Evaluation of Oral Subchronic Toxicity of Soshiho-Tang Water Extract: The Traditional Herbal Formula in Rats

Soshiho-tang (Xiao-chai-hu-tang in Chinese and Sho-saiko-to in Japanese) has been widely used for its various pharmacological effects, which include anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antihepatic fibrosis, and antitumor properties. To evaluate the safety of Soshiho-tang water extract (SST), we tested its subchronic toxicity in male and female Crl:CD (SD) rats. Rats were orally treated with four different doses (0, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg/day) of SST administered for 13 weeks. Mortality, clinical signs, body weight changes, food and water consumption changes, ophthalmology, urinalysis, hematological and biochemical parameters, gross findings, organ weights, and histological markers were monitored during the study. The SST treatment did not result in any toxicologically significant changes in mortality, clinical signs, body weights, food and water consumption, ophthalmoscopy, urinalysis, hematological and serum biochemical parameters, gross findings, organ weights, or histopathology. Histological analysis did not show any liver or kidney alteration. We concluded that the 13-week repeated oral administration of SST did not cause any adverse effects in rats at dosage levels of ≤2000 mg/kg/day. Under these experimental conditions, the no-observed-adverse-effect level was concluded to be 2000 mg/kg/day for both sexes.

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Exploring alterations in hematological and biochemical parameters, enzyme activities and serum cortisol in Besnoitia besnoiti naturally infected dairy cattle

Parasites & Vectors ◽

10.1186/s13071-021-04626-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Luca Villa ◽

Alessia Libera Gazzonis ◽

Sergio Aurelio Zanzani ◽

Silvia Mazzola ◽

Alessia Giordano ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Enzyme Activities ◽

Biochemical Parameters ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Serum Cortisol ◽

Lower Percentage ◽

Besnoitia Besnoiti ◽

Laboratory Parameters ◽

Bovine Besnoitiosis ◽

Hematological And Biochemical Parameters

Abstract Background Besnoitia besnoiti is an Apicomplexan protozoa causative of bovine besnoitiosis, a chronic and debilitating disease of cattle, with a variety of pathological findings that could alter some laboratory parameters. A study was conducted in a bovine besnoitiosis endemically infected dairy herd located in Italy characterized by high intra-herd seroprevalence and cattle with clinical signs of the disease. In the study, alterations in laboratory parameters, i.e. hematological and biochemical parameters, enzyme activities and serum cortisol levels, in Besnoitia besnoiti naturally infected cows were investigated in depth. Methods Laboratory parameters in 107 cows, of which 61 were seronegative and 46 were seropositive to B. besnoiti, including 27 with clinical signs of bovine besnoitiosis, were compared. Generalized linear models were used to evaluate the effect of Besnoitia infection on the considered laboratory parameters. Results Hematological analyses revealed that B. besnoiti infection determined a significant alteration to the leukocyte differential, with a higher percentage of granulocytes and a lower percentage of lymphocytes in seropositive and clinically affected animals (Mann–Whitney U-test, P = 0.022); erythrocyte and platelet counts did not show any difference between the considered groups of cows. Biochemistry tests evidenced that the parasite infection influenced serum protein values in seropositive cows and glutamate dehydrogenase values in clinically affected animals. No or only slight differences were revealed for all of the other biochemical and enzyme activity parameters in B. besnoiti-infected animals. In addition, despite the lack of statistical significance, seropositive and clinically affected cows evidenced higher concentrations of serum cortisol values compared to seronegative animals. Conclusions Although physiological, pathological and farm-related factors could have influenced the results in investigated animals, further studies involving more animals from different farms would be advisable to infer the role of B. besnoiti on these alterations, since laboratory parameters could help veterinarians in the diagnosis of bovine besnoitiosis in cattle.

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TOCOSH FLOUR (Solanum tuberosum L.): A Toxicological Assessment of Traditional Peruvian Fermented Potatoes

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods9060719 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 719

Author(s):

Jonas Roberto Velasco-Chong ◽

Oscar Herrera-Calderón ◽

Juan Pedro Rojas-Armas ◽

Renán Dilton Hañari-Quispe ◽

Linder Figueroa-Salvador ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Acute Toxicity ◽

Biochemical Parameters ◽

Solanum Tuberosum L ◽

Lethal Dose ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Control Group ◽

Toxicological Assessment ◽

Hematological And Biochemical Parameters ◽

Histopathological Studies

Potato tocosh is a naturally processed potato for nutritional and curative purposes from traditional Peruvian medicine. The aim of this study was to investigate the acute and sub-acute toxicity of tocosh flour (TF). For sub-acute toxicity, TF was administered orally to rats daily once a day for 28 days at doses of 1000 mg/kg body weight (BW). Animals were observed for general behaviors, mortality, body weight variations, and histological analysis. At the end of treatment, relative organ weights, histopathology, hematological and biochemical parameters were analyzed. For acute toxicity, TF was administered orally to mice at doses of 2000 and 5000 mg/kg BW at a single dose in both sexes. Body weight, mortality, and clinical signs were observed for 14 days after treatment. The results of acute toxicity showed that the median lethal dose (LD50) value of TF is higher than 2000 g/kg BW but less than 5000 mg/Kg BW in mice. Death and toxicological symptoms were not found during the treatment. For sub-acute toxicity, we found that no-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAEL) of TF in rats up to 1000 g/kg BW. There were statistically significant differences in body weight, and relative organ weight in the stomach and brain. No differences in hematological and biochemical parameters were observed when compared with the control group. For sub-acute toxicity, histopathological studies revealed minor abnormalities in liver and kidney tissues at doses of 5000 mg/Kg. Based on these results, TF is a traditional Peruvian medicine with high safety at up to 1000 mg/kg BW for 28 days in rats.

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Absence of Mutagenicity, Genotoxicity, and Subchronic Oral Toxicity of Touchi Extract

International Journal of Toxicology ◽

10.1080/10915810701620374 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 26 (5) ◽

pp. 465-473 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Hiroyuki Fujita ◽

Tomohide Yamagami

Keyword(s):

Micronucleus Test ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Water Extract ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Mouse Bone Marrow ◽

Oral Toxicity ◽

Subchronic Toxicity ◽

Toxicological Studies ◽

Chinese Food

Touchi, a traditional Chinese food used mainly for seasoning is obtained by first steaming soybeans followed by fermentation with Aspergillus oryzae (koji). A series of toxicological studies was conducted to evaluate the mutagenic and genotoxic potential and subchronic toxicity of a water extract of Touchi, a known inhibitor of α-glucosidase activity. Touchi extract (TE) did not induce reverse mutations in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA1537, TA100, TA1535, and Escherichia coli WP2uvrA at concentrations up to 5000 μg/plate, in either the absence or presence of exogenous metabolic activation. No deaths occurred and no abnormal clinical signs were observed in any animal in any group in an in vivo micronucleus test, and TE was devoid of clastogenic activity when administered orally to mice at doses up to 2000 mg/kg/day. Thus, TE was evaluated as negative in the bacterial reverse mutation and mouse bone marrow micronucleus tests under the conditions of these assays. To evaluate its subchronic toxicity, SPF rats were administered TE at doses of 0,250,1000, and 2500 mg/kg/day via oral gastric intubation. No treatment-related toxic changes were seen in clinical signs, body weight, food consumption, urinalysis, hematology, blood chemistry, necropsy, organ weight, or histopathology. The no observed adverse effect level for TE was thus considered to be more than 2500 mg/kg/day in both males and females. These results are consistent with Touchi’s status as a traditional Chinese food derived from fermented soybeans and its purported long history of use. Specifically, these data are consistent with the expected safety of human consumption of TE up to at least 5 g/day.

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Toxicity Profile of a Nutraceutical Formulation Derived from Green MusselPerna viridis

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2014/471565 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Kajal Chakraborty ◽

Deepu Joseph ◽

Selsa J. Chakkalakal

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Water Consumption ◽

Lethal Dose ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

The Body ◽

Toxicity Study ◽

Perna Viridis ◽

Toxicity Profile ◽

Subchronic Toxicity ◽

Green Mussel

The short-term (acute) and long-term (subchronic) toxicity profile, mean lethal dose 50 (LD50), and no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of a nutraceutical formulation developed from green musselPerna viridis, which showedin vitroandin vivoanti-inflammatory properties, were evaluated in the present study. The formulation was administered to the male and female Wistar rats at graded doses (0.5, 1.0, and 2.5 g/kg body weight) for two weeks of acute toxicity study and 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 g/kg body weight for 90 days in subchronic toxicity study. The LD50, variations in clinical signs, changes in body weight, body weight, food/water consumption, organ weight (liver, kidney, spleen, and brain), hematology, serum chemistry, and histopathological changes were evaluated. The LD50of the formulation was 5,000 mg/kg BW. No test article related mortalities as well as change in body weight, and food and water consumption were observed. No toxicity related significant changes were noted in renal/hepatic function, hematological indices, and serum biochemical parameters between the control and treated groups. Histopathological alterations were not observed in the vital organs of rats. The subchronic NOAEL for the formulation in rats is greater than 2000 mg/kg. This study demonstrated that the green mussel formulation is safe to consume without any adverse effects in the body.

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Toxicological evaluation of alpha-galacto-oligosaccharides shows no adverse effects over a 90-day study in rats

Toxicology Research and Application ◽

10.1177/2397847317716402 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

pp. 239784731771640

Author(s):

Claire Kruger ◽

Nicole Beauchamp ◽

Virginie Modeste ◽

Fanny Morel-Despeisse ◽

Eric Chappuis

Keyword(s):

Adverse Effect ◽

Body Weight ◽

Clinical Chemistry ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Feed Consumption ◽

Toxicological Evaluation ◽

Organ Weights ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Adverse Effect Level ◽

Effect Level

AlphaGOS®, an alpha-galacto-oligosaccharides product, is a mixture of bi-, tri- and tetrasaccharides derived from oligosaccharides in the raffinose family of oligosaccharides (RFOs), naturally occurring plant-derived sugars. RFOs are alpha α-1,6-linked chains of D-galactose attached to the 6-position of D-glucose and differ from the currently commercially available beta-galacto-oligosaccharides products in the chirality and glyosidic bonds. In order to determine the safety of AlphaGOS, rats were given 2000 mg AlphaGOS/kg/day daily via gavage over 90 days. Daily assessments of the animals showed no adverse clinical signs. No adverse treatment-related changes in feed consumption, body weight, clinical chemistry or hematology were noted. There were no adverse treatment-related changes in organ weights, gross or histopathology. Given these findings, it can be concluded that the no observed adverse effect level for AlphaGOS is greater than 2000 mg/kg/day.

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Acute and Subchronic Oral Toxicity of Oil Palm Puree in Sprague–Dawley Rats

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17103404 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (10) ◽

pp. 3404

Author(s):

Zaida Zainal ◽

Augustine Ong ◽

Choo Yuen May ◽

Sui Kiat Chang ◽

Afiqah Abdul Rahim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lethal Dose ◽

Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽

Toxicity Study ◽

Sprague Dawley ◽

Oral Toxicity ◽

Subchronic Toxicity ◽

Organ Weights ◽

Sprague Dawley Rats ◽

Adverse Effect Level ◽

Effect Level

Palm puree is rich in antioxidants and is produced via blending various proportions of mesocarp fibre and crude palm oil. The aim of this study was to assess the acute and subchronic toxicity of palm puree in male and female Sprague–Dawley rats. For the acute toxicity study, animals administered single palm-puree doses (2000 mg kg−1) by gavage were observed daily for 14 d. For the subchronic toxicity study, the rats were administered 500, 1000, or 2000 mg kg−1 palm puree daily for 28 d. We evaluated body and organ weights; performed haematological, biochemical, and histopathological analyses of blood and organ samples during and after treatment; and calculated the oral no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL). The toxicity studies showed no signs of toxicity or mortality. The haematological, biochemical, and histopathological analyses and body and organ weights indicated no evidence of substantial toxicity at any dose of palm puree. The oral lethal dose and NOAEL for the palm puree were greater than 2000 mg kg−1 d−1 over 28 d. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to confirm the safety of palm puree as a novel functional food. These encouraging results warrant further studies to elucidate its potential for pharmaceutical formulations.

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Food taboo of taking pineapple and milk at a time

Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University Journal ◽

10.3329/bsmmuj.v10i1.30797 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 5 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Md. Mahbubur Rahman

Keyword(s):

Normal Control ◽

Biochemical Parameters ◽

Corn Oil ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Serum Biochemistry ◽

Behavior Changes ◽

Food Taboo ◽

Normal Behavior ◽

Hematological And Biochemical Parameters ◽

Microscopic Morphology

The purpose of this study was to assess whether potential toxic interactions occur between the pineapple and milk following oral administration in rats by comparing clinical signs, hematological and biochemical parameters with the normal control and toxic standard groups. Pineapple and milk solutions were made by 1:1 (PMS1) and 2:1 (PMS2) ratio, administered 12 mL/kg body weight. Forty rats were equally divided into 4 groups treated for 3 days: a) normal control (only vehicle treated); b) toxic standard (CCl4 was suspended in corn oil, 20% v/v; treated 1.25 mL/kg), c) PMS1 and d) PMS2 groups. CCl4 administration altered the normal behavior, changes gross and microscopic morphology. Toxicity related hematological and serum biochemistry changed significantly (p<0.05) than the normal group. However, all these clinical and pathological changes were completely absent in PMS treated groups. These results suggest that taking pineapple with milk is not toxic and this food taboo is wrong.

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Study the effects of naturally acquired canine Dirofil Ariasis on some hematological and biochemical parameters

The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine ◽

10.30539/iraqijvm.v41i1.90 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 41 (1) ◽

pp. 104-108

Author(s):

Amal Hassen Atyha

Keyword(s):

Biochemical Parameters ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Reference Ranges ◽

Pathological Changes ◽

Affected Animal ◽

Local Breed ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Blood Constituent ◽

Serum Biochemical ◽

Hematological And Biochemical Parameters

The present study was aimed to check the amount of variation in some hematologic and biochemical parameters accompanied with natural acquired canine dirofilariasis. Blood samples were collected from sixty five stray dogs (5-10) years old belong to local breed dog in the villages of Al-Hindya area/ Karbala Governorate, The affected animal showed differences in hematological and biochemical values as compared with reference ranges. In conclusion, the disease showed no significant clinical signs although many pathological changes in some blood constituent with serum biochemical parameters were observed, before euthanasia for dogs.

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In Vivo Toxicity Study of Nerium oleander's Leaves and Flowers Aqueous Extracts in Mice (Cytogenetic, Biochemical and Hematological Study)

Baghdad Science Journal ◽

10.21123/bsj.8.1.366-372 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 366-372 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Baghdad Science Journal

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Mitotic Index ◽

Biochemical Parameters ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Nerium Oleander ◽

Aqueous Extracts ◽

Plant Parts ◽

Hematological And Biochemical Parameters

The present research was carried out to assess the toxic effect of oral administration of the aqueous extract of Nerium oleander leaves and flowers daily at doses of (25) mg/kg body weight for four weeks in mice. The toxicity of this plant parts was determined after two and four weeks by measuring the parameters of cytogenetic (mitotic index, micronucleus %), and serum levels of the hematological (RBC, Hb, WBC) and biochemical (GOT, GPT, ALT, AST) indexes in comparison with that of the control (normal saline), also clinical signs were determined. The results showed a significant decrease in mitotic index while an obvious raise was seen in micronucleus percentage in comparison with that of the control after the two periods of administration. More over significant marked changes was seen in the level of all the hematological and biochemical parameters when compared with the control. In addition to that, diarrhea with some organ lesions were also observed.

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Effects of gentaminoseleferon on blood parameters during treatment of Mycoplasma dispar respiratory infection in calves

Veterinary World ◽

10.14202/vetworld.2020.2197-2202 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (10) ◽

pp. 2197-2202

Author(s):

Mohammad Abed Alhussen ◽

Hamdan Naef ◽

Yury Anatolyevich Vatnikov

Keyword(s):

Therapeutic Efficacy ◽

Biochemical Parameters ◽

Respiratory Diseases ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Blood Parameters ◽

Total Serum ◽

Economic Damage ◽

Control Group ◽

Hematological And Biochemical Parameters ◽

Experimental Group

Background and Aim: Respiratory diseases in young cattle are among the significant cattle pathologies that cause considerable economic damage globally. For the treatment of respiratory diseases, coformulated drugs that increase general nonspecific resistance, exhibit adaptogenic and anti-inflammatory properties, and normalize metabolic processes in animals are currently being used. The aim of our study was to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of the complex drug "gentaminoseleferon", used in the treatment of respiratory diseases in calves, especially in Mycoplasma dispar infection. Materials and Methods: The animals were divided into three groups. Calves with the first clinical signs of respiratory pathology were randomly divided into two groups. The first experimental group (n=5) was intramuscularly injected with sulfetrisan at a dose of 5-10 mL/animal once per day for 7 days. The second experimental group (n=5) was given gentaminoseleferon at a dose of 1 mL/10 kg of body weight once per day for 7 days. The drugs were not used in the control group, the "healthy animals (n=5)". Blood samples were taken 10 days before and after treatment and compared between the experimental and healthy calves. The changes in the hematological and biochemical parameters of blood and serum were evaluated. Results: During the recovery process of animals in the experimental groups, a normalization of the hematological and biochemical parameters of blood and serum was noted. Interestingly, in calves of the second experimental group, an increase in the total serum protein content by 2.2% (p<0.05) was recorded in comparison with the first group. The second group, furthermore, showed an increase in Vitamins A, E, and C concentrations by 13.5% (p<0.05), 11.9% (p<0.005), and 15.1% (p<0.0005), respectively, as well as in zinc and iron concentrations by 4.1% (p<0.05) and 9.3% (p<0.0001), respectively. These findings indicate a more pronounced decrease in the inflammatory process in the respiratory system and intensive restoration of metabolism, thereby establishing the high therapeutic efficacy of gentaminoseleferon. Conclusion: Gentaminoseleferon was proven highly effective in the treatment of calves with respiratory illnesses and in restoring homeostasis in the organisms of animals after treatment, as indicated by the normalization of morphological and biochemical blood parameters with a reduction in the recovery time.

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