner, resulting in either a short-term sex ratio adjustment or in long-term sex-specific effects on adult health. The present article reviews current knowledge about the natural phenotypic variation caused by epigenetic mechanisms and the mechanisms modulating sex-specific changes in phenotype during early embryo development resulting in sex ratio adjustments or detrimental sex-specific consequences for adult health. Understanding the natural embryo sexual dimorphism for programming trajectories will help understand the early mechanisms of response to environmental insults.

scholarly journals Long-Term Phenotypic and Proteomic Changes Following Vitrified Embryo Transfer in the Rabbit Model

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ximo Garcia-Dominguez ◽  
Francisco Marco-Jiménez ◽  
David S. Peñaranda ◽  
José Salvador Vicente
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Embryo Transfer ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Rabbit Model ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Mammal Species

Nowadays, assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) are considered valuable contributors to our past, but a future without their use is inconceivable. However, in recent years, several studies have evidenced a potential impact of ART on long-term development in mammal species. To date, the long-term follow-up data are still limited. So far, studies have mainly focused on in vitro fertilization or in vitro culture, with information from gametes/embryos cryopreservation field being practically missing. Herein, we report an approach to determine whether a vitrified embryo transfer procedure would have long-term consequences on the offspring. Using the rabbit as a model, we compared animals derived from vitrified-transferred embryos versus those naturally conceived, studying the growth performance, plus the weight throughout life, and the internal organs/tissues phenotype. The healthy status was assessed over the hematological and biochemical parameters in peripheral blood. Additionally, a comparative proteomic analysis was conducted in the liver tissue to investigate molecular cues related to vitrified embryo transfer in an adult tissue. After vitrified embryo transfer, birth weight was increased, and the growth performance was diminished in a sex-specific manner. In addition, vitrified-transferred animals showed significantly lower body, liver and heart weights in adulthood. Molecular analyses revealed that vitrified embryo transfer triggers reprogramming of the liver proteome. Functional analysis of the differentially expressed proteins showed changes in relation to oxidative phosphorylation and dysregulations in the zinc and lipid metabolism, which has been reported as possible causes of a disturbed growth pattern. Therefore, we conclude that vitrified embryo transfer is not a neutral procedure, and it incurs long-term effects in the offspring both at phenotypic and molecular levels. These results described a striking example of the developmental plasticity exhibited by the mammalian embryo.

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