Five-Year Assessment of Time of Sputum Smears Conversion and Outcome and Risk Factors of Tuberculosis Patients in Central Iran

Objective. To evaluate risk factors which influence sputum smear conversion, outcome, and trends of conversion of sputum smear during 5 years and compare outcomes in patients with different regimens.Methods. In a retrospective cohort study, all patients with sputum smear positive tuberculosis were evaluated for comorbidities and demographic, microbiological, and therapeutic data and outcome. Smear examinations were performed at the beginning, at 2 months for CAT I, at 3 months for CAT II, at the end of second month of maintenance phase, and at the end of treatment.Results. This study enrolled 211 sputum smear positive patients, but 189 patients who completed the intensive phase of treatment were evaluated. Sputum smear of 158 patients converted at the end of intensive phase (83.6). Univariate analysis indicated that the risk of a persistent positive smear at the end of intensive phase was greater in diabetic patients ((odds 4.038, 95% CI 1.123–14.516)P=0.033), and also a 3+bacillary load had risk of 2.933-fold ((95% CI 1.278–6.732)P=0.011). Overall rate of unfavorable outcome was 20.9%. Factors associated with unfavorable outcome were age (Pvalue 0.000), male gender (Pvalue 0.027), diabetes (Pvalue 0.000), and delayed conversion of sputum at the end of intensive phase (Pvalue 0.000). Outcome for different regimens was not different significantly. Two specimens were isoniazid resistant.Conclusions. We suggest supervised treatment and care for diabetic patients and those with higher bacillary load. Paying attention to early diagnosis of tuberculosis in the elderly to reduce poor outcome and further measures to prevent transfer-out could improve the success rate.

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Should Sputum Smear Examination Be Carried Out at the End of the Intensive Phase and End of Treatment in Sputum Smear Negative Pulmonary TB Patients?

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0049238 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 7 (11) ◽

pp. e49238 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Sumit Malhotra ◽

Sanjay P. Zodpey ◽

Shivani Chandra ◽

Ram Pal Vashist ◽

Srinath Satyanaryana ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sputum Smear ◽

Intensive Phase ◽

Pulmonary Tb ◽

Smear Examination ◽

End Of Treatment ◽

Smear Negative ◽

Sputum Smear Examination

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Risk factors for the diabetic foot infection with multidrug-resistant microorganisms in South India

International Surgery Journal ◽

10.18203/2349-2902.isj20180374 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 675 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Manikandan Kathirvel ◽

Viswakumar Prabakaran ◽

Jayalakshmi Jayarajan ◽

Ajay Sivakumar ◽

Vimalkumar Govindan

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Diabetic Foot ◽

Univariate Analysis ◽

Previous History ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Foot Ulcers ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Recurrent Ulcer ◽

Multidrug Resistant Organisms ◽

Recurrent Ulcers

Background: To analyse the risk-factors contributing to infection with multidrug-resistant organisms.Methods: 150 diabetic patients with foot ulcer were prospectively studied. Detailed clinical history and clinical examination of the ulcer were done for all patients. The microbiological profile was analyzed for each patient. Using internationally accepted criteria, the multidrug-resistant organisms were identified. Risk factors for acquiring MDRO infection were identified using appropriate statistical tools.Results: MDRO were isolated from 99 patients of 150 (66%). 54.8% (153 out of 279) of isolated organisms were multidrug-resistant organisms. By univariate analysis poor glycaemic control, previous hospitalisation, previous history of amputation, previous antibiotic usage, size of the ulcer, necrotic ulcer, recurrent ulcers, higher grade of ulcer, the presence of osteomyelitis, the presence of retinopathy, peripheral vascular disease, neuropathy and polymicrobial culture, were significantly associated with MDRO infected foot ulcers. Analysis by logistic regression indicated that only two factors significantly increased the risk of acquiring MDRO infection. They are recurrent ulcer (OR = 3.39, p <0.05, 95% CI = 1.081-10.664) and higher grade of ulcer (OR = 13.44, p <0.001, 95 % CI =3.595-50.278).Conclusions: The prevalence of MDRO is alarmingly high in infected diabetic foot ulcers. Recurrent ulcers and higher grade of ulcers are more prone to acquire MDROs.

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Risk factors for hospitalization in elderly cancer patients receiving chemotherapy

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.9035 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 25 (18_suppl) ◽

pp. 9035-9035

Author(s):

J. M. Kleiner ◽

E. Culakova ◽

D. C. Dale ◽

J. Crawford ◽

M. S. Poniewierski ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Elderly Patients ◽

Cancer Patients ◽

Solid Tumors ◽

Univariate Analysis ◽

The Elderly ◽

Hematologic Toxicity ◽

Elderly Age ◽

Elderly Cancer Patients ◽

Increased Risk

9035 Background: Chemotherapy-associated hospitalization is a major source of morbidity and cost in cancer care, particularly for elderly (age ≥ 65) cancer patients. Hospitalization in the elderly often leads to an irreversible decline in functional status unrelated to the acute event that prompted hospital admission. Currently, little is known about the risk factors that may lead to increased risk of hospitalization in elderly patients receiving chemotherapy (CTX). Methods: 871 patients with solid tumors or lymphoma initiating a new CTX regimen were prospectively enrolled at 60 randomly selected US community oncology sites between 8/2004 and 10/2005. Of these, 361 elderly patients aged 65–91 were identified and followed. Primary endpoint of this investigation was hematologic toxicity and hospitalization was secondary. Pre- CTX patient data were analyzed for increased risk of hospitalization in univariate analysis using the chi-square test. Results: A total of 155 (18%) patients were hospitalized resulting in 215 hospitalizations. Median time to first hospitalization was the second cycle of CTX. 81/361 (22%) of elderly patients were hospitalized compared to only 74/510 (15%) of younger patients (p=0.003). The rate of hospitalization increased in a linear fashion between ages 65–80. Reasons for hospitalization in the elderly included infection, fever, or febrile neutropenia (36%), cardiopulmonary disease (CPD) (12%), vomiting or dehydration (13%), other gastrointestinal (11%), transfusion (8%), thrombosis (4%), CTX administration (4%), and other (13%). Major independent pre-CTX factors that predicted hospitalization in the elderly included male gender (p=0.0004), hemoglobin <11 g/dL (p=0.02), abnormal platelet count (<150k or >350k) (p=0.05), CPD (p=0.03), creatinine >1.5 mg/dL (p=0.05), and ≥ 2 concomitant medications (p=0.0008). Elderly patients with lung cancer (p=0.001) and lymphoma (p=0.05) had significantly higher rates of hospitalization when compared to other solid tumors. Conclusions: These data suggest that the risk of hospitalization increases in elderly cancer patients with age and that pre-CTX factors may be useful in identifying a subpopulation at increased risk for hospitalization. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

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Incidence and risk factors associated with postoperative stroke in the elderly patients undergoing hip fracture surgery

Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research ◽

10.1186/s13018-020-01962-6 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Lili Yu ◽

Yanbin Zhu ◽

Wei Chen ◽

Hui Bu ◽

Yingze Zhang

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Hip Fracture ◽

Elderly Patients ◽

Hip Fractures ◽

Univariate Analysis ◽

Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

The Elderly ◽

Individual Risk ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Postoperative Stroke

Abstract Objectives Stroke is one of the rare but devastating complications after hip fracture in the elderly. By far, there is still scarce data on postoperative stroke in elderly patients with hip fractures. Methods This was a retrospective study of prospectively collected data. Between October 2014 to December 2018, patients aged above 65 years who underwent operative treatment for hip fractures were included. Inpatient medical surveillance and scheduled telephone follow-up at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after operation was conducted to identify who developed an incident stroke. Variables of interests were extracted from patients’ inpatient medical records. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to identify the independent risk factors associated with stroke. Results During the study period, a total of 3743 patients were included, among whom 56 were found to have a stroke after operation, representing an incidence of 1.5% (95% CI, 1.1 to 1.9%). The multivariate analyses showed that advanced age (1-year increment; OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.08 to 1.48), history of previous stroke (OR, 4.79; 95% CI, 1.86 to 6.56), ASA III and above (OR, 2.62; 95% CI, 1.27 to 3.68), long-term use of aspirin (OR, 3.63; 95% CI, 1.41 to 4.78), and elevated RDW level (each increment of 1%, OR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.36) were independently associated with postoperative stroke. Conclusions Although most are not modifiable, these risk factors help in counseling patients regarding the risk of postoperative stroke, individual risk stratification, and targeted optimization of medical conditions and should be firmly kept in treating surgeon’s mind.

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Severe Tuberculosis Requiring Intensive Care: A Descriptive Analysis

Critical Care Research and Practice ◽

10.1155/2017/9535463 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Raquel Pacheco Duro ◽

Paulo Figueiredo Dias ◽

Alcina Azevedo Ferreira ◽

Sandra Margarida Xerinda ◽

Carlos Lima Alves ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Intensive Care ◽

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Univariate Analysis ◽

Multiple Organ ◽

Multiple Organ Dysfunction ◽

Hospital Acquired Infection ◽

Positive Smear ◽

Laboratory Investigations ◽

Hospital Acquired

Background. This study aims to describe the characteristics of tuberculosis (TB) patients requiring intensive care and to determine the in-hospital mortality and the associated predictive factors.Methods. Retrospective cohort study of all TB patients admitted to the ICU of the Infectious Diseases Department of Centro Hospitalar de São João (Porto, Portugal) between January 2007 and July 2014. Comorbid diagnoses, clinical features, radiological and laboratory investigations, and outcomes were reviewed. Univariate analysis was performed to identify risk factors for death.Results. We included 39 patients: median age was 52.0 years and 74.4% were male. Twenty-one patients (53.8%) died during hospital stay (15 in the ICU). The diagnosis of isolated pulmonary TB, a positive smear for acid-fast-bacilli and a positive PCR forMycobacterium tuberculosisin patients of pulmonary disease, severe sepsis/septic shock, acute renal failure and Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome on admission, the need for mechanical ventilation or vasopressor support, hospital acquired infection, use of adjunctive corticotherapy, smoking, and alcohol abuse were significantly associated with mortality (p<0.05).Conclusion. This cohort of TB patients requiring intensive care presented a high mortality rate. Most risk factors for mortality were related to organ failure, but others could be attributed to delay in the diagnostic and therapeutic approach, important targets for intervention.

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Association among Parkinsonism-related motor complaints, cerebral small vessel disease, and cerebrovascular risk factors in a community-dwelling population

10.21203/rs.2.15858/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Yang Guo ◽

Cai-hong Ji ◽

Fei Han ◽

Jiang-tao Zhang ◽

Fei-fei Zhai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Small Vessel Disease ◽

Univariate Analysis ◽

The Elderly ◽

Cerebral Small Vessel Disease ◽

Community Dwelling ◽

Small Vessel ◽

Vessel Disease ◽

Cerebrovascular Risk Factors ◽

Cerebrovascular Risk

Abstract Background Parkinsonism-related motor complaints are commonly seen in the elderly. Our study aimed to investigate the association among Parkinsonism-related motor complaints, cerebral small vessel disease and cerebrovascular risk factors in a community-dwelling population in a Chinese rural area.Methods Individuals who were 50 years old or older, were independently living, were well-functioning, and had no history of ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, were included. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), quantified motor function assessment, and questionnaire screening for Parkinsonism-related motor complaints were performed. Clinical data including cerebrovascular risk factors were collected. In univariate analysis, Chi-square test and student t-test were used to compare dichotomous variables and continuous variables, respectively, between individuals with or without motor complaints. In multivariate analysis, binary Logistic regression models were generated to determine risk factors for Parkinsonism-related motor complaints. General linear models were used to compare motor parameters between individuals with or without motor complaints. Results In the final analysis, 854 people were included. Individuals with motor complaints had a longer time for finger taping (6.2s v.s. 5.6s, p = 0.006), and a longer time for 3m-walking(4.0s v.s. 3.6s, p = 0.034) than did those without motor complaints. Hypertension was associated with motor complaints (odds ratio, 1.82; 95% confidence interval [CI], [1.21, 2.73]; p = 0.004). Age was not associated with motor complaints; none of the neuroimaging markers of cerebral small vessel disease was associated with motor complaints. Conclusion Hypertension is associated with Parkinsonism-related motor complaints. Better management of hypertension may prevent mobility limitation in the elderly. The questionnaire that we used for Parkinsonism is not suitable for screening small vessel disease in a community-dwelling population.

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A cross sectional study on the prevalence and risk factors of fall among the elderly in an urban slum in Chennai

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20190586 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 1102 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R. Senthil Kumar ◽

Kamali Ravindran

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Univariate Analysis ◽

The Elderly ◽

Urban Slum ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Elderly Persons ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Abnormal Gait ◽

Risk Factors For Falls

Background: Falls are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in elderly people. Falls lead to multiple medical and psychological problems in the elderly. Aim was to study the prevalence of falls among the elderly and to find the associated risk factors for falls among the elderly living in an urban slum in Chennai.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among elderly population over 60 years and above, in an urban slum area. About 150 elderly were selected using simple random sampling method, using the voters list as the sampling frame. A pretested questionnaire was administered to collect information about falls. In statistical analysis univariate and multivariate logistic regression was employed using SPSS version 22.Results: Of the 150 elderly persons studied, prevalence of falls rate is 35.3% (95% CI 28.13 to 43.26). Of them 64.1% had one episode of fall and 35.8% had recurrent falls. The prevalence of fall among persons with comorbidities like hypertension or diabetes was 39.3% and 36.1% respectively .The rate of fall among those using a walking stick was 58.3%, having tremors was 15% and having abnormal gait was 40%. The risk factors found to be significantly associated in univariate analysis were gender and presence of tremors (p<0.05). In multivariate analysis none of the factors showed statistical significance.Conclusions: Falls are very common among elderly. It is utmost important to prevent the falls by making necessary environmental modifications and following healthy lifestyle.

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Prevalence of Nephropathy with Evaluation of HbA1c Level and other Associated Risk Factors in Type 2 Diabetic Patients in a Tertiary Level Hospital

KYAMC Journal ◽

10.3329/kyamcj.v8i1.33868 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 21-26 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sayama Hoque ◽

MA Muttalib ◽

Md Imtiajul Islam ◽

Parvin Akter Khanam ◽

Nasrin Akter ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Diabetic Nephropathy ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Univariate Analysis ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽

Type 2 Diabetic

Background: Diabetes is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease which ultimately results end-stage renal disease (ESRD).Objectives: The purpose of the study was to explore the factors influencing or related to the development of the diabetic nephropathy with specific concern to the HbA1c (glycosylated hemoglobin) levels.Methods: Four hundred type 2 diabetic patients (male 166 and female 234) were studied and were evaluated for the presence of nephropathy through the review of their registered diabetic guide book. Glycaemic status was assessed by HbA1c (HbA1c was categorized into 3 groups) and plasma glucose levels. We used Student's ttest,?2-test and logistic regression analysis to determine and quantify the association of diabetic nephropathy with various risk factors specially HbA1c.Results: The prevalence of nephropathy was 24.0%; male 27.1%, female 21.8%. Increasing HbA1c categories above 7.0% were significantly associated with increased prevalence of nephropathy (15.8 vs 22.8 vs 30.7%; ?2 = 8.590, p = .013). Logistic regression models of univariate analysis showed that the risk of nephropathy was strongly increased at the HbA1c categories 8% (OR = 2.35; 95% CI: 1.30-4.25). Advanced age (OR = 3.8; 95% CI: 2.21-6.53), longer duration of diabetes (OR = 4.05; 95% CI: 2.31-7.10), lacking of physical exercise (OR = 1.93; 95% CI: 1.20-3.10), presence of hypertension (OR = 4.62; 95% CI: 2.42-8.83), fasting blood glucose (OR = 1.139; 95% CI: 1.054-1.231), blood glucose 2 hours after breakfast (OR = 1.088; 95% CI: 1.028-1.152), systolic blood pressure (OR = 1.049; 95% CI: 1.030-1.069) and diastolic blood pressure (OR = 1.061; 95% CI: 1.026-1.097) had significant association with nephropathy.Conclusion: HbA1c categories >7.0% is an important risk factor for the development of nephropathy.KYAMC Journal Vol. 8, No.-1, Jul 2017, Page 21-26

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The Prevalence of Hallux Rigidus and its Risk Factors

Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics ◽

10.1177/2473011419s00377 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 2473011419S0037

Author(s):

Yoshiyuki Senga ◽

Akinobu Nishimura ◽

Akihiro Sudo

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Univariate Analysis ◽

Population Sample ◽

Proximal Phalanx ◽

The Elderly ◽

Hallux Rigidus ◽

Categorical Variables ◽

First Metatarsophalangeal Joint ◽

P Values ◽

Independent Risk Factors

Category: Midfoot/Forefoot Introduction/Purpose: Hallux rigidus (HR) is known as osteoarthritis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint (MPJ). The radiographical findings of HR are characterized by joint space narrowing, osteophytic lipping of the metatarsal head and proximal phalanx and sesamoid hypertrophy. HR is not so rare in daily medical practice, but its prevalence and risk factors are not completely understood. The purpose of this cross-sectional study, using a population-sample from Japan, is to investigate the prevalence of HR and its risk factors among Japanese community dwellers. Methods: In this study, we analyzed the cohort studies in 2009, 2011, 2013 and 2015 covering the elderly (=50 years). We excluded the participants with hallux valgus (HV) because it is difficult to distinguish HR from HV completely. Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) was scored according to the Kellgren-Lawrence grading system and was defined as grade=2. HR was scored according to the Hattrup and Johnson classification and was defined as grade=1. Continuous and categorical variables were compared using the t-test and chi-square test, respectively. The logistic regression model was used to examine the relationship between predictor variables and HR. The Cochran-Armitage trend test was used to examine the relationships between the presence or absence of HR and the severity of KOA in a linear trend. All p values presented are two-sided and p values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 416 (171 men, 245 women) participants fulfilled this study criterion. The prevalence of HR was 17.8%. The rate of grade0, grade1, grade2, and grade3 of HR were 82.2%, 10.1%, 6.7%, and 0.96%, respectively. Univariate analysis revealed age (=65), KOA, and Gout Attack (GA) were significantly associated with HR (Table 1). In addition, they were confirmed as independent risk factors of HR in the multivariate analysis. All parameters were significantly associated with HR. The odds ratio of age, KOA, and GA were 2.46, 1.83, and 4.87, respectively (p <0.05). KOA severity is significantly associated with the presence or absence of HR (p <0.05). Conclusion: While previous reports have demonstrated a higher prevalence of HR (27.2-44.4%), HV was not excluded in that study. To achieve the accurate evaluation, we examined the epidemiology and prevalence of HR among participants without HV. HR prevalence in the elderly (=50 years) was 17.8%. Although multifactorial risk factors have been proposed in the literature, our study revealed that age (=65), KOA, and GA were the independent risk factors for HR. KOA severity was associated with the presence or absence of HR.

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Faktor Risiko Kebiasaan Tinggal di Rumah Etnis dan Membuang Dahak Sembarang pada Kejadian TB Paru Di Kabupaten Jayawijaya, Papua

JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN INDONESIA ◽

10.14710/jkli.18.1.1-7 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Nofi Yigibalom ◽

Sulistiyani Sulistiyani ◽

Nurjazuli Nurjazuli

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Univariate Analysis ◽

Case Control ◽

Bivariate Analysis ◽

Sputum Smear ◽

P Value ◽

Chi Square ◽

Pulmonary Tb ◽

Control Approach ◽

Natural Lighting

Latar Belakang: Tuberkulosis (TB) paru masih merupakan masalah kesehatan yang menyebabkan kematian pada jutaan orang setiap tahun. Kabupaten Jayawijaya pada 2016 yang diperiksa dahak sebanyak 301 kasus dengan BTA positifnya 64 kasus bila kondisi ini terus meningkat dan berlanjut setiap tahunnya, maka Kabupaten Jayawijaya akan kehilangan manusia yang produktif. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis hubungan antara kebiasaan tinggal di rumah etnis dan membuang dahak sembarang dengan kejadian TB paru di Kabupaten Jayawijaya.Metode: Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian stu dyobservasional analitik dengan pendekatan case control. Subjek penelitian adalah 100 responden, yang terdiri dari 50 kasus terdiagnosis TB paru BTA positif dan 50 kontrol yang terdiagnosis BTA negatif. Pengumpulan data: wawancara, observasi langsung dan pengukuran. Analisis statistik dilakukan menggunakan uji Chi square dengan nilai p <0,05.Hasil: Hasil Analisis univariat pencahayaan alami dalam menunjukkan rumah rata-rata kasus 23,95 lux dan kontrol 24,20 lux, kelembaban rumah rata-rata 52,38 %, kontrol 51,59%,, suhu rumah rata-rata kasus 27,490C,kontrol 27,260C. Analisis bivariat menunjukkan ada hubungan kebiasaan tinggal dirumah etnis honai dengan OR = 2,667 dan kebiasaan membuang dahak sembarang dengan OR = 4,750.Simpulan: Kebiasaan membuang dahak sembarang, dan kebiasaan tinggal di rumah etnis merupakan faktor risiko kejadian TB paru. Maka perlu adanya sosialisasi terkait faktor risiko kejadian TB terhadap penderita dan masyarakat umum, serta perlu adanya perbaikan lingkungan fisik rumah dan sanitasi rumah. ABSTRACTTitle: Risk Factors For Habitual Living in Ethnic House and Sputum Spit the Pulmonary TB Jayawijaya District, PapuaBackground : Tuberculosis of the lung is still a health problem that causes death to millions of people every year. Jayawijaya in 2016 examined 301 sputum smear positive cases with 64 cases if this condition continues to increase and continues each year, then the Jayawijaya Regency will lose a productive human being. This study aims to analyze the relationship between ethnic home stay habits and throw sputum arbitrarily with the incidence of pulmonary TB in Jayawijaya District.Methods : This research is an observational analytic study with case control approach. The subjects were 100 respondents, consisting of 50 cases diagnosed with positive smear pulmonary tuberculosis and 50 controls diagnosed with smear negative. Data collection: interviews, direct observation and measurement. Statistical analysis was performed using Chi square test with p value < 0,05. Results: The results of the univariate analysis showed that natural lighting in the house the average cases of 23,95 lux and control 24,20 lux, the average humidity of the house was 52,38%, control 51,59% ,, the average house temperature was 27,490C, control 27,26 0C. Bivariate analysis showed that there was an association of habitual residence of ethnic homes honai with OR = 2,667 and spiraling habit of spitting with OR = 4,750Conclusion: The habit of sputtering any sputum, and the habit of living in ethnic homes is a risk factor for pulmonary TB incidence. So the need for socialization related risk factors for TB incidence of patients and the general public, and the need for improvement of the physical environment of home and sanitation.

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