scholarly journals Occurrence of Staphylococcal Ocular Infections of Food Producing Animals in Nsukka Southeast, Nigeria

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunday Ositadinma Udegbunam ◽  
Rita Ijeoma Udegbunam ◽  
Madubuike Umunna Anyanwu
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Blink Reflex ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Disc Diffusion Method ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Pupillary Reflex ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Ocular Infections ◽  
Eye Lesions

Staphylococcal ocular infections of food animals have been somewhat under diagnosed probably due to the ubiquitous nature of staphylococcal organisms. This study was undertaken to determine the occurrence of staphylococcal ocular infections of food producing animals in Nsukka Southeast, Nigeria, and to determine the antibiogram of the isolated staphylococci. A total of 5,635 food producing animals were externally examined for signs of clinical ocular conditions. Animals that showed clinical eye lesions were further examined using pen light to assess the entire globe and the pupillary reflex. Blindness was assessed using menace blink reflex, palpebral reflex and obstacle methods. Isolation and identification of staphylococcal isolates from ocular swabs were done by standard methods. Antibiogram of the isolates was determined by disc diffusion method. Sixty-three (1.1%) of the examined animals showed signs of ocular condition. Thirty-one (49.2%) of the cultured swabs yieldedStaphylococcus aureus(S. aureus). Isolation rates from different animal species were caprine (60%), ovine (33.3%), bovine (12.5%), and porcine (0%). Resistance of the isolates was 100% to ampicillin/cloxacillin, 90% to tetracycline, 80% to streptomycin, 71% to chloramphenicol, 20% to erythromycin, 16% to gentamicin, and 0% to ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin. Twenty-five (81%) of the isolates were multi-drug resistant. This study has shown that antibiotic-resistant staphylococci are associated with a sizeable percentage of ocular infections of food producing animals and should be considered during diagnosis and treatment.

scholarly journals Multi drug resistance of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli to tested antibiotics in strains originating from humans, poultry and swine

2010 ◽  
pp. 27-35
Author(s):  
Zoran Tambur ◽  
Igor Stojanov ◽  
Sonja Konstantinovic ◽  
Dara Jovanovic ◽  
Desanka Cenic-Milosevic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Campylobacter Coli ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Disc Diffusion Method ◽  
Sensitivity Testing ◽  
Campylobacter Infection

Thermophilic Campylobacter are among the most common cause of bacterial enteritis in humans. Food animals are considered one of the most important sources of Campylobacter causing infections in man. Campylobacter infection is clinically mild and resolves spontaneously. In severe or long-lasting cases, treatment with antibiotics is necessary. Resistance of Campylobacter spp. to drugs used in treatment of infection is a matter of concern. The aim of this paper is to determine presence of multi drug resistant strains of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from animals and man. Material for testing was obtained by scraping the cecum surface from boilers, pig cecum and colon, and human feces. For isolation Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli microaerophilic conditions, temperature of 42?C and antibiotic supplement were required to inhibit the growth of other intestinal bacteria. In this research, for sensitivity testing of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli three different methods were used: disc diffusion test, E-test, and dilution agar method. A total of 55 strains of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. Out of the total, 24 strains originated from man, 16 from broilers were isolated, and 15 from pigs. Multidrug resistance was determined in cases when the strains were resistant to two or more antibiotics. Applying E-test, we detected that the largest number of Campylobacter jejuni were multi drug resistant to two antibiotics (41.2%), and three antibiotics (11.8%). Applying disc diffusion method it was detected that 5.9% of Campylobacter jejuni from man was resistant to four tested antibiotics. Applying all three methods, it was detected that the largest number of Campylobacter strains was resistant to two antibiotics and three antibiotics. Applying disc diffusion method it was detected that 50% of Campylobacter coli strains from pigs were resistant to three tested antibiotics.

scholarly journals Untreated Liquid Hospital Waste: Potential Source of Multidrug Resistant Bacteria

2016 ◽  
pp. 21-24
Author(s):  
Md Kamruzzaman Siddiqui ◽  
Nazma Khatoon ◽  
Pravas Chandra Roy
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Waste Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes

Antimicrobial resistance in both pathogenic and commensal bacteria is increasing steadily. Failure of antibiotic resistant bacteria containment is responsible for this expansion. Healthcare effluent acts as the store house of harmful infectious pathogens. Potential health risk includes spreading of diseases by these pathogens and wide dissemination of antimicrobial resistance genes. The present study was carried out to investigate the multiple-drug resistance among the bacterial strains that were isolated and identified from the effluents of Jessore Medical College Hospital & Jessore Queen’s hospital private limited. Identified bacteria were E. coli , Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., Proteus vulgaris and Salmonella spp.. Occurrence of E. coli and Enterobacter spp. were found to have the highest percentages and present in majority of the samples. The identified organisms antibiotic resistant pattern were analyzed by agar disc diffusion method against 6 antibiotics. Results of antibiotic susceptibility test showed that all of the isolates were multi-drug resistant (e”4). From the study, we observed that 75% of the isolates were resistant to amoxicillin, followed by Ampicillin (64%), Chloramphenicol (31%), Gentamycin (29%), Nitrofurantoin (27%) and least resistant being Ciprofloxacin 23%. Among the isolates Salmonella spp. were showed highest rate of resistance against all the used antibiotics. The result denotes that, the identified bacteria have been well exposed to the tested antimicrobials and they have established mechanisms to avoid them. Therefore, proper waste water treatment plant should be established to diminish the risk of disseminating multiple drug resistant microorganisms for the safeguard of public health.Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 32, Number 1-2,June-Dec 2015, pp 21-24

scholarly journals Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Acinetobacter Isolated from Patients Admitted in ICUs in Mazandaran, Northern Iran

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roya Ghasemian ◽  
Mohammad Ahanjan ◽  
Ebrahim Fatehi ◽  
Mehran Shokri
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Disc Diffusion Method ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant

<p><strong>BACKGROUND &amp; PURPOSE: </strong>Antibiotic resistance rate is increasing in <em>Acinetobacter</em> species, especially in <em>Acinetobacter baumannii</em>, as the most important pathogen of hospital and ICU . This research aimed to evaluate antibiotic resistant rate of <em>Acinetobacter</em> spp. isolated from patients admitted to ICUs in educational hospitals affiliated with Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences.</p><p><strong>METHODS:</strong> In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 50 <em>Acinetobacter</em> isolates were collected during 2013- 2014. After confirming <em>Acinetobacter</em> species, antibacterial sensitivity test was done using disc diffusion method and minimal inhibitor concentration (MIC) was evaluated by E-test in all isolates.</p><p><strong>RESULTS:</strong> Disc diffusion method revealed that 100% of isolates were resistant to Amikacin and Cefepim and 96% were resistant to both Meropenem and Ciprofloxacin antibiotics, 6% were sensitive, 18% were intermediate and 76% were resistant to imipenem. Also, 84% of isolates were sensitive and 16% were resistant to colistin. In E-test method, 92% of isolates were sensitive and 8% were resistant to colistin. Moreover, an isolate was sensitive, one was intermediate and the remaining isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, and 100% of isolates were resistant to other antibiotics in E-test. Over 96% of <em>Acinetobacter</em> isolates were resistant to the antibiotics frequently used in ICU (ciprofloxacin, meropenem, amikacin, and cefepim). Colistin was found as  the only appropriate antibiotic that could be used for patients in ICU.</p><p><strong>CONCLUSION:</strong> We hope these results could change the attitude of physicians toward using antibiotics in ICUs and encourage them to follow antibiotic stewardship as the only effective strategy to somewhat control antibiotic resistances.</p>

scholarly journals Antibiotic and Herbal Sensitivity of Some Aeromonas sp. Isolates Collected from Diseased Carp Fishes

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 117-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
MM Rahman ◽  
MN Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Labeo Rohita ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disc Diffusion Method ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Viable Solution ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern ◽  
Herb Extracts

Studies were conducted to identify Aeromonas sp. isolates collected from disease affected carp fishes (Cyprinus carpio and Labeo rohita), their antibiotic sensitivity pattern and sensitivity to 121 herb extracts. A total of 19 Aeromonas sp. isolates were identified from a total of 84 different isolates through a series of physiological, morphological and biochemical tests. Seven antibiotics viz., streptomycin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, sulphamethoxazole, cephradine, oxytetracycline and gentamycin were tested by disc diffusion method where all of the Aeromonas sp. isolates were found sensitive to streptomycin, erythromycin and gentamycin. But, 78.95% of the isolates were found resistant to oxytetracycline. In addition, 5%, 11%, and 16% isolates exhibited resistance to chloramphenicol, cephradine and sulphamethoxazole, respectively. Twenty one percent of the isolates showed multiple resistance to the antibiotics. A total of 121 herb extracts were evaluated for their sensitivity to the fish pathogenic Aeromonas sp. isolates. Among these, 23 herbs were found to possess antimicrobial activity. Leaf extracts of Eugenia caryophyllus, Spondias pinnata and Terminalia chebula were found to inhibit the growth of all the Aeromonas sp. isolates. In this study, multiple antibiotic resistant isolates were also found to be sensitive to several herb extracts. Thus, herbal treatment would promise a greater viable solution for effective treatment of fish disease.DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v21i1-2.16758 Progress. Agric. 21(1 & 2): 117 - 129, 2010

scholarly journals Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella spp. Isolated from Apparently Healthy Pigeons in a Live Bird Market in Chattogram, Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
pp. 508-513
Author(s):  
Zamila Bueaza Bupasha ◽  
Ruhena Begum ◽  
Sharna Karmakar ◽  
Rahima Akter ◽  
Md Bayzid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Live Bird Market ◽  
Live Bird ◽  
Apparently Healthy

Multidrug-resistant Salmonella could pose a severe public health threat. The current study aimed to investigate the prevalence of antibiotic resistance and some antibiotic-resistant genes in Salmonella spp. isolated from pigeons in a live bird market, Chattogram, Bangladesh. A total of 100 cloacal swab samples were collected aseptically from apparently healthy pigeons in the live bird market, namely Riazuddin Bazar in Chattogram city, Bangladesh. Different bacteriological and biochemical tests were used for the isolation and identification of Salmonella spp. The susceptibility test of Salmonella isolates to different antibiotics was performed by the disk diffusion method. PCR assay using specific primers was used for antibiotic resistance genes detection. The results indicated that the prevalence of Salmonella spp. was 29% in sampled birds. The highest antibiotic resistance rate was found to be ampicillin (93.1%), followed by both sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and tetracycline (86.2%). In contrast, 65.5% of isolates were found sensitive to ciprofloxacin, followed by colistin (62.1%), kanamycin (55.2%), and gentamicin (48.3%). 96.6% of Salmonella isolates were classified as multidrug-resistant and harbored blaTEM, tetA, sul1, and sul2 genes. In conclusion, pigeons as carriers of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella spp. may pose a health risk to other birds and humans.

scholarly journals The occurrence of disinfectant and antibiotic-resistant genes in Escherichia coli isolated from chickens in Egypt

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waleed A. Ibrahim ◽  
Sherif A. Marouf ◽  
Ahmed M. Erfan ◽  
Soad A. Nasef ◽  
Jakeen K. El Jakee
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Resistant Genes ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Test

Aim: This work aimed to determine the occurrence of antibiotic and disinfectant resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolated from chickens in Egypt. Materials and Methods: Organs (liver, lung, heart, yolk sac, and bone marrow) of 1500 chicken samples were collected from diseased chickens suffered from colibacillosis with PM findings as CRD, diarrhea and omphalitis from different governorates of Egypt as: Giza, EL-Bahira, Fayoum, El-Dakahlia, El-Ismalia, and El-Sharkia during 2015-2016. These samples were labeled and transported immediately on ice to the Reference laboratory for quality control on poultry production (RLQP). The samples were cultured onto MacConkey agar and Eosin Methylene Blue Agar. Isolation and identification of the E. coli were performed based on morphology, cultural, staining, and biochemical properties. Antimicrobial resistance test was carried out using disk diffusion method. The PCR employing tetA, qacED1 and qacA/B were carried out for detection of these genes in isolated E.coli. Results: The prevalence of E. coli in chicken was 34%. Predominant serotypes of E. coli which serologically identified were O128, O111, O44, O158, and O2. Antibiotic susceptibility test of E. coli revealed that 100% of isolates were resistant to ampicillin, erythromycin, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, while 73.53% and 38.23% of them were sensitive for colistin sulfate and levofloxacin, respectively. Antibiotic resistance genes as tetA gene were tested for isolated E. coli and detected by incidence rate of 91.18%. qac resistance genes resembling as qacED1 and qacA/B genes were detected in isolated E. coli 70.6% and 14.7%, respectively. Conclusion: E. coli isolated from chickens in Egypt was carried qac and antibiotic-resistant genes that affect the poultry industry.

scholarly journals Multidrug resistant Salmonella sp isolated from chicken

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 64
Author(s):  
Atere Victor
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Pure Culture ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Disc Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Level ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Biochemical Characteristics ◽  
Peptone Water

Antibiotic resistance has been a major problem in combatting Salmonella in poultry, this research was designed to determine the antibiotic resistance level of Salmonella isolated from freshly dead chicken. A total of 107 freshly dead chicken were collected from 23 different farms, birds were necropsied, liver and trachea were collected, Salmonella were recovered from the samples using peptone water, Rappaport-Vassiliadis R10 Broth and Salmonella-Shigella agar. Pure culture were identified using cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics. The pure isolates were subjected to antibiotic test using disc diffusion method. Sixteen isolates of Salmonella were recovered, 3 of which were from the trachea while 13 were recovered from the liver. All of the Salmonella isolates were resistant to Amoxicillin 100% while Nitrofuratoin was least resisted with only 37.5% of the Salmonella isolates showing resistance. The antibiotic resistant pattern often observed in this study were AMP, AUG, TLY with 75% (12); AMP, AUG, TLY, CPR, ENR, 50% (8); while 6.3% (1) was resistant to all of the antibiotics tested. This result showed that there is an emergence of multi-resistance Salmonella in poultry, therefore it is important to carry out sensitivity test before administration of antibiotics in order to control poultry salmonellosis.

scholarly journals Antibiotic resistance and prevalence of class 1 and 2 integrons in Escherichia coli isolated from hospital wastewater

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Ranjbar ◽  
Maryam Zeynali ◽  
Nooshin Sohrabi ◽  
Asghar Ali Kamboh
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Hospital Wastewater ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Hospital Wastewaters

BACKGROUND <br />Hospital wastewaters may contain antibiotic resistant bacteria such as Escherichia coli. These E. coli harbor integron genes that are responsible for antibiotic resistance. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the frequency of class 1 and 2 integrons in environmental antibiotic resistant E. coli strains isolated from the hospital wastewaters in Tehran, Iran.<br /><br />METHODS<br />As a descriptive cross-sectional study, this research was performed from April to September 2015 on hospital wastewaters in Tehran. Bacterial isolation and identification was performed by standard biochemical and bacteriological procedures. Susceptibility testing was done by employing the disk diffusion method using different antibiotics. Total DNAs were extracted to evaluate the presence of class 1 and 2 integrons by using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method with specific primers. <br /><br />RESULTS<br />Fifty E. coli strains were isolated and identified from the wastewaters of 25 hospitals in Tehran. The phenotype results showed that 46 isolates (92%) were resistant to at least one antibiotic and 27 isolates (54%) were multidrug resistant. PCR showed that 35 (70%) and 20 (40%) of the isolates had class 1 and 2 integrons respectively and 14 isolates (28%) had both class 1 and class 2 integrons.<br /><br />CONCLUSION<br />This study has shown a considerable presence of class 1 and class 2 integrons in E. coli strains isolated from hospital wastewaters in Tehran. Proper antibiotics prescription and appropriate hospital wastewater treatment can prevent resistance genes in E. coli from circulating in the environment.

scholarly journals Uji Resistensi Antibiotik dan Deteksi Gen Plasmid IncHI1 Salmonella typhi Isolat Jayapura

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rini S. Kelanit ◽  
Dirk Y.P. Runtuboi ◽  
Tri Gunaedi
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Disc Diffusion Method ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Plasmid Genes ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Patterns

The research on antibiotic resistance test and detection of gene Plasmid IncHI1 1 Salmonella typhi isolates of Jayapura have been conducted in January to August 2015. The purpose of this study is to determine antibiotic resistance patterns and detect the presence ofS. typhi IncHI1 plasmid genes in Jayapura.The method of study was the laboratory analytic where ninety two samples were culture tested and S. typhi identified was tested using disc diffusion method of Kirby Bouer to see any resistance toward 18 antibiotics. Plasmids of S. typhi then were extracted using method of Kado-Liu. To ensure the presence of S. typhi DNA, the testof flagellin gen detection had been done using Nested PCR followed by gene Inchi1 S. typhi detection. The results showed that among 8 isolates of S. typhi, there has been a Multi Drug Resistant (MDR) of 7 samples (87.5%) with varying resistance patterns where the most resistant antibiotics are Amoxicillin 100% (8 isolates), Cefazolin 75% (6 isolates), Ampicillin 75% (6 isolates), Trimethoprim–Sulfamethoksazol 62.5% (5 isolates), Amikacin 62.5% (5 isolates), Gentamicin 50% (4 isolates) and Ampisillin–Sulbactam 50% (4 isolates). The most sensitive antibiotics is Meropenem is 87.5% (7 isolates). PCR test results showed that there were no genes of IncHI1 S. typhi in Jayapura.Key words: Salmonella typhi, gen IncHI1, antibiotic resistance, Jayapura.

Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern and Plasmid Profile of Salmonella enterica Isolated from Diarrheal Children in Thi-Qar Province/Iraq

2020 ◽  
pp. 49-53
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Plasmid Profile ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Disc Diffusion Method ◽  
Alkaline Lysis ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Plasmid Analysis ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid

The aims of this work were to investigate the antimicrobial pattern and plasmid profile of different antibiotic resistant Salmonella species isolated from diarrheal children in Thi-Qar province and to find a possible relationship between resistance patterns and plasmid profile. Salmonella isolates were tested against 15 commonly used antimicrobial agents using the disc diffusion method to determine the resistance Patterns while plasmid DNA was extracted using alkaline lysis method and separated by agarose gel electrophoresis. all isolates were sensitive to the Amikacin and Gentamycin whereas all isolates were resistances to erythromycin; the most prevalent pattern included resistance to Nalidixic acid (50%) , Cefixim and Cefotaxim (37.5%), and to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, Amoxicillin- clavulanic acid and Ampicillin (33.3%).Furthermore, many isolates were resistant to Tetracycline and Chloramphenicol (29.1%), Ciprofloxacin and Nitrofurantion (25%) and Azithromycin (20.8%), while only 12% of isolates were resistances to Norfloxacin. Plasmid analysis of clinical isolates showed several large and small plasmids were extracted from (91.7%) of the isolates and some isolates carried one or more plasmids.

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